Grave containing multiple number of human corpses
A
mass grave
is a
grave
containing multiple
human
corpses, which may or may
not be identified
prior to burial. The
United Nations
has defined a criminal mass grave as a burial site containing three or more victims of
execution
,
[1]
although an exact definition is not unanimously agreed upon.
[2]
[3]
[4]
Mass graves are usually created after many people die or are killed, and there is a desire to bury the corpses quickly for sanitation concerns. Although mass graves can be used during major conflicts such as
war
and
crime
, in modern times they may be used after a
famine
,
epidemic
, or
natural disaster
. In
disasters
, mass graves are used for
infection
and
disease
control. In such cases, there is often a breakdown of the social infrastructure that would enable proper identification and disposal of individual bodies.
[5]
History
[
edit
]
Mass or communal burial was a common practice before the development of a dependable
crematory
chamber by Ludovico Brunetti in 1873. In ancient Rome waste and dead bodies of the
poor
were dumped into mass graves called
puticuli
.
[6]
In Paris, the practice of mass burial, and in particular, the condition of the
Cimetiere des Innocents
, led
Louis XVI
to eliminate Parisian cemeteries. The remains were removed and placed in the Paris underground forming the early
Catacombs
.
Le Cimetiere des Innocents
alone had 6,000,000 dead to remove. Burial commenced outside the city limits in what is now
Pere Lachaise Cemetery
.
[7]
Definitions
[
edit
]
Many different definitions have been given. The Bournemouth Protocol on Mass Grave Protection and Investigation focuses on circumstances that suggest that the deaths were unlawful.
[8]
Mongol Invasion of Kievan Rus'
[
edit
]
A mass grave containing at least 300 bodies of victims of a
Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
in the year 1238, was discovered during an excavation in 2005, in Yaroslavl, Russia.
[9]
Thirty Years' War
[
edit
]
The
Thirty Years' War
, in the 17th century, was Europe's deadliest religious conflict. In the
Battle of Lutzen
, 47 soldiers who perished were buried in a mass grave.
Archaeological
and
osteological
analyses found that the soldiers ranged in age from 15?50 years. Most corpses had evidence of
blunt force trauma
to the head while seven men had stabbing injuries. Most of the soldiers died from gunshot wounds inflicted by pistols and cavalry carbines.
[10]
[11]
Napoleonic Wars
[
edit
]
Several mass graves have been discovered that were the result of Napoleonic battles, mass graves were dug for expeditious disposal of deceased soldiers and horses. Often soldiers would plunder the substantial quantity of corpses prior to burial. Generally the mass graves were dug by soldiers or members of logistical corps. If these units were not available, the corpses would be left to rot or would be burned. Such examples have been found scattered throughout Europe.
[12]
[13]
Spanish Civil War
[
edit
]
There are over 2,000 known mass graves throughout
Spain
from the
Spanish Civil War
wherein an estimated 500,000 people died between 1936 and 1939, and approximately 135,000 were killed after the war ended.
[14]
Exhumations are ongoing. Some are conducted on the basis of information given in witnesses' and relatives' testimonies to the
Asociacion para la Recuperacion de la Memoria Historica
(ARMH).
[15]
These testimonies serve the purpose of helping
geophysicists
,
archaeologists
and
forensic scientists
to locate graves in order to identify bodies and allow families to rebury their relatives.
[14]
In the summer of 2008, information from these testimonies was used to unearth a 4 meter long square grave containing five skeletons near the town of San Juan del Monte. These five remains are believed to be of people that were kidnapped and killed after the July 18, 1936 military coup.
[15]
Another mass grave from the
Spanish Civil War
was found using
Ground Penetrating Radar
(GPR). Eyewitness accounts identified two potential locations for an unmarked grave in mountains of Lena in Northern Spain. Both sites were examined and an unmarked mass grave of approximately 1 meter by 5 meters was found.
[14]
2nd Sino Japanese War
[
edit
]
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May 2022
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Mass graves of 2nd Sino Japanese War victims found in China
Korean War
[
edit
]
Approximately 100,000?200,000 civilians were killed at the start of the
Korean War
. These people were flagged by the government of
South Korea
for potentially collaborating with or sympathizing with
North Korea
. They were arrested and subsequently executed without trial.
[16]
The sites where the massacres occurred were forbidden to the public. The bodies were considered to be traitors and the act of associating with them was considered treasonous.
