Place in Scania, Sweden
Place in Scania, Sweden
Lund
(
,
LU(U)ND
,
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
Swedish:
[?l?nːd]
ⓘ
) is a city in the southern Swedish
province
of
Scania
, across the
Oresund
strait from
Copenhagen
, Denmark. The town had 91,940 inhabitants
[6]
out of a municipal total of 121,510 as of 2018
[update]
.
[7]
It is the seat of
Lund Municipality
,
Scania County
. The
Oresund Region
, which includes
Lund
, is home to more than 4.1 million people.
[8]
[9]
Archeologists date the foundation of Lund to around 990, when Scania was part of
Denmark
. From 1103 it was the seat of the Catholic Metropolitan
Archdiocese of Lund
, and the towering
Lund Cathedral
, built
c.
1090
?1145, still stands at the centre of the town. Denmark ceded the city to Sweden in the
Treaty of Roskilde
in 1658, and its status as part of Sweden was again confirmed in following peace treaties.
Lund University
, established in 1666, is one of
Scandinavia
's oldest and largest institutions for education and research.
[10]
[11]
[12]
The university and its buildings dominate much of the centre of the city, and have led to Lund becoming a regional centre for high tech industry.
History
[
edit
]
An
engraving
of Lund in or around 1594. By Frans Hogenbergs in the pictorial work
Civitates orbis terrarum
(the cities of the world).
Lund is sometimes mentioned as the oldest town or city in present-day Sweden, although it has only been formally established as such for
300 years
of its at least thousand-year history. It is old enough that its origins are unclear, but is presumed to have existed by the end of the
Viking Age
. Until the 1980s, the town was thought to have been founded around 1020 by either
Sweyn I Forkbeard
or his son
Canute the Great
of Denmark.
[13]
The area was then part of the kingdom of Denmark. But, recent
archaeological
discoveries suggest that the first settlement dated to
c.
990
, possibly the relocation of settlers at
Uppakra
. The Uppakra settlement dates back to the first century
B.C.
[14]
and its remains are at the present site of the village of Uppakra. King Sweyn I Forkbeard moved Lund to its present location, a distance of some five kilometres (3.1 miles). The new location of Lund, on a hill and across a
ford
, gave the new site considerable defensive advantages in comparison with Uppakra, situated on the highest point of a large plain.
The organisation of the Danish church begun under the rule of
Canute the Great
. Lund became the
see
of one of seven dioceses in 1048.
[15]
In 1104 it became an archbishopric.
[16]
Lund's
ecclesiastical province
comprised Scandinavia and even
Garðar
on Greenland. The diocese of nearby Dalby was absorbed in 1066. Lund Cathedral was similarly founded in or shortly after 1103. In 1152, the
Norwegian
archdiocese of Nidaros
was founded as a separate province of the church, independent of Lund. In 1164 Sweden also acquired an archbishop of its own, although he was nominally subordinate to the archbishop of Lund. It is still, as the
diocese of Lund
, a diocese in the
Church of Sweden
.
Hjortgatan, a street in the old part of Lund
Lund Cathedral School
(Katedralskolan)
was founded in 1085 by the Danish king
Canute the Saint
. This is the oldest school in Scandinavia and one of the oldest in Northern Europe. Many prominent people were educated there, among them the actor
Max von Sydow
and several high-ranking politicians.
Lund was ceded to Sweden in 1658 as part of the terms of the
Treaty of Roskilde
. It was recaptured by Denmark in 1676 during the early phases of the
Scanian War
. The exceptionally bloody
Battle of Lund
was fought just north of the city in 1676, and ended in a decisive Swedish victory; Swedish control of Scania was confirmed in the
Peace of Lund
later that year.
[17]
Sweden's control over Scania, and hence Lund, was again confirmed by another treaty in 1720.
[18]
[19]
Scandinavia's first University, the
Academy of Lund
was founded in the 1400s. It was suppressed during the Danish
Reformation
in 1537.
[20]
The present
Lund University
was established in 1666.
[21]
In 1943, during the Second World War, Lund was
accidentally bombed
by a British aircraft. No deaths were reported, though some people were injured by glass fragments.
[22]
Over the second half of the 20th century the population of Lund more than doubled, driven in large part by the growth of the university and high tech industries.
[23]
For example,
Tetra Pak
, the
food packaging
and processing company, was founded in Lund in 1952.
[24]
Suburbs were added to the outer edges of the city: Klostergarden,
Norra Faladen
and Linero in the 1960s, Norra Nobbelov in the 1970s, Gunnesbo in the 1980s and
Varpinge
in the 1990s.
[24]
Geography
[
edit
]
Kaspar Magnus Espman's map of Lund from 1784, showing the structure of the medieval centre.
