City and state capital in Malacca, Malaysia
Malacca City
(
Malay
:
Bandaraya Melaka
or
Kota Melaka
) is the
capital city
of the
Malaysian
state of
Malacca
, in
Melaka Tengah District
. It is
the oldest Malaysian city
on the
Straits of Malacca
, having become a successful
entrepot
in the era of the
Malacca Sultanate
. The present-day city was founded by
Parameswara
, a Sumatran prince who escaped to the
Malay Peninsula
when
Srivijaya
fell to the
Majapahit
. Following the establishment of the Malacca Sultanate, the city drew the attention of traders from the Middle East, South Asia, and East Asia, as well as the Portuguese, who intended to dominate the trade route in Asia. After Malacca was conquered by
Portugal
, the city became an area of conflict when the sultanates of
Aceh
and
Johor
attempted to take control from the Portuguese.
Following a number of wars between these territories, Aceh declined in influence while Johor survived and expanded its influence over territory previously lost to Aceh in Sumatra when
Johor co-operated with the Dutch
who arrived to establish dominance over
Java
and
Maluku Islands
. However, due to royal internal strife between the Malay and Bugis, the Johor-Riau Empire was divided into the sultanates of Johor and
Riau-Lingga
. This separation became permanent when the British arrived to establish their presence in the Malay Peninsula. The Dutch, who already felt threatened in the presence of the British, began conquering the Riau-Lingga Sultanate along with the rest of Sumatra, while Johor came under British influence following the signing of the
Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824
.
When the British succeeded in extending their influence over the Malay Peninsula, the city soon became an area of development under the
Straits Settlements
as part of the
British Empire
. The development and burgeoning prosperity were, however, halted when the Japanese arrived in
World War II
and
occupied
the area from 1942 to 1945. During the occupation, many of the city's residents were taken and forced to construct the
Death Railway
in
Burma
(present-day
Myanmar
). After the war, the city was returned to the British and remained as the capital of Malacca. The status as a capital remained until the formation of
Malaysia
in 1963, and in 2008 it was listed, together with
George Town
of
Penang
, as a UNESCO
World Heritage Site
for its long history.
[4]
As of 2019 it has a population of 579,000.
[1]
Map of (Malacca) Melaka Town in 1951
The economy of Malacca City is largely based on tourism. As the economic centre of the state of
Malacca
, it also hosts several international conferences and trade fairs. The city is located along the
Maritime Silk Road
, proposed by China in 2013. Among the tourist attractions in Malacca City are
Porta de Santiago
,
Jonker Walk
,
Little India
,
Portuguese Settlement
,
Stadthuys
,
Maritime Museum
,
Christ Church
,
Malacca Sultanate Palace Museum
and
Taming Sari Tower
.
Etymology
[
edit
]
According to legend, the site that is now Malacca City was named
Malaka
when
Parameswara
, a Sumatran prince arrived there. While he was resting under a tree known as a
Malacca tree
,
[5]
he saw his warrior's hunting dogs were challenged and kicked into a river by a tiny
mouse deer
.
[6]
Amused by this, he chose to name the site
Malaka
after the tree under which he was sitting.
[7]
There are at least two other theories on the origin the naming of Malacca: Tome Pires explains the name in the
Suma Oriental
as a transliteration of the term for a fugitive,
Malaqa
, reflecting Parameswara's history as one, and the
Malay Annals
themselves suggest that Arab merchants called the kingdom
Malakat
(
Arabic
for 'congregation of merchants') during the reign of
Muhammad Shah
(1424?1444), because it was home to many trading communities.
[8]
When the city came under
Portuguese administration
, its name was spelled "Malaca",
[9]
under
Dutch administration
as "Malakka" or "Malacka", and under
British rule
, "Malacca". The
Straits of Malacca
were named after the city at the time of the
Malacca Sultanate
.
[10]
History
[
edit
]
Founding of Malacca
[
edit
]
Malacca was established when
Parameswara
, who had escaped from
Palembang
in Sumatra, decided to build a new kingdom following Malay
Srivijaya
's fall in 1377 after being attacked by Javanese
Majapahit
.
[6]
[11]
Before he reached the site, he arrived in
Temasek
, which he decided to make the centre of the new Malay Kingdom's administration. But when Parameswara lived there, he killed Temagi, a
Regent of Singapura
who served under the
Siamese King
to take over the throne from Temagi.
[12]
Fearing further reprisals by Siam when the news reached the
Siamese Kingdom
, Parameswara decided to move to a new place. After he left Temasek, it was attacked by Majapahit.
[11]
Parameswara then headed to the north of
Malay Peninsula
and arrived at
Muar
, where he tried to establish another new kingdom at either
Biawak Busuk
or
Kota Buruk
, but found the locations unsuitable.
[11]
[13]
Parameswara continue his journey to the north, where he reportedly visited Sening Ujong (now
Sungai Ujong
) before arriving at a Malay fishing village at the mouth of Bertam River (now
Malacca River
). He decided to stop there to rest. While he was resting under a tree, he saw his follower's hunting dogs fighting with a small mouse deer before they were kicked into a river by the deer.
