Soviet space probe
Luna 24
Luna 24
landed on the northwestern rim of a 64 m diameter impact crater Lev, on the volcanic plains of Mare Crisium
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Mission type
| Lunar sample return
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Operator
| Soviet space program
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COSPAR ID
| 1976-081A
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SATCAT
no.
| 9272
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Mission duration
| 13 days (achieved)
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Spacecraft type
| Luna
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Bus
| Ye-8-5
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Manufacturer
| NPO Lavochkin
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Launch mass
| 5,800 kg (12,800 lb)
[1]
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Launch date
| 9 August 1976, 15:04:12
UTC
[1]
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Rocket
| Proton-K
/
Blok DM
(
s/n
288-02)
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Launch site
| Baikonur
,
Site 81/23
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Contractor
| Krunichev
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Landing date
| 22 August 1976, 17:55 UTC
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Landing site
| 61°3′36″N
75°54′0″E
/
61.06000°N 75.90000°E
/
61.06000; 75.90000
,
[2]
200 km (120 mi) South-East of
Surgut
, Western
Siberia
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Reference system
| Selenocentric orbit
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Regime
| Circular orbit
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Periselene altitude
| 115 km (71 mi)
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Aposelene altitude
| 115 km (71 mi)
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Inclination
| 120.0°
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Period
| 1 hour 59 minutes
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Orbital insertion
| 14 August 1976
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Orbits
| ~48
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Landing date
| 18 August 1976, 06:36 UTC
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Return launch
| 19 August 1976, 05:25 UTC
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Landing site
| 12°42′52″N
62°12′35″E
/
12.7145°N 62.2097°E
/
12.7145; 62.2097
[3]
, Mare Crisium
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Sample mass
| 170.1 g (6.00 oz)
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Stereo photographic imaging system
Improved drill/Remote arm for sample collection
Radiation detector
Radio-altimeter
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Luna 24
was a
robotic probe
of the
Soviet Union
's
Luna programme
. The 24th mission of the Luna series of spacecraft, the mission of the
Luna 24
probe was the third Soviet mission to return
lunar soil
samples from the
Moon
(the first two sample return missions were
Luna 16
and
Luna 20
). The probe landed in
Mare Crisium
(Sea of Crises). The mission returned 170.1 g (6.00 oz) of lunar samples to the
Earth
on 22 August 1976.
Spacecraft
[
edit
]
Luna 24 was based on the Ye-8-5 spacecraft body, consisting of two attached stages, an ascent stage mounted on top of a descent stage. The lander stood 3.96 meters tall and had an unfueled landed mass of 1880 kg. With a full load of fuel its launch mass was between 5600 and 5750 kg.
[4]
The descent stage was the same as the Ye-8 lower stage for the Lunokhod rovers, a cylindrical body with four protruding landing legs, fuel tanks, a landing radar altimeter, and a dual descent engine complex. The main descent rocket, the KTDU-417, was a throttleable 1920 kg thrust engine used for mid-course corrections, orbit insertion, braking for descent to the surface, and to slow the craft until it reached a cutoff point which was determined by the onboard computer based on altitude and velocity. After cutoff a bank of lower thrust (210 and 350 kg) vernier jets was used for the final landing. The descent stage also acted as a launch pad for the ascent stage. The spacecraft descent stage was equipped with a television camera, radiation and temperature monitors, telecommunications equipment, and a 90 cm extendable arm with a drilling rig for the collection of a lunar soil sample. Communications were via a conical antenna at the end of a boom at 768 and 922
MHz
(downlink) and 115 MHz (uplink).
[4]
The ascent stage was a smaller cylinder with a spherical top which replaced the Lunokhod rover and housing from the Ye-8 bus. It carried a cylindrical hermetically sealed soil sample container inside a spherical re-entry capsule, mounted on a 1920 kg thrust KRD-61 rocket. Total mass of the ascent stage was 520 kg, of which 245 kg was the
nitric acid
and
UDMH
propellant. It was 2 meters tall. The sample return cabin was 50 cm in diameter and had a mass of 39 kg. The KRD-61 could only fire once, for 53 seconds, to put it on a free return trajectory to Earth. Specific impulse of the engine was 313 seconds, it could impart a velocity of 2600-2700 m/s to the return craft.
[4]
Mission
[
edit
]
Luna 24
was the third attempt to recover a sample from the unexplored
Mare Crisium
, the location of a large lunar
mascon
(after
Luna 23
and a launch failure in October 1975). After a
trajectory
correction on 11 August 1976,
Luna 24
entered
lunar orbit
three days later. Initial
orbital parameters
were 115 by 115 km (71 by 71 mi) at 120°
inclination
. After further changes to its orbit,
Luna 24
set down safely on the lunar surface at 06:36
UTC
on 18 August 1976 at 12°45' North
latitude
and 62°12' East
longitude
, not far from where
Luna 23
had landed.
[8]
Exact landing location (12.7145° N, 62.2097° E) was determined by the
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
probe orbital cameras in 2012.
[9]
Under command from ground control, the lander deployed its sample arm and pushed its drilling head about two metres into the nearby soil. The sample was safely stowed in the small return capsule, and after nearly a day on the Moon,
Luna 24
lifted off successfully at 05:25 UTC on 19 August 1976. After an uneventful return trip,
Luna 24
'
s capsule entered
Earth's atmosphere
and parachuted safely to land at 05:55 UTC on 22 August 1976, about 200 km (120 mi) southeast of
Surgut
in western
Siberia
. Study of the recovered 170.1 g (6.00 oz) of soil indicated a laminated type structure, as if laid down in successive deposits. The Soviet Union swapped a gram of the mission sample for a lunar sample from
NASA
in December 1976.
[8]
Luna 24
was the final lunar spacecraft to be launched by the Soviet Union. It was also the last spacecraft to make a soft landing on the Moon until the landing of China's
Chang'e 3
on 14 December 2013, 37 years later. For over 44 years, it was also the last Lunar sample return mission until China's
Chang'e 5
in December 2020.
Detection of water in returned samples
[
edit
]
In February 1978, Soviet scientists M. Akhmanova, B. Dement'ev, and M. Markov of the Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytic Chemistry published a paper claiming a detection of water fairly definitively.
[10]
[11]
Their study showed that the samples returned to
Earth
by the probe contained about 0.1% water by mass, as seen in infrared absorption spectroscopy (at about 3
μm
wavelength), at a detection level about 10 times above the threshold,
[12]
although Crotts points out that "The authors... were not willing to stake their reputations on an absolute statement that terrestrial contamination was completely avoided."
[13]
This would represent the first detection of water content on the surface of the moon, although that result has not been confirmed by other researchers.
[14]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
External links
[
edit
]
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Impactors
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Flyby
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Lander
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Sample Return
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- Missions are ordered by launch date. Crewed missions are in
italics
.
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Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in
underline
. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in
italics
. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).
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