Aerial view in 2015
Lund is located in Sweden's largest agricultural district, in the south-west of Scania, less than ten kilometres (6.2 miles) from the sandy shore of the
Oresund
Strait. Its location on the south-facing slope of the Romeleasen
horst
leads to the city rising from the low-lying
Hoje River
in the south to 86 metres (282 feet) above
mean sea level
in the north. From the top of the
Sankt Hans Hill
it is possible to see Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark. The nearest large Swedish city,
Malmo
, is about 15 kilometres (9.3 miles) to the south-west. Other Swedish cities are more distant:
Gothenburg
is 250 kilometres (160 miles) away, the capital
Stockholm
is 600 kilometres (370 miles) distant, and
Umea
lies 1,200 kilometres (750 miles) to the north.
The central part of Lund largely retains its medieval street layout. A few buildings from the
Middle Ages
remain, including Lund Cathedral,
Liberiet
,
St. Peter's Priory
, the restaurant Staket and Krognoshuset. Many of today's buildings in the centre were constructed in the late 1800s, including
Katedralskolan
, the
Grand Hotel
and the main building and library of Lund University.
City squares
[
edit
]
A view of central Lund just outside the railway station.
Clemenstorget
is on the left.
Lund city contains four main city squares that are connected by a number of roads and passages that represent the main city centre containing numerous restaurants, shops and bars.
Clemenstorget
is a tree-covered city square located alongside the railway and associated station, hosts a small market and is the central terminus of the city's tramway.
Bantorget
is a green park-square close to the central station and Lund's
Grand Hotel
is placed there. The city hall is located on the main city square -
Stortorget
which often features concerts and various cultural and political events.
Martenstorget
hosts the Lund Market Hall, has many restaurants, food trucks and bars around it and serves as a market square during the daytime. In earlier times the square was used as a cattle market and was known as "Oxtorget". Smaller city squares in Lund include Domkyrkoplatsen, Petriplatsen, Vastra stationstorget, Sockertorget and Knut den Stores Torg.
Parks and nature
[
edit
]
The
Lundagard
park in central Lund.
The Botanical Garden
in Lund
The pond in Stadsparken.
Stadsparken, Lund's main city park.
Lund's most central park is
Lundagard
, which, along with the adjoining University square, forms the centre of the University. The park is dominated by historic buildings including Lund Cathedral,
Lund University Main Building
, and
Kungshuset
. The trees of the park are home to a large colony of
rooks
.
The much larger main city park (Stadsparken) is located in the south-west corner of the city center. The site was used for the Lund Exhibition in 1907 and subsequently developed into a public park between 1909 and 1911. The park contains planted gardens, a small lake, a children's playground and
bandstands
, as well as the public swimming center Hogevallsbadet and the former buildings of
Lund Observatory
. It also has a menagerie that houses different varieties of birds.
Other significant areas of greenery in the city include the
Botanical Garden
(Botaniska tradgarden) and
Sankt Hans Hill
in the north of the city. The nature preserve Rinneback Gorge (Rinnebacksravinen), The Kallby dams (Kallby dammar) and the community park Folkparken are located in the western part of the city. The nature preserve Nobbelovs Marshland (Nobbelovs mosse) is located in the northwest of the city.
Popular places for swimming close to the city are the beaches in neighboring
Lomma
,
Bjarred
and
Malmo
and lakes such as the nature preserve Billebjer and the Dalby quarry (Dalby stenbrott) in the eastern countryside of the city.
Climate
[
edit
]
Lund, like the rest of far southern Sweden, has an
oceanic climate
. The climate is relatively mild compared to other locations at similar latitudes, or even somewhat further south, mainly because of its proximity to the sea. Because of Lund's northerly latitude, daylight lasts as long as 17 hours at midsummer, and only around 7 hours in mid-winter.
Summers are warm and pleasant with average high temperatures of 23 °C (73 °F) and lows of around 14 °C (57 °F), but temperatures often exceed 25 °C (77 °F) and heat waves are common during the summer. Winters are quite chilly, with temperatures steady between ?1 and 3 °C (30 and 37 °F). Lund has arguably the mildest climate of the country in average highs. In terms of yearly means and average lows
Falsterbo
is marginally milder.
Rainfall is light to moderate throughout the year with an average of 169 wet days. Snowfall occurs sparingly, mainly from December to March, but snow cover does not typically remain for a long time, and some winters are virtually free of snow.