[6]
Amused by this, he thought the place he rested must be an unusual place; following this event, in 1396 he announced the place would be called
Malaka
.
[14]
Soon, the site became the centre of the
Malay world
in the 15th and 16th centuries and the most prosperous
entrepot
in the Malay Archipelago.
[15]
In 1403, the first official Chinese trade envoy led by Admiral Yin Qing arrived in Malacca. Later, Parame?wara was escorted by
Zheng He
and other envoys in his successful visits. Malacca's relationships with
Ming
granted protection to Malacca against attacks from
Siam
and
Majapahit
and Malacca officially submitted as a
protectorate
of
Ming China
. This encouraged the development of Malacca into a major trade settlement on the trade route between China and
India
,
Middle East
,
Africa
and
Europe
.
[16]
To prevent the Malaccan empire from falling to the Siamese and Majapahit, he forged a relationship with the
Ming dynasty
of China for protection.
[12]
[17]
Following the establishment of this relationship, the prosperity of the Malacca entrepot was then recorded by the first Chinese visitor,
Ma Huan
, who travelled together with Admiral
Zheng He
.
[15]
[18]
On his descriptions, he wrote;
The
Zheng He
monument today (seen from the backside), marking his stopover at the city
[18]
Malacca was a well-established city surrounded by a
palisade
with four gates and watch towers. Inside the walled towers was a second fortification, a kind of
citadel
, within whose confines were the merchants' godowns, the treasury and food storehouses. The
Malacca River
divided the city into two almost equal halves, the southern half being the inner citadel and the ruler's compound and the northern half, reached by a bridge some distance from the river mouth, containing the residents of many foreign merchants. The bridge and its approaches comprised the main venue for all commercial kinds. Constructed on the bridge was about a score of market stalls: an easy location for small watercraft to reach with their loads of produce and also close to the docks where foreign sea-going vessels unloaded goods for transhipment.
[15]
?
Ma Huan
, Chinese Muslim voyager and translator.
In Malacca during the early 15th century,
Ming China
actively sought to develop a commercial hub and a base of operation for
treasure voyages into the Indian Ocean
.
[19]
Malacca had been a relatively insignificant region, not even qualifying as a polity prior to the voyages according to both
Ma Huan
and
Fei Xin
, and was a vassal region of
Siam
.
[19]
In 1405, the Ming court dispatched Admiral
Zheng He
with a stone tablet enfeoffing the Western Mountain of Malacca as well as an imperial order elevating the status of the port to a country.
[19]
The Chinese also established a government depot (官廠) as a fortified cantonment for their soldiers.
[19]
Ma Huan reported that Siam did not dare to invade Malacca thereafter.
[19]
The rulers of Malacca, such as Parameswara in 1411, would pay tribute to the Chinese emperor in person.
[19]
Because of its strategic location, Malacca was an important stopping point for
Zheng He
's fleet. To enhance relations,
Hang Li Po
, according to local folklore, a daughter of the
Ming
Emperor of China, arrived in Malacca, accompanied by 500 attendants, to marry Sultan
Manshur Shah
who reigned from 1456 until 1477. Her attendants married locals and settled mostly in
Bukit Cina
.
[20]
Due to Chinese involvement, Malacca had grown as key alternative to other important and established ports.
[19]
Due to the large influence of Arab, Persian, and Indian traders,
Malacca
soon turned into an
Islamic sultanate
, and Parameswara converted to Islam when he married a princess from
Pasai
, changing his name to Sultan Iskandar Shah.
[17]
With the rise of Melaka as an empire, both the Majapahit and Siamese kingdoms were unable to conquer it, especially with the Chinese protection. During this time, a Hindu?Malay and Tamil?Malay society were also formed. The Sultan died in 1414 and was succeeded by his son,
Megat Iskandar Shah
.
[21]
Malacca continued to prosper until the eighth Sultanate of Malacca,
Mahmud Shah
, with the various races who came to trade becoming associated with particular trade specialties; the Gujaratis, Tamils, and Bengalis were mostly
cloth merchants
, the Arabs and Persians waited for their vessels to be filled with goods from China, the Chinese dealt mainly in silk,
camphor
, and
porcelain
, and the natives of Malay Archipelago, like the
Bugis
and other island peoples, traded mainly in spices and
sandalwood
, and the
Minangkabau
in
pepper
and gold, with the Javanese controlling the rice and imported foodstuffs.
[15]
Like other traders, the Chinese established their own area in the city, occupying the southeast side of the port around a hill called
Bukit Cina
, where they constructed temples and a well called
Hang Li Poh's Well
, named after
Hang Li Po
, the fifth wife of the sixth Sultan of Malacca,
Mansur Shah
, who was a Chinese princess from the Ming dynasty.
[15]
[18]
European conquest
[
edit
]
Portrait of
Afonso de Albuquerque
, the first European to
conquer Malacca
Replica of an
East Indiaman
of the
Dutch East India Company
/
United East Indies Company
(VOC).