[16]
Despite this, families retrieved bodies from the shallow forbidden mass graves at the massacre sites.
In 1956, bereaved families and villagers exhumed over 100 decomposed and unidentifiable bodies, ensuring that the complete human skeleton was intact.
[16]
Each exhumed body was buried in its own "nameless grave" in a cemetery on
Jeju Island
. There is a granite memorial within the cemetery which bears the cemetery's local name, "Graves of One Hundred Ancestors and One Descendant."
[16]
This name functions to express the opposite of how the genealogy should be as typically many descendants derive from one ancestor.
[16]
1973 Chilean coup d'etat
[
edit
]
The
Chilean military coup
against President
Salvador Allende
occurred on September 11, 1973. The military surrounded
Santiago
and searched for people hiding in potential guerilla insurgent locations. Civilians were detained for long periods of time and some disappeared.
[16]
Following the coup, bodies were abundant in the streets and in the
Mapocho River
. It is estimated that 3,200 people were executed or disappeared between 1973 and 1990 in Chile. Higher estimates are up to 4,500 people.
[16]
These bodies were taken to morgues to be identified and claimed. Unidentified bodies were buried in marked mass graves.
[16]
From this conflict, several hidden mass graves have been identified. In December 1978, 15 bodies were discovered in an abandoned limestone mine in
Lonquen
. In October 1979, 19 bodies were exhumed after being secretly buried at the cemetery of
Yumbel
.
[16]
Mass graves were also identified in
Santiago's General Cemetery
with multiple bodies being forced into a single coffin. This cemetery had an influx of over 300 bodies within a three-month time span. These mass graves were distinguished by a cross with the initials "NN." "NN" is indicative of the phrase "
Nomen Nescio
" or "
no name
." Following extensive media coverage of these mass graves, the Chilean military decided to exhume the bodies from
Lonquen
,
Yumbel
, and
Santiago's General Cemetery
. The military airdropped the exhumed bodies over open water or remote mountain locations.
[16]
Turkish Invasion of Cyprus
[
edit
]
Many mass graves of both
Turkish
and
Greek Cypriots
were found in
Cyprus
after
Turkey invaded the island in 1974
.
[17]
[18]
On August 3, 14
Greek Cypriot
civilians
were executed and buried in a mass grave.
[19]
In
Eptakomi
12
Greek Cypriots
were found in a mass grave executed with their hands tied.
[20]
On the other hand, during the
Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre
, 126
Turkish Cypriots
including elderly people and children
[21]
were murdered by
EOKA B
and the inhabitants of the three villages were buried in mass graves with a
bulldozer
. The villagers of
Maratha
and
Santalaris
, 84 to 89 people in total,
[22]
were buried in the same grave.
[23]
Mass graves were used to bury
Turkish Cypriot
victims of
Tochni massacre
too.
[18]
1976 Argentine coup d'etat
[
edit
]
On March 24, 1976 at 3:21 AM, the media told the people of
Argentina
that the country was now under the "operational control of the Junta of General Commanders of the Armed Forces."
[16]
This event and years following it became known as the
1976 Argentine coup d'etat
. President
Isabel Peron
had been taken captive two hours prior to the media announcement. The new dictatorship implemented travel bans, public gatherings, and a nighttime curfew.
[16]
Additionally, the new dictatorship resulted in widespread violence, leading to executions and casualties.
Abducted captives were disposed of in one of the five defense zones within Argentina where they were held. The bodies were typically buried in individual marked anonymous graves. Three mass graves are known to exist on Argentinian police and military premises although other bodies were disposed of through
cremation
or by being airdropped over the
Atlantic Ocean
. Approximately 15,000 people are estimated to have been assassinated.
[16]
Argentina's largest mass grave's exhumation began in March 1984 at the San Vicente Cemetery in Cordoba. The grave was 3.5 meters deep and 25 by 2.5 meters across. It contained approximately 400 bodies.
[16]
Of the recovered and exhumed bodies, 123 were of young people violently killed during the 1976?1983
dictatorship
. The remaining bodies were identified as older and having died nonviolent deaths such as
leprosy
.
[16]
Vietnam War
[
edit
]
Numerous mass graves were discovered during the
Vietnam War
. In the fall of 1969, the body count unearthed from mass graves was around 2,800. During the months and years that followed the
Battle of Hu?