Climate data for Lund, 1991?2020 normals and extremes
|
Month
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
Year
|
Record high °C (°F)
|
10.9
(51.6)
|
14.0
(57.2)
|
19.3
(66.7)
|
27.1
(80.8)
|
28.9
(84.0)
|
32.3
(90.1)
|
34.3
(93.7)
|
34.4
(93.9)
|
27.7
(81.9)
|
22.4
(72.3)
|
17.1
(62.8)
|
12.0
(53.6)
|
34.4
(93.9)
|
Mean maximum °C (°F)
|
7.7
(45.9)
|
8.4
(47.1)
|
13.8
(56.8)
|
20.7
(69.3)
|
24.8
(76.6)
|
27.6
(81.7)
|
29.4
(84.9)
|
28.9
(84.0)
|
23.6
(74.5)
|
17.8
(64.0)
|
12.3
(54.1)
|
8.9
(48.0)
|
30.8
(87.4)
|
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
|
3.0
(37.4)
|
3.4
(38.1)
|
6.7
(44.1)
|
12.7
(54.9)
|
17.5
(63.5)
|
20.6
(69.1)
|
23.2
(73.8)
|
22.7
(72.9)
|
18.2
(64.8)
|
12.5
(54.5)
|
7.4
(45.3)
|
4.3
(39.7)
|
12.7
(54.8)
|
Daily mean °C (°F)
|
0.9
(33.6)
|
1.0
(33.8)
|
3.2
(37.8)
|
7.8
(46.0)
|
12.4
(54.3)
|
15.8
(60.4)
|
18.3
(64.9)
|
17.9
(64.2)
|
14.0
(57.2)
|
9.3
(48.7)
|
5.2
(41.4)
|
2.3
(36.1)
|
9.0
(48.2)
|
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
|
?1.2
(29.8)
|
?1.1
(30.0)
|
0.2
(32.4)
|
3.7
(38.7)
|
7.9
(46.2)
|
11.5
(52.7)
|
13.9
(57.0)
|
13.9
(57.0)
|
10.7
(51.3)
|
6.6
(43.9)
|
3.2
(37.8)
|
0.3
(32.5)
|
5.8
(42.4)
|
Mean minimum °C (°F)
|
?10.3
(13.5)
|
?8.4
(16.9)
|
?6.0
(21.2)
|
?2.1
(28.2)
|
1.9
(35.4)
|
6.2
(43.2)
|
9.4
(48.9)
|
8.5
(47.3)
|
4.3
(39.7)
|
?0.8
(30.6)
|
?3.9
(25.0)
|
?8.0
(17.6)
|
?12.8
(9.0)
|
Record low °C (°F)
|
?18.8
(?1.8)
|
?16.0
(3.2)
|
?16.3
(2.7)
|
?5.7
(21.7)
|
?1.2
(29.8)
|
3.4
(38.1)
|
6.6
(43.9)
|
5.3
(41.5)
|
0
(32)
|
?8.5
(16.7)
|
?9.7
(14.5)
|
?19.4
(?2.9)
|
?19.4
(?2.9)
|
Average
precipitation
mm (inches)
|
54.5
(2.15)
|
42.7
(1.68)
|
39.7
(1.56)
|
33.9
(1.33)
|
43.1
(1.70)
|
62.9
(2.48)
|
62.3
(2.45)
|
79.3
(3.12)
|
60.5
(2.38)
|
68.1
(2.68)
|
61.3
(2.41)
|
67.8
(2.67)
|
676.1
(26.62)
|
Source 1: SMHI Open Data
[25]
|
Source 2: SMHI 1991-2020 normals
[26]
|
Climate data for Lund 2011-2021; precipitation 1961?1990
|
Month
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
Year
|
Record high °C (°F)
|
10.9
(51.6)
|
14.0
(57.2)
|
19.3
(66.7)
|
25.3
(77.5)
|
28.9
(84.0)
|
31.4
(88.5)
|
34.3
(93.7)
|
34.4
(93.9)
|
27.7
(81.9)
|
22.4
(72.3)
|
15.1
(59.2)
|
12.0
(53.6)
|
34.4
(93.9)
|
Mean maximum °C (°F)
|
7.8
(46.0)
|
8.1
(46.6)
|
14.8
(58.6)
|
20.4
(68.7)
|
25.6
(78.1)
|
27.8
(82.0)
|
30.0
(86.0)
|
29.1
(84.4)
|
24.3
(75.7)
|
18.3
(64.9)
|
12.5
(54.5)
|
9.1
(48.4)
|
30.9
(87.6)
|
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
|
3.7
(38.7)
|
4.9
(40.8)
|
7.9
(46.2)
|
13.3
(55.9)
|
18.2
(64.8)
|
22.0
(71.6)
|
23.5
(74.3)
|
23.4
(74.1)
|
19.2
(66.6)
|
13.2
(55.8)
|
8.6
(47.5)
|
5.8
(42.4)
|
13.6
(56.6)
|
Daily mean °C (°F)
|
1.7
(35.1)
|
2.3
(36.1)
|
4.2
(39.6)
|
8.4
(47.1)
|
13.1
(55.6)
|
17.0
(62.6)
|
18.6
(65.5)
|
18.4
(65.1)
|
15.1
(59.2)
|
10.4
(50.7)
|
6.3
(43.3)
|
3.8
(38.8)
|
9.9
(49.9)
|
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
|
?0.2
(31.6)
|
0.3
(32.5)
|
1.0
(33.8)
|
4.1
(39.4)
|
8.2
(46.8)
|
12.4
(54.3)
|
14.0
(57.2)
|
14.1
(57.4)
|
11.2
(52.2)
|
7.6
(45.7)
|
4.1
(39.4)
|
2.0
(35.6)
|
6.6
(43.8)
|
Mean minimum °C (°F)
|
?11.4
(11.5)
|
?8.3
(17.1)
|
?6.9
(19.6)
|
?1.9
(28.6)
|
1.7
(35.1)
|
6.2
(43.2)
|
9.7
(49.5)
|
8.3
(46.9)
|
3.9
(39.0)
|
?1.3
(29.7)
|
?4.3
(24.3)
|
?7.6
(18.3)
|
?13.3
(8.1)
|
Record low °C (°F)
|
?18.8
(?1.8)
|
?14.6
(5.7)