Due to its riches, the news of the success of Malacca reached the Portuguese, who had an established
presence on Indian ports
.
[22]
The Portuguese, under King
Manuel I
, sent a representative named
Diogo Lopes de Sequeira
to establish contact with the Sultanate. At first, Sequeira was well received by Sultan
Mahmud Shah
. But the Tamil Muslim community, who already had an established presence in Malacca, convinced the Sultan to eliminate the Portuguese based on
their treatment
of the Muslims of
Goa
.
[23]
Reacting to the report, Sultan Mahmud then ordered several men from the Portuguese delegation to be captured and killed, but some of them managed to escape with their ships.
[23]
Thus, in April 1511
Afonso de Albuquerque
, who was the
Portuguese expedition
leader together with his
armada
, arrived in Malacca to sever its Islamic and
Venetian
trade.
[22]
[24]
His intention was described in his own words when he arrived to Malacca:
If they were only to take "Malaca" out of the hands of the
Moors
,
Cairo
and
Mecca
would be entirely ruined, and
Venice
would then be able to obtain no spiceries except what her merchants might buy in Portugal.
The Portuguese launched their first attack on 25 July 1511, but this was met with failure. Albuquerque then launched another attack on 15 August 1511, which proved successful as
Malacca was captured on that day
.
[24]
The Portuguese constructed a fortress called
A Famosa
using rocks and stones taken from Muslim graves, mosques, and other buildings. Several churches and convents, a bishop's palace, and administrative buildings such as the governor's palace were built. The Portuguese imposed higher taxes on Chinese traders and restricted their ownership of land.
[22]
The news of the city's capture reached the Ming dynasty of China; the Chinese were also displeased about the kidnapping of many Chinese children by the Portuguese in
Tuen Mun
.
[25]
In retaliation for Portugal's activity in Malacca, several Portuguese were later killed by the Chinese in the battles of
Tunmen
and
Xicaowan
in China.
[25]
By the mid-16th century, the two sultanates of
Aceh
and
Johor
had arisen to take control of Malacca from the Portuguese which then became the centre of struggle between the three.
[14]
By 1564, Aceh had retaken
Aru
(a territory which Sumatra had previously lost to Johor) and destroyed Johor's capital,
Johor Lama
, with the Johor royal family taken to Aceh to rule Johor as a
vassal state
. Other attacks were carried out in 1570, 1613, and 1623, when Johor tried to break away from Aceh.
[26]
Aceh's ambition for domination later led to a clash with the Portuguese in Malacca. The two sultanates and the Portuguese became involved in a triangular war, but when both the Portuguese and the Johor saw Aceh as a threat due to its constant attacks against them, the two began to collaborate to fight Aceh.
[27]
In 1582 the Portuguese assisted Johor to thwart an attack by Aceh, but the arrangement ended when Johor attacked the Portuguese in 1587. Aceh continued its attacks against the Portuguese, and was later destroyed when a large additional armada from the Portuguese port of Goa came to defend Malacca and destroy the sultanate.
[26]
A painting of
Dutch Malakka
fort,
c.
1665
French navigator
Cyrille Pierre Theodore Laplace
visiting Malacca between 1833 and 1839
After Aceh was left weakened, the
Dutch East India Company
(VOC) arrived, and Johor formed a treaty with them to flush out the Portuguese in
the second capture of Malacca
. The Dutch succeeded at
overtaking Malacca
while Johor managed to re-establish its suzerainty over many of its former dependencies in Sumatra, such as Siak (1662) and Indragiri (1669). The Dutch expanded the size of the city fort and built a significant amount of additional infrastructure. As they had less interest in the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra than they had in
Java
and the
Maluku Islands
,
[26]
the Dutch remained neutral in local disputes until 1756 when the Bugis, who ruled the
Riau-Lingga Sultanate
, began to threaten Dutch maritime trade. The threats increased in the 18th century, when
English rivalry
started to establish its presence over areas in the northern Malay Peninsula.
[28]
This led the Dutch to seize the Bugis areas of
Riau
and expel the Bugis from both Riau and
Selangor
, for fearing that these areas would otherwise have fallen under British rule. Malacca was placed under the direct control of
Batavia
in Java.
[10]
Street scene of Malacca City in 1912, during the
British administration
From 1796 until 1801, and 1807 to 1818 Malacca was temporarily placed under a British
Resident
as the Netherlands were
conquered by France
in the
Napoleonic Wars
. It was returned to the Dutch in 1818. Malacca served as the staging area for the British
victory in 1811
.
[29]
A
treaty
was later signed in 1824 between the British and Dutch to prevent further British influence in Java; one result was that the Johor-Riau Empire fell under two colonial powers along with Malacca, which was then officially handed to the British in 1825 and integrated as part of the
Straits Settlements
.
[26]
The city came under direct control of a Resident in Penang, and the old fort in the city was then dismantled.
[28]
The British established regulations for infrastructure with the construction of, for example, back alleys, chimneys, back yards, fire escapes, fire alleys, and pedestrian arcades.
