Coastal city in Western Australia
Mandurah
(
) is a coastal city in the Australian state of
Western Australia
, situated approximately 72 kilometres (45 mi) south of the state capital,
Perth
. It is the state's second most populous city, with a population of 90,306.
[1]
Mandurah's
central business district
is located on the Mandurah Estuary, which is an outlet for the
Peel Inlet and Harvey Estuary
. The city's name is derived from the
Noongar
word
mandjar
, meaning "meeting place" or "trading place". A townsite for Mandurah was laid out in 1831, two years after the establishment of the
Swan River Colony
, but attracted few residents, and until the
post-war boom
of the 1950s and 1960s it was little more than a small fishing village. In subsequent years, Mandurah's reputation for boating and fishing attracted many retirees, including to the canal developments in the city's south.
Along with four other
local government areas
(
Boddington
,
Murray
,
Serpentine-Jarrahdale
, and
Waroona
), the
City of Mandurah
is included in the wider
Peel region
. Mandurah is sometimes grouped together with Perth for statistical purposes, especially since the extension of the
Kwinana Freeway
and the completion of the
Mandurah railway line
in the late 2000s. The two cities now form a
conurbation
along the Indian Ocean coastline, although the Perth metropolitan area officially ends at
Singleton
around 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) north of Mandurah's city centre.
Geography
[
edit
]
Mandurah has grown from isolated holiday communities along the shores of the
Peel-Harvey Estuary
to a major regional city in just over a decade, in a similar vein to the
Gold Coast
in Eastern Australia. In recent times, it has formed a
conurbation
with Perth along the coast; it is only 18 km (11 mi) south of
Rockingham
, a southern suburb of Perth.
Mandurah has also become a popular lifestyle alternative for Perth retirees and its connection with the Perth CBD has been strengthened with the opening of the
Perth-Mandurah railway line
in December 2007 and a direct road connection to the Kwinana Freeway built by late 2010. A housing affordability survey of 227 cities in 2008 ranked it the least affordable city in Australia.
[2]
Geology
[
edit
]
The waters of the Peel Inlet and Harvey Estuary (one of Australia's larger inlet systems) form the centre of Mandurah. The estuary is approximately twice the size of
Sydney Harbour
. The city lies in and around this freshwater system which in turn feeds into the Indian Ocean. The city and its suburbs have many kilometres of ocean coastline most of which is sandy beaches. Mandurah also has a number of suburbs built around artificially created canal systems that extend from the Peel Inlet, such as
Halls Head
,
Dudley Park
and
Wannanup
.
In terms of geology, much of Mandurah lies on the dune systems which dominate South Western WA's coastline, progressively grading towards the Swan Coastal Plain as one travels inland. The area has infertile soils due to the dunes being rather sandy, having poor water retention qualities. Limestone outcrops are found to the north of the city especially along the
Mandurah railway line
. Mandurah is the closest city to
Yalgorup National Park
which is home to modern
thrombolites
as well as an array of flora and fauna.
Mandurah is located in the
Swan Coastal Plain
ecoregion
. The ecoregion contains an array of vegetation, from coastal dune and sandplains to
banksia
and eucalypt woodlands. Mandurah is covered by shoreline and dune deposits from the
Pleistocene
and
Holocene
that overlie Paleozoic and Neogene deposits of the
Perth Basin
. Coastal dunes feature scrub-heath communities, though banksia low woodlands occur on the soils of coastal dunes. Progressing inland give way to eucalypt woodlands.
[3]
Seasonal wetlands (dry in the summer and wet in winter) are the most diverse habitat in the Swan Coastal Plain, which Mandurah has several wetland regions around the
Peel Inlet
. The wetlands feature several
osprey
nests,
spoonbill
and
darters
. Other fauna includes
galah
,
short-billed black cockatoo
,
long-billed black cockatoo
, and
Australian ringneck
among others. Australian ringnecks face competition for nesting space from
rainbow lorikeet
, an introduced species in Western Australia, that has now spread to Mandurah. Despite attempts to eradicate rainbow lorikeets, the population has grown to the point that they can no longer be eradicated.