|
?16.3
(2.7)
|
?5.7
(21.7)
|
?0.7
(30.7)
|
3.4
(38.1)
|
8.1
(46.6)
|
5.3
(41.5)
|
0.0
(32.0)
|
?8.5
(16.7)
|
?9.7
(14.5)
|
?19.4
(?2.9)
|
?19.4
(?2.9)
|
Average
precipitation
mm (inches)
|
56.4
(2.22)
|
41.3
(1.63)
|
36.3
(1.43)
|
30.0
(1.18)
|
41.3
(1.63)
|
66.2
(2.61)
|
69.2
(2.72)
|
91.6
(3.61)
|
44.8
(1.76)
|
71.2
(2.80)
|
65.0
(2.56)
|
69.7
(2.74)
|
683
(26.89)
|
Mean monthly
sunshine hours
|
43.6
|
62.8
|
143.4
|
215.2
|
258.7
|
247.6
|
251.7
|
211.9
|
173.8
|
110.3
|
49.9
|
29.1
|
1,798
|
Source 1: SMHI Open Data
[27]
|
Source 2: SMHI Average Data 2002?2018
[28]
|
Demographics
[
edit
]
Adelgatan ("Nobility Street" in current Swedish but originally meant Main Street), Lund
Lilla Fiskaregatan, the main pedestrian street in Lund.
The population of the city has increased steadily over the last century.
[6]
Of the inhabitants of the municipality, 18.8% were reported to have been born outside of Sweden in 2014.
[29]
Lund University
students make up a significant part of the city's population.
[30]
Year
| Population
|
---|
1960
| 39,568
|
1965
| 45,043
|
1970
| 52,359
|
1975
| 55,047
|
1980
| 55,130
|
1990
| 62,909
|
1995
| 71,450
|
2000
| 73,840
|
2005
| 76,188
|
2010
| 82,476
|
2015
| 87,244
|
2018
| 91,940
|
Governance
[
edit
]
The old town hall (Lunds radhus) on Stortorget square is used as offices by Lund Municipality.
Lund is governed by Lund Municipality. The municipality is responsible for the city of Lund, nearby settlements including
Dalby
,
Sodra Sandby
and
Veberod
, and the surrounding countryside. It reached its current form in 1974 following the absorption of a number of nearby municipalities. In 2014 the city itself was officially divided into 14 administrative divisions.
[31]
The municipality is governed by a municipal assembly (
kommunfullmaktige
) of 65 members, who elect a municipal executive committee (
kommunstyrelse
) of 13 members.
[32]
Since October 2018
[update]
the mayor and chairman of the executive committee (
kommunstyrelsens ordforande
) has been Philip Sandberg of the
Liberals
.
[33]
Education
[
edit
]
Lund University main building
One of the buildings of
Katedralskolan
, Lund Cathedral school.
Lund University
[
edit
]
The university dominates much of the centre of Lund. It was founded in 1666 following the transfer of Scania to Sweden under the Treaty of Roskilde and is the second-oldest university in Sweden after
Uppsala University
. Its traditional centre is in Lundagard park but stretches out towards the north east of the city where the large
engineering faculty
is located. Today, Lund University is one of northern Europe's largest, with eight faculties, 41,000 students and over 2,000 separate courses.
[34]
It is and has consistently ranked in the world top 100 universities
[35]
and is a member of the
League of European Research Universities
as well as the global
Universitas 21
network.
[36]
Other educational institutions
[
edit
]
Katedralskolan
, the cathedral school, founded in 1085, is the oldest school in Scandinavia. Today it is a high
gymnasium
with about 1,400 students studying in five different programmes.
[37]
Ostervangskolan
is a
specialskola
(special school) for D/deaf and hard of hearing students, providing education in Swedish and Swedish Sign Language. It accepts students from Skane and surrounding areas.