[30]
World War II, post-independence and present
[
edit
]
Department of Museums Malaysia, Malacca City
During the first stage of
World War II
, the city's residents continued to live normally until the news of the
Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse
on 10 December 1941 reached the city and struck panic.
[31]
British colonial officials began to flee and thousands of the city's residents hid in rubber estates and jungles since they heard about the acts of cruelty committed in other parts of Malaya following their conquest by the Japanese.
[31]
The
Japanese Army
arrived in the city on 14 January 1942 in a
convoy of bicycles
,
[31]
[32]
but as they mainly focused on ensuring the retreat of the British to the south of the Malay Peninsula and
Singapore
, there was no major battle in the city or other parts of Malacca.
[32]
During
their occupation
, a
kempeitai
headquarters was established in the formerly British "Government Rest House" which served as a place for arrests, torture and executions. Those who still lived in the city were given low
rice rations
with a
tapioca
supplement and a number of them were
taken to Thailand
and forced to construct the
Burma?Siam Railway
.
[33]
When the
Allies
began to counter-attack against the Japanese, the Japanese officially surrendered to the Allies in August 1945 with the city left undamaged as there were no heavy battles, and it was administered as part of the
British Military Administration
until the formation of the
Malayan Union
and then the
Federation of Malaya
. After Malaya achieved
its independence
on 31 August 1957, a colonial building named "Malacca Club" was built by the British in the city as the social centre for
Britons
in
British Malaya
. The building was then turned into
a memorial
after 38 years to commemorate the Malayan independence day.
[34]
After the Federation of Malaya, together with
North Borneo
,
Sarawak
and Singapore formed the Federation of Malaysia in 1963,
[35]
Malacca was extensively developed and in 2003 it was granted
city status
. On 7 July 2008, Malacca City was listed as one of the historical cities in Malaysia, together with
George Town
in the northern Malay Peninsula.
[4]
Capital city
[
edit
]
Malacca City Hall at
Ayer Keroh
town (part of Hang Tuah Jaya).
Locations of Malacca City and its suburbs
Malacca City is the centre of political and economic administration for the state of Malacca. There is one member of parliament (MP) representing one
parliamentary constituency
in the city: Kota Melaka (
P
.138
). The city also elects five representatives to the
state legislature
from the state assembly districts of Kesidang, Kota Laksamana, Duyong, Bandar Hilir and Telok Mas.
[36]
Local authority and city definition
[
edit
]
The city is administered by the
Malacca City Council
(
Majlis Bandaraya Melaka Bersejarah
, MBMB). Formerly known as Malacca Municipal Council (
Majlis Perbandaran Melaka Bandaraya Bersejarah
, MPMBB), it was merged with the "Malacca Municipality Area" on 1 January 1977 with a new combined area of 297.19 square kilometres (114.75 sq mi).
[2]
Then on 15 April 2003, MPMBB was upgraded into MBMB before part of its area, covering 57.66 kilometres separated for
Hang Tuah Jaya Municipal Council
(MPHTJ). MBMB area is currently at 270 sq kilometres as a result of
land reclamation
, with a new administration area of 30.86 sq kilometres. Together these areas comprise a
metropolitan area
of 307.86 sq kilometres.
[2]
[37]
Geography
[
edit
]
Part of the city centre,
Malacca Island
can be seen in a strip of land directly across the coast. (up) and
Malacca River
, Malacca City. (down)
The city is located on both sides of the
Malacca River
near its mouth on the
Straits of Malacca
. The city is approximately 152 kilometres
[38]
from Malaysia's capital city,
Kuala Lumpur
.
[39]
Due to large-scale
land reclamation
, it has grown in size, especially in the south.
[40]
Its physical features are characterised by flat and gently undulating land stretching from its coast.
[41]
The historic central area of the city is located near the old coastline; it includes St Paul's Hill with the ruins of the
Portuguese fortress
and the Dutch Square on the right (eastern) bank of the river, and the old Chinatown on the left (western) bank. The Chinese Hill (
Bukit Cina
), where a large old Chinese cemetery is located, was formerly located to the northeast of the city, but is now surrounded by new buildings on all sides.
Climate
[
edit
]
Malacca's weather is hot and humid throughout the year with rainfall, the intensity of which depends on the time of the year. It is one of the driest cities in Malaysia, receiving just under 2,000 mm (79 in) of rainfall while most areas in Peninsular Malaysia receive an average of around 2,500 mm (98 in) of rainfall annually.
[42]
However, Malacca has no dry season as average rainfall is more than 100 mm (3.9 in) for each month. Malacca is classified as having a
tropical rainforest climate
(
Af
) under the
Koppen climate classification
system,
[43]
more subject to the
Intertropical Convergence Zone
than the
trade winds
and with no
cyclones
so a pure equatorial climate. The relatively stable weather allows Malacca to be visited year-round.