, dozens of mass graves were discovered in and around
Hu?
. The victims of the
Hu? massacre
buried in mass graves included government officials, innocent civilians, women and children. They were tortured, executed and in some cases, buried alive.
[24]
The estimated death toll was between 2,800 and 6,000 civilians and prisoners of war, or 5?10% of the total population of
Hu?
.
In
Quang Ngai
, a mass grave of 10 soldiers was discovered on December 28, 2011. These soldiers were buried alongside their belongings including wallets, backpacks, guns, ammunition, mirrors, and combs.
[25]
Other larger mass graves of Vietnamese soldiers are believed to exist, with hundreds of soldiers in each grave.
[26]
Second Libyan Civil War
[
edit
]
The
Second Libyan Civil War
that began in 2014 is a proxy war between the UN-recognized
Government of National Accord
(GNA) of
Fayez al-Sarraj
and the
Libyan National Army
(LNA) of the militia leader
Khalifa Haftar
. In 2020, the GNA ousted the forces of Haftar, who is backed by the
United Arab Emirates
and
Russia
, and captured
Tarhuna
. The GNA discovered mass graves in the Harouda farm of the town that was under the control of the Kaniyat militiamen, who allied with Haftar in 2019. For a decade, the Kaniyat militia brutalized and killed more than a thousand civilians, where around 650 were murdered in 14 months under the UAE-backed Haftar forces. Thousands of holes were dug by government workers, where 120 bodies recovered. The unearthed remains were used by the families to identify the missing members and only 59 bodies were claimed. Survivors reported that the Kaniyat militia aligned with the UAE-backed Haftar tortured or electrocuted them. Many also reported being beaten by the militia.
[27]
Russian Invasion of Ukraine
[
edit
]
Bucha
[
edit
]
On 1 April 2022, following the Russian withdrawal, video footage was posted to social media, that showed mass civilian casualties. By 9 April, Ukrainian forensic investigators had begun recovering bodies from mass graves, such as at the church of Andrew the Apostle.
[28]
116 bodies were found in the mass grave near the Church of Andrew the Apostle.
[29]
On 21 April, Human Rights Watch published an extensive report that summarized their own investigation in
Bucha
, implicating Russian troops in summary executions, other unlawful killings, enforced disappearances, and torture.
[30]
Mariupol
[
edit
]
Mariupol's deputy mayor Serhii Orlov stated on 9 March 2022 that at least 1,170 civilians in the city had been killed in the city since Russia's invasion began and the dead were being buried in mass graves.
[31]
By April 2022 several new mass graves located in vicinity of
Mariupol
were discovered using satellite footage.
[32]
In early November 2022, Ukraine stated that at least 25,000 civilians had been killed in Mariupol.
[33]
In late December 2022, based on the discovery of 10,300 new mass graves, the Associated Press estimated that the true death toll may be up to three times that figure.
[34]
Izium
[
edit
]
On 15 September 2022, several mass graves, including one site containing at least 440 bodies were found in woods near the Ukrainian city of
Izium
after it was recaptured by Ukrainian forces.
[35]
[36]
The graves contained bodies of people who were killed by Russian forces.
[37]
[38]
[39]
One of the victims was a Ukrainian poet, children's writer, activist and Wikipedian
Volodymyr Vakulenko
.
According to Ukrainian investigators, 447 bodies were discovered: 414 bodies of civilians (215 men, 194 women, 5 children), 22 servicemen, and 11 bodies whose gender had not yet been determined as of 23 September 2022. Most of the dead showed signs of violent death and 30 presented traces of torture and summary execution, including ropes around their necks, bound hands, broken limbs and genital amputation.
[40]
Israel Gaza war (2023-current)
[
edit
]
Nasser Medical Complex, Khan Yunis
[
edit
]
In April 2024, following the withdrawal of israeli forces, over 300 bodies of young men, women, and children were unearthed at the Nasser Medical Complex in Khan Younis, Gaza, after Israeli military withdrawal. The bodies exhibited signs of having been bound and potentially
executed in the field
. Reports indicate that two other mass graves have been identified, but have yet to be excavated.
