From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The United States has had a
two-party system
for much of its history, and the two
major parties
have nominated vice presidential candidates in most
presidential elections
.
[1]
Since the ratification of the
United States Constitution
in 1789, there have been 59
unsuccessful major party candidates for Vice President of the United States
. