Greek Christian bishop (fl. 336-360)
Macedonius I of Constantinople
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Installed
| 342
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Term ended
| 360
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Denomination
| Christianity
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Macedonius
(
Greek
: Μακεδ?νιο?; died after 360) was a Greek
[1]
bishop of
Constantinople
from 342 up to 346, and from 351 until 360. He inspired the establishment of the
Pneumatomachi
(also called Macedonians), a sect later declared
heretical
.
Biography
[
edit
]
After Bishop
Alexander
's death in 336, his
orthodox
followers supported
Paul I of Constantinople
. On the other hand, the
Arians
rallied round Macedonius. The former was ordained bishop, but did not hold his bishopric long. The Semi-Arian
emperor
Constantius II
came to Constantinople, convened a
synod
of Arian bishops, banished Paul I, and, to the disappointment of Macedonius, translated
Eusebius of Nicomedia
to the vacant
see
. This was thought to have been in 338.
[2]
Eusebius's death in 341 restarted hostilities between the partisans of Paul and Macedonius. Paul returned, and was introduced into the Irene church of Constantinople; Arian bishops immediately ordained Macedonius in St. Paul's church. So violent did the tumult become that Constantius sent his general
Hermogenes
to eject Paul for a second time. His soldiers met with open resistance; the general was killed and his body dragged through the city.
[3]
Constantius at once left
Antioch
and punished Constantinople by depriving the people of half their daily allowance of
corn
. Paul was expelled; Macedonius was severely blamed for his part in these disturbances, and for allowing himself to be ordained without imperial sanction; but over all the Arians triumphed. Macedonius was permitted to officiate the church in which he had been consecrated. Paul went to Rome, and he and
Athanasius of Alexandria
and other orthodox bishops expelled from their sees were sent back by
Pope Julius I
with letters rebuking those who had deposed them. Philip the prefect executed the fresh orders of the emperor in hurrying Paul into exile to
Thessalonica
, and in reinstating Macedonius, but not without bloodshed.
[4]
Macedonius held the see for about six years, while letters and delegates, the pope and the emperors, synods and counter-synods, were debating and disputing the treatment of Paul and Athanasius. In 349 the alternative of war offered by
Constans
, emperor of the West, induced Constantius to reinstate Paul; and Macedonius had to retire to a private church. The murder of Constans in 350 placed the East under the sole control of Constantius, and Paul was at once exiled. Imperial edicts followed, which permitted the Arians to claim to be the dominant faction in the church.
Macedonius is said to have signalled his return to power by acts which, if truly reported, brand him as a cruel bigot. The
Novatianists
suffered perhaps even more fearfully than the orthodox and some of them were stung into a desperate resistance: those of Constantinople removing the materials of their church to a distant suburb of the city; those at Mantinium in
Paphlagonia
daring to face the imperial soldiers sent to expel them from their home. "The exploits of Macedonius," says
Socrates Scholasticus
, "on behalf of
Christianity
, consisted of
murders
,
battles
,
incarcerations
, and
civil wars
".
[6]
An act of presumption finally lost him the imperial favor in 358. The Sepulchre containing the body of
Constantine I
was in danger of falling to pieces, and Macedonius determined to remove them. The question was made a party one. The orthodox assailed as
sacrilege
"the disinterment of the supporter of the
Nicene
faith," the Macedonians pleaded the necessities of structural repair. When the remains were conveyed to the church of
Acacius the Martyr
, the excited populace met in the church and churchyard; so frightful a carnage ensued that the place was filled with blood and slaughtered bodies.
[7]
Constantius's anger was great against Macedonius because of the slaughter, but even more because he had removed the body without consulting him.
When Macedonius presented himself at the
council of Seleucia
in 359, it was ruled that being under accusation it was not proper for him to remain (Socr. ii. 40). His opponents,
Acacius
, Eudoxius, and others, followed him to Constantinople, and, availing themselves of the emperor's indignation, deposed him in 360 on the ground of cruelty and canonical irregularities. Macedonius retired to a suburb of the city, and died there.
He is said to have elaborated the views with which his name is connected in his retirement.
The "
Macedonians
", his followers, did not believe in the divinity of the Holy Spirit.
References
[
edit
]
- Attribution
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
public domain
:
Fuller, J. M. (1911). "
Macedonius, bp. of Constantinople
". In
Wace, Henry
; Piercy, William C. (eds.).
Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century
(3rd ed.). London: John Murray.
Fuller cites:
- Socrates Scholasticus
, H. E. ii. 7, 13, 16, 38, 40, etc.
- Fuller advises for authorities, consult the scattered notices in Socrates, Sozomen; Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, i.; the usual Church histories and HOLY GHOST in D. C. B. (4-vol. ed. 1882).
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Bishops of
Byzantium
(
Roman
period, 38?330 AD)
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Archbishops of
Constantinople
(Roman period, 330?451 AD)
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Patriarchs of Constantinople
(
Byzantine
period, 451?1453 AD)
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Patriarchs of Constantinople
(
Ottoman
period, 1453?1923 AD)
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Patriarchs of Constantinople
(
Turkish
period, since 1923 AD)
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