[4]
The school was founded in 1871 as
Skanes Anstalt for Dofstumma i Lund
(Skane Institute for the Dead and Dumb) and had its premises on Ostervangsvagen until 2016 when it relocated to
Tunaskolan
.
[38]
[39]
[40]
The International School of Lund Katedralskolan (ISLK) later moved to the Ostervangsvagen site.
[41]
The
Royal Swedish Physiographic Society
is a learned society based in Lund.
[42]
Culture
[
edit
]
Lund University Male Voice Choir at the Lund University main building on 1 May 2005
Lund University observatory
The culture in Lund is characterised by the university education and research, and the large student population and student traditions, such as a student theatre group since 1886.
[43]
A substantial part of the student night-life is located at
student fraternities
called 'Nations'.
Lund Cathedral, the former
Catholic
and the now
Lutheran
cathedral
in Lund, is the seat of the
bishop of Lund
of the Church of Sweden.
Lund also has a city theatre (though without a professional local ensemble of its own) and a number of other places for concerts and theatres.
[44]
Literature, theatre and cinema
[
edit
]
Numerous prominent figures from the literary world lived and worked in Lund, often in association with the university and theatre. Prominent examples include Esias Tegner, writer, poet and bishop, and
August Strindberg
, playwright, novelist and poet. A longer list is given below with other notable natives. The Lund novel is a genre in its own right, a
bildungsroman
in which a young student experiences life in Lund, Copenhagen and sometimes
Osterlen
whilst maturing as an individual.
The Lund novel is exemplified by the work of
Fritiof Nilsson Piraten
and
Frank Heller
.
[
citation needed
]
The
spex
are a form of student theatre particular to Nordic universities, with a strong tradition in Lund. They are parodistic musical plays, often setting well-known music to new lyrics and mixing up the historical and the present in unconventional intrigues. Comedians
Hans Alfredson
and
Anders Jansson
started their careers in the Lund spex.
[45]
[46]
The concluding scenes in
Ingmar Bergman
's classic film
Wild Strawberries
are set in Lund.
[47]
The Lund International Architecture Film Festival is held annually in the autumn.
[48]
Museums
[
edit
]
The Bosmala cottage is part of the open-air museum Kulturen, which hosts a collection of historical Scanian buildings.
Lund hosts the largest open-air museum of Scania,
Kulturen
. Kulturen is the second oldest dedicated
open-air museum
in the world. Founded in 1892 by Georg Karlin, it consists of more than 30 buildings, as well as collections exhibiting Scanian art, crafts, local archaeology and history.
[49]
Several museums are attached to the university. The Lund University Historical Museum is based in the Lundagard park.
[50]
Its exhibitions were updated in 2018 and cover the history, archeology and zoology of Scania. There is a separate Lund Cathedral museum.
[51]
The
Museum of Sketches for Public Art
is a unique museum that documents the development of public artworks.
[52]
The Vattenhallen Science Center, connected to the university's engineering faculty, has an interactive presentation of science and research.
[53]
Lundakarnevalen
[
edit
]
The Lund
carnival
has been held every four years since the mid-nineteenth century: traditional accounts say it originated at a wedding in 1849 (the four-year intervals place the party in 2002, 2006, 2010, etc.). Arranged by the students of the university, from the 1950s onwards the event has grown in size and intensity (with some 5,500 volunteers 2010), but it remains an amateur event. Midway between a music and stage fair, a city festival, and an outpouring of satire, parody and general madness. Some students dress up in costumes, often relating to and poking fun at current issues, and parade in wagons. Others perform humorous skits in the evenings. The carnival revues and other stage entertainments have launched a number of well-known entertainers and actors over the years.
[
citation needed
]
Music
[
edit
]
Lund's cultural venue,
Mejeriet
.
Lund has long been a regional centre for classical and church music. In particular, Lund is renowned for its vibrant amateur choir scene, with choirs such as Carolinae damkor, Domkyrkokoren, Katedralkoren, Lunds akademiska kor,
Lund Chamber Choir
(Swedish:
Lunds Kammarkor
),
Lunds Studentsangforening
, Lunds vokalensemble, and the
Svanholm Singers
. Since 2006, Lund has been the host of the biannual Lund International Choral Festival.
[54]
Classical orchestras based in the city include the Lund City Orchestra, the Academic Orchestra and Lund New Chamber Orchestra.
In more recent decades, Lund has also developed a lively pop and jazz scene. The cultural venue
Mejeriet
opened in 1987 in a former dairy building just outside the city park.
[55]
It has hosted concerts by both well-known and emerging bands. The pop singer and television presenter
Mans Zelmerlow
was born and grew up in Lund. Artists associated with Lund include DJ and record producer
Axwell
, rock musician
Kal P. Dal
, rapper
Timbuktu
, indie pop group
The Radio Dept.