Climate data for Malacca (1991?2020 normals, extremes 1930?2020)
|
Month
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
Year
|
Record high °C (°F)
|
35.2
(95.4)
|
37.8
(100.0)
|
37.2
(99.0)
|
37.3
(99.1)
|
38.0
(100.4)
|
34.7
(94.5)
|
35.7
(96.3)
|
35.0
(95.0)
|
35.6
(96.1)
|
35.6
(96.1)
|
34.4
(93.9)
|
34.6
(94.3)
|
38.0
(100.4)
|
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
|
31.8
(89.2)
|
32.9
(91.2)
|
33.2
(91.8)
|
33.0
(91.4)
|
32.6
(90.7)
|
32.1
(89.8)
|
31.6
(88.9)
|
31.6
(88.9)
|
31.8
(89.2)
|
32.1
(89.8)
|
31.7
(89.1)
|
31.3
(88.3)
|
32.1
(89.8)
|
Daily mean °C (°F)
|
26.9
(80.4)
|
27.5
(81.5)
|
27.8
(82.0)
|
28.0
(82.4)
|
28.2
(82.8)
|
27.9
(82.2)
|
27.5
(81.5)
|
27.4
(81.3)
|
27.4
(81.3)
|
27.4
(81.3)
|
26.9
(80.4)
|
26.7
(80.1)
|
27.5
(81.5)
|
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
|
23.7
(74.7)
|
23.9
(75.0)
|
24.3
(75.7)
|
24.5
(76.1)
|
24.6
(76.3)
|
24.4
(75.9)
|
23.9
(75.0)
|
23.9
(75.0)
|
23.9
(75.0)
|
24.0
(75.2)
|
23.9
(75.0)
|
23.8
(74.8)
|
24.1
(75.4)
|
Record low °C (°F)
|
19.0
(66.2)
|
20.0
(68.0)
|
20.0
(68.0)
|
19.0
(66.2)
|
20.0
(68.0)
|
20.0
(68.0)
|
19.0
(66.2)
|
20.0
(68.0)
|
21.0
(69.8)
|
21.0
(69.8)
|
21.0
(69.8)
|
20.0
(68.0)
|
19.0
(66.2)
|
Average
precipitation
mm (inches)
|
102.1
(4.02)
|
79.7
(3.14)
|
129.1
(5.08)
|
166.1
(6.54)
|
167.3
(6.59)
|
172.6
(6.80)
|
196.0
(7.72)
|
219.5
(8.64)
|
161.7
(6.37)
|
189.4
(7.46)
|
233.1
(9.18)
|
177.1
(6.97)
|
1,993.8
(78.50)
|
Average precipitation days
(≥ 1.0 mm)
|
8.0
|
6.5
|
10.1
|
11.9
|
10.6
|
9.4
|
11.7
|
12.4
|
11.4
|
12.1
|
15.7
|
12.5
|
132.3
|
Average
relative humidity
(%)
|
80
|
79
|
82
|
85
|
86
|
86
|
86
|
86
|
86
|
86
|
87
|
83
|
84
|
Mean monthly
sunshine hours
|
166
|
185
|
183
|
179
|
171
|
164
|
163
|
166
|
174
|
171
|
157
|
152
|
2,031
|
Source 1:
World Meteorological Organization
[44]
|
Source 2: Ogimet
[45]
Deutscher Wetterdienst
(extremes and humidity)
[46]
|
Demography
[
edit
]
Ethnicity and religion
[
edit
]
The Malaysian census in 2010 reported the population of Malacca City was 484,885.
[47]
Malays
comprised the majority with 273,844, followed by
Chinese
with 158,828,
Indian
with 20,310 and others totalling 9,732.
[47]
Around 22,171 were identified as a Non-Malaysian citizens.
[47]
Due to a large amount of
interracial marriage
since the era of the Malacca Sultanate, the city features its own ethnic mixtures of
Baba Nyonya
,
Chitty
[33]
and
Kristang
peoples. The Majority of the Malays were Muslims, and the Chinese and Peranakan were either
Buddhists
,
Confucianists
,
Taoists
or followers from other denominations of
Chinese folk religion
. The Indians, including the Chitty, were mainly
Hindus
while the Kristang were mostly Christian.
The
Baba Nyonya
are Straits-born Chinese, who have resided for generations since the era of the Malacca Sultanate as traders and intermarried with the local Malay women. They adopted the
local culture
and the
Malay language
as part of their lives while at the same time preserving some of their Chinese heritage and religious traditions.
[48]
The Chitty are also a mixture of Indian traders with local women of various ethnic backgrounds such as Malays,
Javanese
,
Bataks
and Chinese.
[49]
The Kristang exist as a result of marriage between the
European Portuguese
men with Malay women during the era of Portuguese Malacca.
[50]
Languages
[
edit
]
The main language spoken in the city is the
Malay
and English, although the
Baba Nyonya
and
Chitty
have their own variations of Baba and Chitties creoles respectively.
[48]
[49]
The Malaccan Portuguese have their own version of Portuguese creole, known as
Kristang language
.
[50]
Economy
[
edit
]
CBD
of Malacca City, Malaysia
Since the era of Malacca Sultanate, the city has prospered as a successful
entrepot
, putting it in the same position as
Venice
,
Cairo
and
Canton
.