[4]
Political
[
edit
]
Mandurah is typically considered a marginal area for the major parties in Australian politics. Northern Mandurah lies in the safe
Labor
Federal seat of
Brand
, held by
Gary Gray
, while southern and central Mandurah lies in the more marginal
Canning
, held by the
Liberal Party
's
Andrew Hastie
. At state level, northern and central Mandurah is located in the safe Labor seat of
Mandurah
held by
David Templeman
, while southern Mandurah is located in
Dawesville
, a traditionally safe Liberal seat that was swept up in Labor's landslide of 2021, and is now held by Labor's
Lisa Munday
. A sliver of eastern Mandurah is located in
Murray-Wellington
, held by Labor's
Robyn Clarke
. Despite technically being in a regional area, the
National Party
vote is negligible.
Climate
[
edit
]
Mandurah has a typical
Mediterranean climate
(Koppen classification
Csa
) with hot dry summers and mild wet winters. During summer (December to February), the average maximum temperature is 27 °C (80 °F) with an average minimum temperature of 19 °C (66 °F). At its extreme it can get very hot, often having a couple of days exceed 40 °C (104 °F) in the latter half of summer. In winter (June to August), the average maximum temperature is 18 °C (64 °F) with an average minimum temperature of 9 °C (48 °F). Mandurah's proximity to the ocean moderates diurnal temperatures somewhat, with temperatures a few kilometres inland often 4 or 5 degrees warmer during summer days (or cooler during winter nights). Frosts are very rare as a result, but do occur annually around areas such as
Greenfields
. The current weather station opened in 2001 and is situated on the coastline, causing data recorded to appear warmer during winter nights and cooler in summer days compared to surrounding areas.
Mandurah also receives a moderate though highly seasonal rainfall of about 850 mm a year, however recent trends have seen this once reliable rainfall drop significantly. In addition, most of the winter rains are usually accompanied by severe winds and storms capable of causing widespread damage, making Mandurah one of the windiest cities in Australia. These conditions are perfect for
tornado
formation, which Mandurah's climate is remarkable for producing one of the highest densities of tornadoes in the world.
[5]
Summer storms are rare due to the Mediterranean climate in the city, but not unheard of. Mandurah was affected to a lesser degree than Perth in the
2010 Western Australian storms
, but the 2011?12 summer was notable for Mandurah bearing the brunt of three severe thunderstorms. One such storm on 12 December 2011 gave Mandurah almost seven times its monthly average (69.4 mm compared to an average of 15.5 mm), which was eclipsed exactly one year later on 12 December 2012 (74.2 mm). Another storm on 20 January 2012 dumped 57 mm on the city causing power outages and flash flooding. One man and numerous buildings in the city were struck by lightning during the storm, which produced 2,300 strikes within 30 kilometres of the city, which was more than what neighbouring Perth receives in an entire year and comparable to the most severe electrical storms for which places in the tropics like
Darwin
are known.
