Outlandishly fashionable man
"Maccaroni" redirects here. For the type of pasta, see
Macaroni
.
A
macaroni
(formerly spelled
maccaroni
[1]
) was a pejorative term used to describe a fashionable fellow of 18th-century Britain. Stereotypically, men in the macaroni
subculture
dressed, spoke, and behaved in an unusually
epicene
and
androgynous
manner.
The term "macaroni" pejoratively referred to a man who "exceeded the ordinary bounds of fashion"
[2]
in terms of
high-end clothing
, fastidious eating, and
gambling
. He mixed Continental affectations with his British nature, like a practitioner of
macaronic verse
(which mixed English and Latin to comic effect), laying himself open to satire.
The macaronis became seen in
stereotyped
terms in Britain, being seen as a symbol of inappropriate
bourgeois
excess,
effeminacy
, and possible
homosexuality
- which was then legally viewed as
sodomy
.
[3]
Many modern critics view the macaroni as representing a general change in 18th-century British society such as political change,
class consciousness
, new
nationalisms
,
commodification
, and
consumer capitalism
.
[4]
The macaroni was the
Georgian era
precursor to the
dandy
of the
Regency
and
Victorian eras
.
Origins and etymology
[
edit
]
In the 18th century, wealthy young British men traditionally took a trip around Europe upon their
coming of age
, known as his
Grand Tour
. Italy was a key destination of these tours. During their trip, many developed a taste for
maccaroni
, a type of
pasta
little known in Britain then, and so they were said to belong to the
Macaroni Club,
[5]
founded in 1764 by those returning from the Grand Tour.
[6]
They would refer to anything that was fashionable or
a la mode
as "very maccaroni".
[7]
The Italian term
maccherone
, when figuratively meaning "blockhead, fool", was apparently not related to this British usage, though both were derived from the name of the pasta shape.
[5]
Author
Horace Walpole
wrote to a friend in 1764 of "the Macaroni Club [
Almack's
], which is composed of all the travelled young men who wear long curls and spying-glasses".
[8]
The expression was particularly used to characterize "
fops
" who dressed in high fashion with tall, powdered
wigs
with a
chapeau-bras
on top that could only be removed on the point of a sword.
The
Macaroni suit
, made up of a shorter, tighter fitting coat, colourful stockings, and shoes adorned with large buckles, and, fastened in a large bow, the
Macaroni cravat
, made from lace-edged muslin, were developed and worn in the 1770s.
[6]
A prominently large nosegay of flowers was often worn (on the left side of the chest or shoulder of the coat), along with a very small tricorne style hat.
[6]
The shop of engravers and printsellers
Mary and Matthew Darly
in the fashionable
West End of London
sold their sets of satirical "macaroni" caricature prints, published between 1771 and 1773. The new Darly shop became known as "the Macaroni Print-Shop".
[2]
Design historian Peter McNeil links macaroni fashion to the
crossdressing
of the earlier
molly subculture
, and says "some macaronis may have utilized aspects of high fashion in order to affect new class identities, but others may have asserted what we would now label a
queer
identity".
[4]
[a]
Examples of usage
[
edit
]
In 1773,
James Boswell
was on tour in Scotland with the stout and serious-minded essayist and
lexicographer
Dr.
Samuel Johnson
, the least dandified
[
citation needed
]
of Londoners. Johnson was awkward in the saddle, and Boswell ribbed him: "You are a delicate Londoner; you are a maccaroni; you can't ride."
[9]
There is indeed a kind of animal, neither male nor female, a thing of the neuter gender, lately [1770] started up among us. It is called a macaroni. It talks without meaning, it smiles without pleasantry, it eats without appetite, it rides without exercise, it wenches without passion.
[10]
In
Oliver Goldsmith
's
She Stoops to Conquer
(1773), a misunderstanding is discovered and young Marlow finds that he has been mistaken; he cries out, "So then, all's out, and I have been damnably imposed on. O, confound my stupid head, I shall be laughed at over the whole town. I shall be stuck up in caricatura in all the print-shops. The Dullissimo Maccaroni. To mistake this house of all others for an inn, and my father's old friend for an innkeeper!"
The song "
Yankee Doodle
" from the time of the
American Revolutionary War
mentions a man who "stuck a feather in his hat and called it macaroni." Dr. Richard Shuckburgh was a British surgeon and also the author of the song's lyrics; the joke which he was making was that the
Yankees
were naive and unsophisticated enough to believe that a feather in the hat was a sufficient mark of a macaroni. Whether or not these were alternative lyrics sung in the British army, they were enthusiastically taken up by the Americans themselves.
[11]
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
This reading has not been universally accepted; Kevin Murphy and Sally O'Driscoll argue that this implied that both the wearer and the casual observer would have drawn the same interpretation from aspects of macaroni clothing.
[4]
- ^
"maccaroni"
.
Oxford English Dictionary
(Online ed.).
Oxford University Press
.
(Subscription or
participating institution membership
required.)
- ^
a
b
Rauser, Amelia F. (11 October 2004). "Hair, Authenticity, and the Self-Made Macaroni".
Eighteenth-Century Studies
.
38
(1): 101?117.
doi
:
10.1353/ecs.2004.0063
.
JSTOR
30053630
.
S2CID
162279247
.
Project MUSE
173943
.
- ^
Hardy, Myronn (2012).
Catastrophic Bliss
. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 259.
ISBN
978-1-61148-494-6
.
- ^
a
b
c
Murphy, Kevin; O'Driscoll, Sally (2013).
Studies in Ephemera: Text and Image in Eighteenth-Century Print
. Bucknell University Press. p. 267.
ISBN
978-1-61148-495-3
.
- ^
a
b
"Macaroni"
.
Oxford English Dictionary
. Retrieved
2011-01-18
.
- ^
a
b
c
Cumming, Valerie; Cunnington, C. W.; Cunnington, P. E. (2017).
The Dictionary of Fashion History
(2nd ed.). London: Bloomsbury Academic. p. 168.
ISBN
978-1-4725-7770-2
.
- ^
Rauser 2004
- ^
Knowles, James, ed. (2008) [1905].
The Nineteenth century and after
. Vol. 58. Leonard Scott Pub. Co., 1905. p. 278 – via
Princeton University
and the
Internet Archive
.
- ^
James Boswell,
Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides
, 1785, chapter 7
available on-line
Archived
2007-03-11 at the
Wayback Machine
; he liked it well enough to repeat it in his
Life of Dr. Johnson.
- ^
The Oxford Magazine
, 1770, quoted in Joseph Twadell Shipley,
The Origins of English Words: A Discursive Dictionary of Indo-European Roots
(JHU Press) 1984:143.
- ^
See
Yankee Doodle variations and parodies
.
References
[
edit
]