, and singer and songwriter
Amanda Jenssen
. The
music venue
Olympen
, hosted many famous artists from 1971 to 2009.
Sports
[
edit
]
The
Sparbanken Skane Arena
is a large sports hall adjoining the city park in Lund. Until 2014 it was known as the
Fars och Frosta Sparbank Arena
.
Lund's
handball
team,
LUGI HF
plays in both the men's and women's top leagues.
[
citation needed
]
Lund hosted matches from the
2011 Handball World Championship
in the Sparbanken Skane Arena.
[56]
Lund has a chess team,
Lunds ASK
, that for decades has been among the top teams in Sweden.
[
citation needed
]
Lund has two Division 1 football clubs,
Torns IF
and
Lunds BK
. It is also the birthplace of the online football manager game
Hattrick
.
Lugi Rugbyklubb
, based in Lund, is one of Sweden's few rugby clubs.
[
citation needed
]
Lund has a boxing association called
Lunds Boxningssallskap
.
[57]
Transport
[
edit
]
Railways
[
edit
]
Lund railway station
Lund is a railway junction and is well served by rail traffic. The main railway station,
Lund Central
, is Sweden's third busiest railway station, with around 37 000 passengers per day as of 2013
[update]
.
[58]
Another, smaller station serves the suburb of Gunnesbo in the north-west of the city. Lund has been on the
Southern Main Line
, which connects Malmo and Stockholm, since it opened in 1856. The
West Coast Line
to
Gothenburg
branches off the Southern Main Line just north of Lund Central station. Thus there are direct services to all of Sweden's three largest cities, as well as to Copenhagen and
Helsingør
via the
Oresund Bridge
. Rail services to Denmark, and within Scania and neighbouring counties, are mainly provided by the
Øresundstag
. These trains are operated jointly by
Skanetrafiken
in Scania and the
Danish State Railways
in Denmark. Longer distance services, notably to Stockholm, are provided by
SJ
. Local traffic is served by the
Pagatag
electric multiple units, which provide stopping services within Scania.
Cycling
[
edit
]
Lund has been praised for its
cycling infrastructure
.
[59]
There are 4,800 bike parking spaces in the town, including a multi-storey facility at the railway station, over 260 km (162 mi) of cyclepaths and cycle lanes, and 43% of journeys within the city take place by bicycle.
[60]
There has been no increase in car usage for the past 10 years.
[
citation needed
]
Buses
[
edit
]
Since 2019, the bus network in Lund has been licensed to the company
Vy Buss
, overseen by Skanetrafiken.
[61]
They operate green-coloured buses which are electric.
[62]
The busses run on a total of seven bus lines.
[63]
A survey carried out on behalf of Region Skane in 2015 found that 11% of Lund residents used the bus network regularly.
[64]
Tramway
[
edit
]
A tram on Lund's tramway.
Plans to initiate a nearly 6 km (3.7 mi) tram network to achieve faster and higher-capacity public transport between Lund Central Station and many of the largest work-places in the city were approved in 2015.
[65]
[66]
The entire construction now stands finished and the tram line is slated to thrown open to the public on December 13, 2020.
[67]
The 15-minute tram ride connects
Lund Central Station
with
the hospital
,
Lund University
(LTH),
Ideon Science Park
, the new upcoming district of Brunnshog, the
MAX IV
synchrotron
light source, and, the
European Spallation Source
. Long-term plans to extend this network to the suburban towns of Bjarred (via Oresundsvagen), Dalby,
Staffanstorp
and Sodra Sandby have been shelved.
[
citation needed
]
Major roads
[
edit
]
Lund has been connected to the motorway network since 1953 when the
E22
was opened between Lund and Malmo. The E22 was the first motorway in Sweden, and was originally built around the edge of the town; however following the expansion of the suburbs out to the east in the latter half of the 20th century it now passes through the city. The E22 forms the main north-south trunk route through Lund. The largest east-west road is the multi-lane northern ring road which also passes through the city limits.
There are also other connections to most major roads in the area, for example the
E6
via Riksvag 16, and the Lansvag 108 which connects to the
E65
.
Airports
[
edit
]
Lund is served by
Copenhagen Airport
, the largest airport in the Nordic countries, which can be reached by frequent direct trains in about 35 minutes. The second airport in the area,
Malmo Airport
, is located about 26 kilometres (16 miles) away and is mainly used for domestic flights. There also used to be a very small airstrip,
Hasslanda Flygfalt
, to the south of Lund, mainly used for private and charter flights. The airstrip closed in 2008.
Economy
[
edit
]
The main factory building of
Tetra Pak
, located in the south of Lund.