[6]
[7]
[8]
Climate data for Mandurah, Western Australia
|
Month
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
Year
|
Record high °C (°F)
|
41.0
(105.8)
|
39.5
(103.1)
|
37.8
(100.0)
|
32.9
(91.2)
|
28.8
(83.8)
|
25.6
(78.1)
|
22.2
(72.0)
|
21.4
(70.5)
|
25.6
(78.1)
|
32.4
(90.3)
|
37.7
(99.9)
|
39.6
(103.3)
|
41.0
(105.8)
|
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
|
29.3
(84.7)
|
29.6
(85.3)
|
27.6
(81.7)
|
24.4
(75.9)
|
20.6
(69.1)
|
18.1
(64.6)
|
17.3
(63.1)
|
17.7
(63.9)
|
19.2
(66.6)
|
21.2
(70.2)
|
24.4
(75.9)
|
27.0
(80.6)
|
23.0
(73.4)
|
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
|
17.2
(63.0)
|
17.1
(62.8)
|
15.8
(60.4)
|
13.9
(57.0)
|
11.2
(52.2)
|
9.7
(49.5)
|
9.0
(48.2)
|
9.2
(48.6)
|
9.9
(49.8)
|
10.7
(51.3)
|
13.6
(56.5)
|
15.5
(59.9)
|
12.7
(54.9)
|
Record low °C (°F)
|
10.1
(50.2)
|
9.7
(49.5)
|
6.6
(43.9)
|
5.1
(41.2)
|
2.4
(36.3)
|
0.9
(33.6)
|
1.9
(35.4)
|
0.6
(33.1)
|
3.1
(37.6)
|
3.8
(38.8)
|
4.3
(39.7)
|
9.5
(49.1)
|
0.6
(33.1)
|
Average
precipitation
mm (inches)
|
9.6
(0.38)
|
13.3
(0.52)
|
19.6
(0.77)
|
44.0
(1.73)
|
126.2
(4.97)
|
189.7
(7.47)
|
175.4
(6.91)
|
126.6
(4.98)
|
84.7
(3.33)
|
51.8
(2.04)
|
22.8
(0.90)
|
11.6
(0.46)
|
875.1
(34.45)
|
Source:
[9]
|
History
[
edit
]
The
Noongar
(or Bibbulmun) people, who inhabited the
southwest
of Western Australia, named the area Mandjar ("meeting place"), which became the present day name "Mandurah".
In December 1829,
Thomas Peel
arrived in Western Australia from the United Kingdom with workmen, equipment and stores on the ship
Gilmore
. He had financed the trip in exchange for a grant of land in the
Swan River Colony
. A term of the grant was that he arrive no later than 1 November 1829, thus his original land grant was forfeited. Undaunted, Peel built a small settlement named Clarence south of the
Swan River Colony
at what is known today as
Woodman Point
.
[10]
Facing many problems with the settlement and his own ill-health, Peel led the remaining Clarence settlers to the area known today as Mandurah.
[11]
Soon after, other settlers also took up land in Mandurah including the families Hall (whose cottage at Halls Head is one of the region's most notable heritage places), Tuckey and Eacott. The census of 1837 records only 12 settlers at Mandurah, probably representing only 3 households.
[12]
Thomas Peel died in 1865 but Mandurah continued to grow, albeit very slowly, over the years leading to the 20th century. Fish were abundant, and in 1870 a fish cannery was established at Mandurah.
[13]
Canning factories sustained the preservation of produce from local fishing and fruit industries.
[14]
A railway line between Perth and Pinjarra was opened in 1893, which allowed Mandurah to emerge as a tourism hub in the region.
[14]
The population of the town was 160 (95 males and 65 females) in 1898.
[15]
Mandurah was administered under the Murray Road Board until 1949, when the Mandurah Road Board was established. However, dissension within the board during the 1950s saw it suspended and Commissioner Richard Rushton oversaw the town's affairs. On 26 April 1960, the Mandurah Road Board was reconstituted, and on 1 July 1961, in accordance with the Local Government Act 1960, the Shire of Mandurah was founded.
Industrial development at
Kwinana
(1955),
[16]
a mining boom in nearby
Jarrahdale
(1963)
[17]
and
Wagerup
(1984),
[18]
with the associated industrial boom in
Pinjarra
(1963),
[19]
combined with an idyllic lifestyle by the coast, saw Mandurah grow rapidly, and on 1 July 1987 it became the Town of Mandurah. Three years later, on 14 April 1990, Mandurah became the fifth non-metropolitan settlement in Western Australia to be named a
city
.
[20]
Places of cultural heritage significance
[
edit
]
- Cooper's Mill (c.1843), Murray Terrace, Cooleenup Island, North Yunderup.
[21]
- Christ's Church (historically Christ Church) (Anglican) (c.1870), 34?36 Pinjarra Road (corner Sholl Street), Mandurah.