[41]
[42]
[43]
Al-Shifa Hospital, Gaza City
[
edit
]
In April 2024, health workers in Gaza exhumed the first bodies from mass graves at Al-Shifa Hospital in Gaza City, where at least 381 bodies were found after the withdrawal of Israeli forces, following their two-week siege. Officials claim that many bodies showed signs of severe trauma, including being crushed or disfigured, and claim this is partially the result of being run over by Israeli tanks.
[44]
The graves included both buried and above-ground remains, some under dirt or plastic sheeting.
[45]
[46]
Mass killings
[
edit
]
Rwandan genocide
[
edit
]
The
Rwandan genocide
began after the unsolved death of the Rwandan president,
Juvenal Habyarimana
, on April 6, 1994. Extremist members of the
Hutu
government formed an interim wartime government. They called for an extermination of the
Tutsi
population, Hutu political opponents and Hutu who resisted the violence.
[47]
The genocide lasted 100 days and resulted in an estimated 800,000 killings.
[48]
Rwandan people sought refuge in gathering places such as churches and stadiums. An estimated 4,000?6,000 people gathered in Kibuye Catholic Church. Around April 17, 1994, the church was surrounded by armed
civilians
,
police
and
gendarmes
. Those inside were attacked with a variety of weapons including
grenades
,
guns
, and
machetes
. Survivors of the attack were sought after and killed in the following days. Burial of these bodies took place in at least four mass graves.
[49]
The first mass grave resulting from this attack was discovered behind the church where several bodies were left unburied and scattered. In December 1995,
archaeologists
surveyed the area and flagged any potential human remains. In January 1996,
forensic anthropologists
located and exhumed 53 skeletal assemblages.
[49]
A second mass grave was found under a tree marked with wire, indicating a
memorial
. Below the tree was a trench filled with multiple bodies. The third and fourth mass graves were found using a probe to test for deteriorating remains. The third grave was marked by the local population, similar to the second grave. The fourth grave was identified by a priest.
[49]
Throughout the
Rwandan genocide
, bodies were buried in mass graves, left exposed, or disposed of through rivers. At least 40,000 bodies have been discovered in
Lake Victoria
which connects to Akagera River.
[50]
Cambodian genocide
[
edit
]
Mass grave mapping teams have located 125
Khmer Rouge
prison facilities and corresponding gravesites to date in
Cambodia
while researching the
Killing Fields
. These mass graves are believed by villagers to possess
tutelary spirits
and signify the dead bodies becoming one with the earth.
Buddhist
rituals, which were taboo at the time, were performed in the 1980s which transformed the anonymous bodies into "spirits of the departed." In the 1990s, religious ceremonies were re-established and the
Festival of the Dead
was celebrated annually.
[50]
Holocaust
[
edit
]
The Mittelbau camps held about 60,000 prisoners of
The Holocaust
between August 1943 and March 1945. Conservative estimates assume that at least 20,000 inmates perished at the
Mittelbau-Dora
concentration camp. In early April 1945, an unknown number of prisoners perished in
death marches
following the evacuation of prisoners from Mittelbau camps to
Bergen-Belsen concentration camp
in northern
Germany
.
[51]
[52]
In April 1945, U.S. soldiers liberated the
Mittelbau-Dora
concentration camp. Only a few prisoners were still in the camp and the U.S. soldiers found the remains of approximately 1,300 prisoners in the Boelcke barracks.
[51]
The names of these prisoners are unknown.
[52]
Mass graves of the dead prisoners from the Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp were dug by German civilians under orders from U.S. soldiers.
[53]
[54]
Soviet mass killings
[
edit
]
In July 2010, a mass grave was discovered next to the
Peter and Paul Fortress
in
St. Petersburg
, containing the corpses of 80 military officers executed during the
Red Terror
of 1918?1921.
[55]
By 2013 a total of 156 bodies had been found in the same location.
[56]
At about the same time a mass grave from the Stalin period was discovered at the other end of the country in Vladivostok.
[57]
Communist regime massacres in Yugoslavia
[
edit
]
Srebrenica massacre
[
edit
]
Victims of the
Srebrenica massacre
were murdered by the
Army of Republika Srpska
and buried in mass graves. Serb forces used mass graves throughout the Bosnian War and thousands of victims remain unidentified as of 2017.
[58]
Famine
[
edit
]
The Great Famine
[
edit
]
Ireland's Great Famine
lasted from 1845 to 1849, a period wherein about one million people died.