Sony Mobile offices in Lund
Lund is a regional centre for
high tech
companies, several of which are based in the north-east of the city. Companies with offices in Lund include
Sony Mobile Communications
,
Ericsson
,
Arm Holdings
, and
Microsoft
. The Swedish
telecommunications
company
Doro
has its head office in Lund.
Gambro
, one of the key companies in the development of the
artificial kidney
, was founded in Lund in 1964 and retains a significant presence in the city.
[68]
Alfa Laval
, the international manufacturer of heat exchangers and separators, have a factory in Lund, and Tetra Pak have their headquarters and part of production in town. Network video camera maker
Axis Communications
was founded in Lund in 1984 and maintains its headquarters in the city as an independently operated subsidiary of
Canon
.
Other important industries include
pharmaceuticals
,
biotechnology
, and publishing and library services.
Skane University Hospital
and
Lund University
are major employers, with extensive research facilities. In particular, the
Lund Institute of Technology
has connections with the high tech industry in the city. A
science park
,
Ideon Science Park
, was founded in 1983 as a collaboration between Lund University,
Lund Municipality
and Wihlborgs Fastigheter AB.
[69]
As of 2016
[update]
it hosts about 350 companies, employing 2,700 people. Many of these are high tech companies that have ties to the university.
The 2010s have seen the development of two major research facilities in Lund, both in collaboration with the university.
MAX IV
is the world's most brilliant synchrotron light source and a Swedish national facility.
[70]
It was inaugurated on 21 June 2016. The
European Spallation Source
(ESS) is a pulsed
neutron
source under construction on a site just north of MAX IV. ESS is expected to directly employ about 450 people when it is completed in around 2023.
[71]
Tetra Pak
was founded in Lund in 1951 by
Ruben Rausing
.
[72]
Their principal product is packages and equipment for
aseptic packaging
of food, principally using plastic-coated cardboard. As of January 2015 Tetra Pak employed around 3,500 staff at their headquarters in Lund.
[73]
The pharmaceutical company
AstraZeneca
used to have a large presence in Lund but their offices closed in 2010. The site was re-developed as a
research park
named
Medicon Village
.
[74]
As of 2016
[update]
over 1,200 people worked in more than 100 organisations based at Medicon Village.
[75]
Notable residents
[
edit
]
- Axwell
, professional DJ
- Rolf-Goran Bengtsson
, Olympic equestrian
- Martin Dahlin
, footballer
- Timbuktu
(Jason Diakite), hip-hop and reggae artist
- Kim Ekdahl du Rietz
, handball player
- Joel Ekstrand
, footballer
- Olle Hagnell
, psychiatrist and professor
- Mikael Hafstrom
, film writer and director
- Anders Jansson
, comedian
- Amanda Jenssen
, singer
- Joachim Johansson
, tennis player
- Helena Josefsson
, singer
- Niklas Krog
, novelist (young adult books)
- Nils Grandelius
, chess grandmaster
- Isabelle Haak
, volleyball player
- Indrek Martinson
, Estonian-born physicist
- Albert Levan
, botanist and geneticist
- Cecilia Lindqvist
, Sinologist
- Roger Ljung
, footballer
- Jan Malmsjo
, actor
- Beata Martensson-Brummer
(1889?1956), painter, ceramist
- Lukas Moodysson
, film writer, director
- Johann Christoph Muhrbeck
(1733?1805), philosopher
- Andreas Palicka
, handball player
- Gosta Pettersson
, biochemist
- Ivo Pekalski
, footballer
- The Radio Dept.
, band
- Ola Svensson
, pop singer
- Max von Sydow
, actor
- Linus Thornblad
, Olympic high jumper
- Johan Wester
, comedian
- Elin Wagner
, feminist writer
- Rolf Edling
, Olympic fencer
- Mans Zelmerlow
, pop singer and winner of
Eurovision Song Contest 2015
.
Literary residents
[
edit
]
- Brita Egardt
(1916?1990), ethnologist, folklorist
- Vilhelm Ekelund
, poet
- Hjalmar Gullberg
, writer, poet and translator
- Britt G. Hallqvist
, writer, poet and translator
- Ola Hansson
, writer, poet and critic
- Albert Kivikas
, Estonian-born writer and journalist
- Bengt Lidforss
, natural scientist and writer
- Carl Linnaeus
, scientist and author
- Vladimir Oravsky
author and film director
- Anders Osterling
, writer, poet, translator and critic
- Lars Noren
, poet and playwright
- Goran Sonnevi
, poet and translator
- August Strindberg
, playwright
- Esaias Tegner
, writer and bishop
See also
[
edit
]
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edit
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External links
[
edit
]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Lund
.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for
Lund
.
|
---|
Municipalities
| | |
---|
Municipal seats
| |
---|
|
|
---|
|
1.
| Stockholm
| 1,617,407 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 2.
| Gothenburg
| 607,882 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 3.