[22]
- Peel's house site (1830), southern side of the corner of Mandurah Terrace & Stewart Street, Mandurah.
[23]
- Uniting Church (Former Methodist Church ? 1940), 26 Sutton Street (corner of Gibson Street), Mandurah.
[24]
- Eacott Cottage (1830), 35 Gibla St Mandurah.
[25]
- Brighton Hotel (1882), 8?10 Mandurah Terrace, Mandurah.
[26]
- Little Theatre and site of the old Fish Cannery (aka Peel Inlet Preserving Works), 5 Mandurah Terrace, Mandurah.
[27]
- Sutton's Corner Store and house, Eureka Shops/Cottage (1862, 1928), 2 Mandurah Terrace, Mandurah.
[28]
- Tuckey Store & House & Slim Jim Cotton Palm, 1 Mandurah Terrace, Mandurah.
[29]
- Mandurah Museum (incorporating old school ? 1900), corner Mandurah Terrace & Pinjarra Road, Mandurah.
[30]
- Mandurah Bridge (1894, replaced 1953, 2018), linking the town centre to
Halls Head
.
[31]
- Hall's Cottage (1833), 7 Leighton Place,
Halls Head
.
[32]
- Sutton's Farm (1860s), Apollo Place & Picaroon Place, Halls Head.
[33]
- Sutton's graveyard (1860s), corner Finistere Island Retreat & Picaroon Place, Halls Head.
[34]
- Allandale Homestead (Dawes House ? 1913), Lot 102 Estuary Road, Dawesville.
[35]
- Herron Homestead (1866), Lot 85 Quail Road, Herron Lake, Clifton.
[36]
- Hardy House (c.1853), 860 Estuary Rd Mandurah.
[37]
- Fouracres Cottage ruin (c.1854), west side of Old Coast Road between Peppermint Grove and Coronation Roads, Waroona.
[38]
Population
[
edit
]
According to the
2021 census
of Population, there were 107,641 people living in Mandurah.
[39]
- Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 2.9% of the population.
- 68.0% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were England 10.8%, New Zealand 3.5%, South Africa 1.6%, Scotland 1.2% and Philippines 1.2%.
- 87.6% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Afrikaans 0.7%, Tagalog 0.5%, Filipino 0.4%, Thai 0.3% and Mandarin 0.3%.
- The most common responses for religion were No Religion 46.0%, Anglican 15.8% and Catholic 15.3%.
Economy and employment
[
edit
]
Much of Mandurah's economy is based on construction, tourism, professional, scientific and technical services, and retail trade, and to a lesser extent on mining and agriculture.
[40]
Tourism
[
edit
]
Mandurah is considered the unofficial gateway to the
South West
and possesses a variety of tourist attractions, most of which are located near the water. It is a major fishing and crabbing area in Western Australia, with the city well known for the blue manna crab (
Portunus pelagicus
) with a festival held in March known as Mandurah Crab Fest.
Mandurah is home to WA's largest population of
Bootlenose Dolphins
(
Tursiops
), currently estimated at 120.
[41]
Like neighbouring settlements
Bunbury
and
Rockingham
dolphins and whales frequent the city annually and dolphin and whale watching are a popular pastime. In December, the canal areas in Mandurah becomes well known for their Christmas lights and special boat cruises are often promoted as a result.
There are two zoos within the outskirts of the city, as well as a miniature village, a tourist railway and a national park.
Mandurah is Australia's top tourism town for 2023.
[42]
Retail
[
edit
]
Mandurah has year-round seven-day shopping. Mandurah has five distinct shopping areas, including Mandurah Forum, which opened in 1983 and has had major renovations during 2016 to 2018
[43]
and is located at the intersection of Pinjarra and Mandurah Roads, The Bridge Quarter (or The Foreshore) located in the CBD, and Dolphin Quay/Mandurah Ocean Marina built at the intersection of Mandjar Bay and the Peel Inlet. There are also significant retail centres in
Meadow Springs
,
Greenfields
,
Halls Head
and
Falcon
.