[51]
When the European conquest begin, Malacca had developed into a
cosmopolitan
city with a long-standing European heritage.
[30]
The arrival of Chinese traders and
coolie
during the sultanate era and European colonisation saw a large boost to the economy, especially during the administration of Dutch and the British.
[52]
In modern times, the tourism is more dominant than the
primary-based industry
due to its historical riches with the melting pots of cultural influences which attracted many local and foreign tourists to visiting the city,
[41]
which also became part of the state economy income.
[53]
In addition to its strategic location in the
maritime Silk Road
, the city benefited from the rise of China and
India
as world economic powers.
[54]
[55]
Malacca City has hosted numerous national, regional and international conferences, congresses and trade fairs in the
Malacca International Trade Centre
.
[56]
In early 2016, the Malacca state government has start to develop a new economic development area in the central city centre which will be known as the Hang Tuah Trade Centre that will encompassing trade centres, higher education, hospitality and business.
[57]
Transport
[
edit
]
Land
[
edit
]
Syed Abdullah Aziz Road
, a coastal road in the city
A
trishaw
service waiting for customers at Stadhuis Red Square
Internal roads linking different parts on the city are mostly
federal roads
constructed and maintained by the
Malaysian Public Works Department
. The city is accessible through the
North?South Expressway
and the coastal
Syed Abdullah Aziz Road
. There is also an old trunk road system, which once served as a main passageway to the city until the mid-1980s, when the North?South Expressway was built.
[58]
In the old city centre,
trishaw
services are available through the Stadhuis Red Square.
[59]
Started on 19 August 2023, closure of few roads in the city at 6pm?12am on Saturdays.
[60]
There was previously a proposal by the state government of Malacca to revive a bridge project named
Malacca Strait Bridge
that will connect land transportation in the city with the Indonesian city of
Dumai
on
Sumatra
island.
[61]
Public transport
[
edit
]
Melaka Sentral
, the main public transportation terminal, serving bus and taxi services in and around the city
Melaka Sentral
is the main bus and taxi terminal for the city, with services in and around the city as well as domestic services.
[62]
Most
taxis
in the city are executive taxis with either four, six or fourteen seats; but only two types of taxis, the
limousine
(4 seats) and
bas persiaran
(14 seats), provide services to Singapore with the rest providing services only to other parts of Peninsular Malaysia.
[63]
There were railway tracks from
Pulau Sebang
to Malacca City before World War II, but these were dismantled by the Japanese for the construction of the
Burmese
Death Railway
.
[64]
On 10 October 2015, Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad (KTMB) commuter service has introduced a new route, shuttle service between Seremban-Sebang/Tampin-Gemas station.
[65]
[66]
A 1.6-km line of
Malacca Monorail
was launched in October 2010, served the route along the
Malacca River
. Due to several technical glitches months into its operation, the system was left idle in 2013. However, in June 2015 the Malacca State Government decided to revive the project.
[67]
On 4 December 2017, Malacca Monorail has re-operate with enhanced safety features such as lightning-prevention devices and the addition of a rescue vehicle to attract wagons in the event of a technical problem.
[68]
[69]
The previous incident is believed will not recur as tests had been performed for two months before re-operation. The Malacca Monorail operating hours are 10.00 am to 10.00 pm on weekdays and will be continued until 12.00 midnight on Saturdays and Sundays.
[70]
Water
[
edit
]
Ship anchoring at the
Straits of Malacca
, offshore from modern shopoffices constructed on reclaimed land.
The main water transportation in the city is the Malacca River Cruise with evening cruises along the
Malacca River
. The cruise route is an area marking the border between historic
Chinatown
and Malay area.
[59]
The
Melaka Gateway
is a project under construction involving the development of one natural and two
man-made
islands off the coast of Malacca which will feature an international cruise terminal and aid water transport in the city.
[71]
An international shipping port is also planned to be built as part of China's Maritime Silk Route economic belt.
[72]
Other utilities
[
edit
]
Courts of law and legal enforcement
[
edit
]
Malacca
Syariah Court
building
The
city high court
complex is located along Tun Abdul Razak Road,
[73]
while another
court
for
Sharia
law is located on Old Ayer Keroh Road.
[74]
The Malacca Police Contingent Headquarters is also located on Old Ayer Keroh Road.
[75]
The main district police headquarters is located in
Central Malacca
. There are around thirteen police stations and eight police substations (Pondok Polis) serving the city.
[76]
The main prison is located along the Ayer Keroh road, and was built in 1969.
[77]
Another three prisons are located in the districts of Central Malacca,
Tanjung Kling
,
Telok Mas
and
Sungai Udang
.
[78]
The Bandar Hilir Prison has been transformed into a museum with all the inmates moved to Sungai Udang Prison.
[79]
Health care
[
edit
]
Malacca General Hospital
main building
The Mahkota Medical Centre building, one of the largest
private hospitals
in the city
There is one public hospital and twelve government
health clinics
in and nearby the city.