[59]
Because of the excessive number of deaths and extreme
poverty
, many families were unable to provide a
wake
or proper burial for loved ones and used mass graves instead. Archaeological
excavations
have taken place on Irish mass burial sites. One excavation revealed a mass grave of nearly 1,000 individuals. The skeletons within the grave were layered on top of each other in multiple sub-rectangular pits positioned less than a meter apart.
[60]
Epidemics and pandemics
[
edit
]
Bubonic plague
[
edit
]
The
bubonic plague
outbreak existed in three pandemic waves and is known as the
Black Death
. In the 1300s alone, an estimated 20?30 million people were killed in
Europe
and approximately 12 million people were killed in
China
.
[61]
These deaths were at least 30 percent of the European population at that time. The last major outbreak of the
bubonic plague
occurred in
London
from 1665?1666 and is known as
The Great Plague
.
[62]
In March 2013, a
plague pit
of 25 skeletons was found in a 5.5 meter-wide shaft during the construction of a new railway in London. The skeletons were neatly lined up in two rows and were about 8 feet underground.
[61]
Samples from 12 corpses were taken and forensic analysis confirmed traces of DNA from
Yersinia pestis
.
[63]
Spanish flu
[
edit
]
In several territories, the amount of death caused by the 1918
Spanish flu
pandemic was beyond the capacities of funeral industry, requiring the use of mass graves.
[64]
Several mass graves of Spanish flu victims were created in
Australia
,
[65]
Canada
,
[66]
and the
United States
.
[67]
[68]
COVID-19
[
edit
]
Reports of mass graves having been dug for
COVID-19
victims have been made about
Iran
, using satellite pictures of sites near
Qom
as evidence.
[69]
[70]
[71]
In
New York City
, mass graves have been prepared in
Hart Island
for an afflux of dead;
[72]
[73]
however, other reports said mass graves would be unlikely in the United States.
[74]
University of Huddersfield
experts said mass graves might be considered if local services end up overwhelmed.
[75]
[76]
[77]
Following the rise of deaths and morgues being overwhelmed, New York City temporarily allowed for mass graves on Hart Island for unclaimed bodies.
[78]
[79]
In
Brazil
, the city of
Manaus
, in the state of
Amazonas
, used mass graves
[80]
[81]
after a large spike in deaths attributed to the pandemic.
Natural disaster
[
edit
]
Brunner Mine disaster
[
edit
]
The
Brunner Mine disaster
occurred at 9:30 a.m. on March 26, 1896. An underground explosion caused the death of 65 miners, making it
New Zealand
's deadliest mining disaster. Of the 53 victims buried in Stillwater cemetery, 33 victims were in one mass grave.
[82]
2010 Haitian earthquake
[
edit
]
Following the
2010 Haiti earthquake
, thousands of bodies were left in the streets on
Port-au-Prince
, exposed to the sun and beginning to
decompose
and smell.
[5]
The
government of Haiti
collected the bodies on the street, along with rubble through use of dump trucks and other heavy machinery. The bodies and rubble were then transported to empty rectangular holes, 20 feet deep, 20 feet wide and 100 feet long.
[83]
No efforts were taken to identify the dead that were transported and buried.
Within Haitian culture, burial rituals hold great significance and the sacred ceremonies can cost more than their own homes.
[83]
There is a
Haitian Vodou
belief that the dead continue to live and are connected to their ancestors through these rituals. The burial of unidentified corpses in mass graves rather than familial plots severs this spiritual link between the living and dead.
[83]
2013 Typhoon Haiyan
[
edit
]
As the casualties of the
Typhoon Haiyan
were in the thousands, unidentified or unknown corpses were buried in several mass graves in Leyte (especially in
Tacloban City
where the most deaths happened), Samar, and other areas, while identified corpses were given to their families for burial.
Health concerns
[
edit
]
The debate surrounding mass graves amongst
epidemiologists
includes whether or not, in a natural disaster, to leave corpses for traditional individual burials, or to bury corpses in mass graves. For example, if an epidemic occurs during winter, flies are less likely to infest corpses, reducing the risk of outbreaks of
dysentery
,
diarrhea
,
diphtheria
, or
tetanus
, which decreases the urgency to use mass graves. A research published in 2004 indicates that the
health risks from dead bodies
after natural disasters are relatively limited.
[84]
[85]
See also
[
edit
]
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[
edit
]
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ISBN
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External links
[
edit
]