Mining
[
edit
]
Although not a mining settlement, Mandurah has a number of mines within two hours of the city. This includes
bauxite mining
and alumina refining at
Pinjarra
and
Wagerup
with the Huntly Mine at Pinjarra the largest in the world.
[
citation needed
]
Mandurah is also just one hour away from the
Boddington Gold Mine
, which has recently become Australia's largest producing gold mine.
[44]
Festivals
[
edit
]
The Mandurah Crab Fest is held annually on the estuary foreshore on the third weekend in March. Celebrating the region's seafood, the event features food stalls and cooking demonstrations as well as live music and entertainment.
[45]
It was first held in 1999, succeeding the Kanyana Carnival, which was held annually between 1966 and 1988, with sporadic events held during the 1990s.
[46]
Every New Year's Eve, there are fireworks and live entertainment and activities throughout the evening through to midnight.
[47]
Transport
[
edit
]
Highway 1
bisects the city of Mandurah as
Mandurah Road
towards
Fremantle
and
Old Coast Road
towards
Bunbury
. Meanwhile,
Pinjarra
and Gordon/Lakes Roads serve as major east-west corridors for the northern part of the city. The
Kwinana Freeway
and
Forrest Highway
also provides a rural bypass for the city.
Mandjoogoordap Drive
(formerly the Mandurah Entrance Road) also provides a direct link from the Kwinana Freeway.
The
Mandurah railway line
, opened in December 2007, links Mandurah to Perth, with a travel time of approximately 50 minutes. Public transport within Mandurah is provided by
Transperth
, due to its proximity to Perth itself, with eleven bus routes servicing the city. Mandurah is also a stop on
Transwa
bus services between Perth and the
South West
.
The Mandurah Estuary Bridge was constructed between 1981 and 1986, and was the first incrementally-launched
box girder bridge
in Australia. The
Dawesville Channel
(also known as the
Dawesville Cut
), a large man-made
channel
, was opened in April 1994. It was created to allow saline seawater from the Indian Ocean to flush into the Peel Inlet, to deal with the incidence of
algal blooms
which had plagued the estuary for many years.
Media
[
edit
]
Mandurah lies at the southern end of the Perth TV licence area, and is close to the regional Western Australia licence area. Local translators provide five digital
free to air
networks from Perth:
ABC
,
SBS
,
Seven Perth
,
Nine
and
10
and three networks from southern Western Australia:
Seven Regional WA
,
WIN
and
West Digital Television
.
One local newspaper, the weekly “Mandurah Times” (formerly named “Mandurah Coastal Times) services the city. The
Mandurah Mail
circulated in the area until 2022 when it became and online-only publication. The Mandurah Mail no longer has local reporters.
[48]
Mandurah is served by two
commercial radio
stations, 91.7 The Wave (formerly known as 6MM 1116) and 97.3 Coast FM. Perth radio stations can also be heard in the city.
Water use
[
edit
]
Mandurah is at the centre of a water recycling project known as the
Halls Head Indirect Water Reuse Project
. Based in Mandurah, it has been awarded the Western Australian Water Corporation Award for Water Treatment and Recycling in 2009. An
aquifer
is used to filter the area's sewage water providing safe, quality irrigation water for local parks, gardens and ovals.
[49]
Mandurah is also linked to Perth's water supply.
Sport
[
edit
]
Mandurah is home to the
Peel Thunder Football Club
in the
West Australian Football League
,
Mandurah City
in the
Football West State League
and the Pirates Rugby Union club in the
RugbyWA
competition.
Greyhound racing
is held weekly at the Greyhounds WA Mandurah venue.
[50]
Mandurah also hosts the
Mandurah Magic
of the
State Basketball League
at the Mandurah Aquatic and Recreation Centre.
Mandurah City FC
was established in 1970 and is the main representative for soccer in the Peel region.