[80]
There are also 52 private clinics
[81]
and three
1Malaysia clinics
in Malacca City.
[82]
Malacca General Hospital
, which is located along Mufti Haji Khalil Road, is the main and oldest hospital in the state with 359 beds.
[83]
[84]
Oriental Melaka Straits Medical Centre is the largest
private hospital
with 300 beds.
[85]
Mahkota Medical Centre, located on Syed Abdul Aziz Road, is the second largest with 266 beds.
[86]
Malacca High School
, the city's main secondary school
Education
[
edit
]
Various government or state schools are available in the city.
The secondary schools
include the
Malacca High School
, Malacca Girls High School and
Catholic High School
.
[87]
[88]
Other types of secondary schools such as religious, vocational, technical and
fully residential
schools are available inside and outside the city's metropolitan area.
[89]
There are also a number of independent private schools in the city. These include
Melaka International School
,
[90]
Wesley Methodist School and
Pay Fong High School
.
[91]
Malacca State Library
Sino-Portuguese architecture
seen at the Zheng He Duo Yun Xuan Art Gallery ?和?云?, Malacca City, Malaysia
Libraries
[
edit
]
Malacca State Library
is the main library of the State of Malacca, located in
Bukit Baru
town.
[92]
Other public library branches are located in
Telok Mas
town, Kampung Padang, Bertam Hulu and
Klebang
town.
[93]
There are also libraries available in the city's universities, schools and colleges.
[94]
[95]
Culture and leisure
[
edit
]
Attractions and recreational spots
[
edit
]
Cultural
[
edit
]
The replica of
Malacca Sultanate Palace
which is a museum
Cafe at
Jonker Walk
, part of
Chinatown
The
Malacca Sultanate Palace
was built to represent the
Malay culture
and Malaccan history during the sultanate era. The building was constructed without using any
nails
. The city also includes a variety of other cultural attractions such as
Chinatown
,
Little India
and
Portuguese Settlement
. The Chinatown feature a strong Chinese cultural influences, with Clan associations, regional Chinese eateries and prominent Chinese Temples like
Cheng Hoon Teng
located around the areas where many Chinese traders have settling since the era of Sultanate of Malacca. The most recognisable part of the Chinatown is the
Jonker Walk
where many outdoor stage performances occur.
[59]
The
Kopitiam
and restaurants around the city serve mixed cultural influences of Malay and Baba Nyonya as well as various regional Chinese cuisines such as Teochew and European cuisines.
[59]
The No 8 Heeren Street Heritage Centre is an old two-storey shop house which has been undergoing restoration for years.
[96]
The
Cheng Ho Cultural Museum
is the site where
Zheng He
, a famous Muslim Chinese voyager, was believed to have set up a large warehouse complex along the northern side of the Malacca River,
[97]
while the
Straits Chinese Jewellery Museum
is a site where there has been a collection of Chinese jewellery design and motifs since the establishment of relations between Malacca and the Ming dynasty of China.
[98]
Little India is the site where
Indian culture
is presented with a variety of Indian shops and restaurants as well as fabric shops selling various
saris
, Punjabi suits and other Indian fabric designs.
[98]
Located within the Portuguese settlement is a "Mini Lisbon" which has become the city's centre of
Portuguese culture
, with many Eurasians descended from marriages between Portuguese men and local women that took place after the Portuguese conquest of Malacca residing there.
[99]
Historical
[
edit
]
The replica of a 1502 Portuguese ship, the
Flor de la Mar
The Dutch Square is an area surrounded by Dutch buildings such as the
Stadthuys
,
Christ Church
, British
Queen Victoria Fountain
, and Chinese settlers structure of
Tan Beng Swee Clock Tower
in honour of a generous late Chinese tycoon,
Tan Beng Swee
.
[100]
The original
clock tower
was imported from England but has since been replaced with the one from Japan. The Portuguese traces are mostly on
Porta do Santiago
which can also be seen across the square on the bank of Malacca River
[100]
and on
St. Peter's Church
. The
Kuomintang
Cenotaph (
Malacca Warrior Monument
) in
Bukit Cina
is a memorial where thousands of Chinese people in Malacca were killed by the Japanese during
their occupation
.
[59]
[101]
Leisure and conservation areas
[
edit
]
Malacca Zoo
is the main zoo in the city metropolitan, featuring 215 species of birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibians including the
Sumatran rhinoceros
, the
Malayan gaur
,
Serow
and the
Indochinese tiger
.
[102]
An
oceanarium
located inside the Shore shopping malls complex features a variety of fish species and other sea creatures.
[59]
Other attractions
[
edit
]
Other attractions include the
Maritime Museum
,
Taming Sari Tower
and
Macau Gallery Melaka
. The Maritime Museum features a replica of a historical ship, the
Flor de la Mar
, and describes the trading history of Malacca, while the Taming Sari offers a scenic view of the city centre. The Padang Pahlawan is the site where
Tunku Abdul Rahman
, the father of Malayan independence, made his first independence announcement.