| Malmo
| 325,069 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 4.
| Uppsala
| 166,698 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 5.
| Upplands Vasby
| 149,701 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 6.
| Vasteras
| 128,660 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 7.
| Orebro
| 126,604 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 8.
| Linkoping
| 115,682 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 9.
| Helsingborg
| 113,828 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 10.
| Jonkoping
| 100,579 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) |
|
11.
| Norrkoping
| 98,088 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 12.
| Lund
| 94,393 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 13.
| Umea
| 91,916 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 14.
| Gavle
| 79,004 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 15.
| Sodertalje
| 76,320 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 16.
| Boras
| 74,042 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 17.
| Halmstad
| 71,422 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 18.
| Vaxjo
| 71,282 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 19.
| Eskilstuna
| 69,948 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 20.
| Karlstad
| 67,122 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) |
|
21.
| Sundsvall
| 58,813 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 22.
| Ostersund
| 52,980 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 23.
| Trollhattan
| 50,502 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 24.
| Lulea
| 49,123 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 25.
| North-east
Gothenburg
| 47,211 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 26.
| Tumba
| 46,014 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 27.
| Lidingo
| 44,091 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 28.
| Borlange
| 44,898 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 29.
| Kalmar
| 41,852 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 30.
| Kristianstad
| 41,299 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) |
|
31.
| Skovde
| 39,580 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 32.
| Karlskrona
| 36,904 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 33.
| Falun
| 39,492 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 34.
| Skelleftea
| 36,388 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 35.
| Varberg
| 36,327 (demographic balance, 2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 36.
| Uddevalla
| 35,916 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 37.
| Akersberga
| 35,747 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 38.
| Nykoping
| 38,780 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 39.
| Landskrona
| 33,466 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 40.
| Ornskoldsvik
| 33,348 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) |
|
41.
| Vallentuna
| 33,336 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 42.
| Motala
| 31,340 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 43.
| Trelleborg
| 30,808 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 44.
| Angelholm
| 29,490 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 45.
| Marsta
| 29,815 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 46.
| Falkenberg
| 28,747 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 47.
| Lerum
| 28,520 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 48.
| Alingsas
| 27,433 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 49.
| Karlskoga
| 27,360 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) | 50.
| Kungalv
| 26,960 (2020)
![Edit this on Wikidata](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png) |
|
| |
|
|
---|
|
1.
| Stockholm
| 1,605,030
| 2.
| Copenhagen
| 1,330,993
| 3.
| Helsinki
| 1,268,296
| 4.
| Oslo
| 1,019,513
| 5.
| Gothenburg
| 599,011
| 6.
| Malmo
| 339,313
| 7.
| Tampere
| 334,112
| 8.
| Aarhus
| 280,534
| 9.
| Bergen
| 259,958
| 10.
| Turku
| 252,468
|
|
11.
| Stavanger
/
Sandnes
| 237,369
| 12.
| Reykjavik
| 228,231
| 13.
| Oulu
| 208,939
| 14.
| Trondheim
| 186,364
| 15.
| Odense
| 180,302
| 16.
| Uppsala
| 177,074
| 17.
| Upplands Vasby och Sollentuna
| 149,461
| 18.
| Aalborg
| 140,897
| 19.
| Vasteras
| 128,534
| 20.
| Orebro
| 126,009
|
|
21.
| Lahti
| 119,068
| 22.
| Jyvaskyla
| 117,974
| 23.
| Fredrikstad
/
Sarpsborg
| 116,373
| 24.
| Linkoping
| 115,672
| 25.
| Helsingborg
| 113,816
| 26.
| Kristiansand
| 111,633
| 27.
| Drammen
| 109,416
| 28.
| Jonkoping
| 100,259
| 29.
| Norrkoping
| 97,854
| 30.
| Lund
| 94,393
|
|
31.
| Porsgrunn
/
Skien
| 93,778
| 32.
| Umea
| 90,412
| 33.
| Kuopio
| 88,520
| 34.
| Pori
| 84,026
| 35.
| Gavle
| 77,586
| 36.
| Sodertalje
| 75,773
| 37.
| Boras
| 73,980
| 38.
| Esbjerg
| 72,398
| 39.
| Halmstad
| 71,316
| 40.
| Vaxjo
| 71,009
|
|
41.
| Eskilstuna
| 70,342
| 42.
| Joensuu
| 67,811
| 43.
| Karlstad
| 65,856
| 44.
| Vaasa
| 65,414
| 45.
| Randers
| 62,482
| 46.
| Kolding
| 61,121
| 47.
| Horsens
| 59,449
| 48.
| Sundsvall
| 58,807
| 49.
| Vejle
| 57,655
| 50.
| Lappeenranta
| 55,743
|
|
|
|
---|
International
| |
---|
National
| |
---|
Geographic
| |
---|