[51]
They currently compete in the
Football West State League Division 1
which is the
second highest league
in West Australia.
There are several golf courses in the area including the Mandurah Country Club, Meadow Springs Golf Club, Secret Harbour. Mandurah is a private, tree lined course. Meadow Springs is a public course inhabited by kangaroos. Secret Harbour is a public links course near the beach. One club, The Cut, was rated 4th best golf course in Western Australia and 30th nationally in 2015.
The Mandurah area boasts family friendly beaches such as Doddis Beach, Blue Bay and Mandurah Beach and surf beaches around
Wannanup
and
Dawesville
such as Avalon, 4th Groyne, Giri's, Pyramids and The Wedge.
In popular culture
[
edit
]
A photograph of Mandurah taken in 1961 adorns the cover of the 1986 album
Born Sandy Devotional
by
The Triffids
.
Electro pop duo
Tim and Jean
hail from Mandurah.
[52]
Mandurah was featured in the 1986 film
Windrider
, starring
Nicole Kidman
.
People from Mandurah
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
"2021 Mandurah, Census All persons QuickStats"
.
Australian Bureau of Statistics
. Retrieved
14 June
2023
.
- ^
Maiden, Samantha (21 January 2008).
"Australian homes the world's least affordable, survey says"
.
The Australian
.
Archived
from the original on 21 January 2008.
- ^
"Southwestern coast of Australia | Ecoregions | WWF"
. Worldwildlife.org. 10 October 2001.
Archived
from the original on 30 April 2013
. Retrieved
22 April
2013
.
- ^
"Australian Ringnecks"
. Beautyofbirds.com.
Archived
from the original on 6 May 2014
. Retrieved
22 April
2013
.
- ^
"Home"
. Inflowimages.com.
Archived
from the original on 28 September 2011
. Retrieved
30 November
2011
.
- ^
Zadnik, Alex.
"Storms strike Western Australia"
. Weatherzone.
Archived
from the original on 21 January 2012
. Retrieved
21 January
2012
.
- ^
"Lightning Storms in the Top End"
. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 10 December 2002.
Archived
from the original on 6 July 2008
. Retrieved
27 July
2008
.
- ^
"Significant Weather ? January 2002"
.
Bureau of Meteorology
. Australian Government.
Archived
from the original on 8 June 2007
. Retrieved
28 June
2011
.
- ^
"Climate statistics for Mandurah"
. Australian Bureau of Meteorology.
Archived
from the original on 5 September 2008.
- ^
Hasluck, Alexandra;
Thomas Peel of the Swan River
, Oxford University Press, 1965; pp.50?70.
- ^
Richards, Ronald;
Mandurah and the Murray: A Short History of the Old Murray District of Western Australia 1829?1900
, Artlook, 1980; p.21.
- ^
Richards, 1980; pp.25?28.
- ^
Richards, 1980; p.103.
- ^
a
b
"History"
.
City of Mandurah
.
- ^
"POPULATION OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA"
.
Western Mail (Perth, WA : 1885 ? 1954)
. Perth, WA: National Library of Australia. 22 April 1898. p. 23
. Retrieved
31 May
2012
.
- ^
"BP Refinery (Kwinana)"
. Kwinana Industries Council. Archived from
the original
on 13 November 2015
. Retrieved
13 November
2015
.
- ^
"Bauxite Mining"
. Alcoa, Inc.
Archived
from the original on 16 November 2015
. Retrieved
13 November
2015
.
- ^
"History of Wagerup Refinery and Willowdale Mine"
. Alcoa, Inc.
Archived
from the original on 16 November 2015
. Retrieved
13 November
2015
.
- ^
"Pinjarra Refinery"
. Alcoa, Inc.
Archived
from the original on 16 November 2015
. Retrieved
13 November
2015
.
- ^
"History of Mandurah"
. Mandurah.wa.gov.au. 25 March 2010. Archived from
the original
on 15 September 2012
. Retrieved
30 November
2011
.