[100]
[103]
St. Paul's Hill
is where the
Governor's Museum
,
Malacca Literature Museum
and
Malacca Light
are located.
Shopping
[
edit
]
A number of shopping malls and traditional art and craft shops are available around the city, with the most popular shopping malls being
Dataran Pahlawan Melaka Megamall
, The Shore,
[59]
and the
ÆON
Bandaraya Melaka and
JUSCO
shopping centres.
Entertainment
[
edit
]
The main cinemas in the city are the
Golden Screen Cinemas
(GSC), with one located inside the building of Dataran Pahlawan Malacca Megamall with a capacity of 2,004,
[104]
while the second largest, in ÆON Bandaraya Melaka, has a capacity of 1,793.
[105]
Another cinema, known as the
MBO Cinemas
, with a capacity of 1,212 is located in the MBO Melaka Mall.
[106]
Sports
[
edit
]
The second largest
football
stadium in the state of Malacca,
Hang Tuah Stadium
, is located in the city; it has a capacity of around 15,000 and is the oldest stadium in the state.
[107]
The stadium is the second home ground for
Melaka United
, after
Hang Jebat Stadium
in
Krubong
.
[107]
International relations
[
edit
]
Saudi Arabia
has set up its consulate in Malacca City.
[108]
Malacca first started twinning in 1984 with the city of
Lisbon
,
Portugal
and it is now
twinned
with or established as a friendship city with the following cities:
[109]
[110]
Valparaiso
, Chile.
[111]
[112]
[113]
Changsha
, China.
[114]
Guangdong
, China.
[115]
[116]
Nanjing
, China.
[117]
[118]
Kota Tua Jakarta
, Indonesia.
[119]
[120]
Padang Panjang
, Indonesia.
[109]
[110]
Sawahlunto
, Indonesia.
[109]
[110]
Kuala Lumpur
, Malaysia.
[121]
Hoorn
, Netherlands.
[121]
[122]
[123]
Lisbon
, Portugal.
[121]
[122]
[124]
[125]
See also
[
edit
]
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External links
[
edit
]
Media related to
Melaka
at Wikimedia Commons
Malacca
travel guide from Wikivoyage
|
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|
Topics
| |
---|
Society
| |
---|
Administrative
divisions
| Districts
| |
---|
Cities/Municipalities
| |
---|
Towns and suburbs
| |
---|
Residential neighbourhoods
| |
---|
Villages
| |
---|
Exclaves
| |
---|
Islands
| |
---|
|
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|
Articles related to Malacca City
|
---|
|
---|
1,000,000?1,999,999
| |
---|
500,000?999,999
| |
---|
200,000?499,999
| |
---|
|
---|
|
Rank
|
Name
|
State
|
Municipal pop.
|
Rank
|
Name
|
State
|
Municipal pop.
|
|
![Kuala Lumpur](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Kuala_Lumpur_at_dawn_%2818794580599%29.jpg/120px-Kuala_Lumpur_at_dawn_%2818794580599%29.jpg) Kuala Lumpur
![Kajang](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bandar_Kajang%2C_Hulu_Langat_District_20230618_120509.jpg/120px-Bandar_Kajang%2C_Hulu_Langat_District_20230618_120509.jpg) Kajang
|
1
|
Kuala Lumpur
|
Federal Territory
|
1,982,112
|
11
|
Ipoh
|
Perak
|
759,952
|
![Seberang Perai](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Butterworth%2C_Seberang_Perai%2C_Penang_2024.jpg/120px-Butterworth%2C_Seberang_Perai%2C_Penang_2024.jpg) Seberang Perai
![Subang Jaya](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Subang_Jaya_at_Dusk.jpg/120px-Subang_Jaya_at_Dusk.jpg) Subang Jaya
|
2
|
Kajang
|
Selangor
|
1,047,356
|
12
|
Seremban
|
Negeri Sembilan
|
681,541
|
3
|
Seberang Perai
|
Penang
|
946,092
|
13
|
Iskandar Puteri
|
Johor
|
575,977
|
4
|
Subang Jaya
|
Selangor
|
902,086
|
14
|
Kuantan
|
Pahang
|
548,014
|
5
|
Klang
|
Selangor
|
902,025
|
15
|
Sungai Petani
|
Kedah
|
545,053
|
6
|
Johor Bahru
|
Johor
|
858,118
|
16
|
Ampang Jaya
|
Selangor
|
531,904
|
7
|
Shah Alam
|
Selangor
|
812,327
|
17
|
Kota Kinabalu
|
Sabah
|
500,425
|
8
|
George Town
|
Penang
|
794,313
|
18
|
Malacca City
|
Malacca
|
453,904
|
9
|
Petaling Jaya
|
Selangor
|
771,687
|
19
|
Sandakan
|
Sabah
|
439,050
|
10
|
Selayang
|
Selangor
|
764,327
|
20
|
Alor Setar
|
Kedah
|
423,868
|
|
|
|
---|
International
| |
---|
National
| |
---|
Geographic
| |
---|
Other
| |
---|