- ^
WA State Heritage Office, Heritage Place No. 1771.
- ^
WA State Heritage Office, Heritage Place No. 1489.; Williams, V.;
A brief history of Christ's Church Anglican
, 1992.
- ^
WA State Heritage Office, Heritage Place No. 3064.
- ^
WA State Heritage Office, Heritage Place No. 1484.
- ^
WA State Heritage Office, Heritage Place No. 3065.
- ^
WA State Heritage Office, Heritage Place No. 1486.
- ^
WA State Heritage Office, Heritage Place No. 3074 & 24859.
- ^
WA State Heritage Office, Heritage Place Nos. 3066, 17173 & 17174.
- ^
WA State Heritage Office, Heritage Place Nos. 3073, 24392, 24415 & 24482.
- ^
WA State Heritage Office, Heritage Place No. 9079.
- ^
WA State Heritage Office, Heritage Place No. 9083;
The West Australian
newspaper of 3 February 2016 reported that the old timber bridge would shortly be replaced by a new concrete bridge but part of the old bridge would be retained "as a feature within the water on the western side and a section will be retained on the eastern side to be incorporated into the fishing platforms and boardwalk."
- ^
WA State Heritage Office, Heritage Place No. 01485.
- ^
WA State Heritage Office, Heritage Place No. 3078 & 24454.
- ^
WA State Heritage Office, Heritage Place No. 3078 & 24425.
- ^
WA State Heritage Office, Heritage Place No. 3077.
- ^
WA State Heritage Office, Heritage Place No. 9070.
- ^
WA State Heritage Office, Heritage Place No. 3817.
- ^
WA State Heritage Office, Heritage Place No. 3093.
- ^
Australian Bureau of Statistics
(28 June 2022).
"Mandurah"
.
2021 Census QuickStats
. Retrieved
16 November
2022
.
- ^
"Registered businesses by industry"
.
City of Mandurah
. 2018
. Retrieved
16 May
2019
.
- ^
"Dolphin Cruise & Views - Mandurah Cruises"
.
mandurahcruises.com.au
.
- ^
"Mandurah wins GOLD at national Top Tourism Town awards"
.
www.mandurah.wa.gov.au
. Retrieved
13 December
2023
.
- ^
"Mandurah Forum"
.
Mandurah Forum
. Retrieved
16 November
2013
.
- ^
Rebecca Le May.
"Boddington gold mine to eclipse Kalgoorlie Super Pit | Latest Business & Australian Stock market News"
. Perth Now. Archived from
the original
on 16 April 2012
. Retrieved
30 November
2011
.
- ^
"Channel 7 Mandurah Crab Fest"
. City of Mandurah
. Retrieved
30 March
2023
.
- ^
"Kanyana Festival"
(PDF)
. City of Mandurah
. Retrieved
30 March
2023
.
- ^
"New Years Eve Celebrations"
.
What's On ? Major Events ? Calendar
. City of Mandurah.
Archived
from the original on 2 September 2017
. Retrieved
2 September
2017
.
- ^
"Mandurah News, sport and weather ? Mandurah Mail"
.
www.mandurahmail.com.au
.
Archived
from the original on 23 March 2018
. Retrieved
7 May
2018
.
- ^
"Making green fields from waste water"
.
CSIRO
. 7 July 2005. Archived from
the original
on 6 September 2006
. Retrieved
16 November
2013
.
- ^
"Greyhounds WA Mandurah"
. Greyhoundswa.com.au. 1 October 2010. Archived from
the original
on 15 February 2012
. Retrieved
30 November
2011
.
- ^
"HOME"
.
Mandurah City Footba
.
- ^
Steph Hughes (21 November 2009).
"Tim & Jean: Home and Hosed"
.
Australian Broadcasting Corporation
.
Archived
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. Retrieved
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2011
.
External links
[
edit
]
https://mandurahagents.com.au
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Mandurah, Western Australia
at Wikimedia Commons
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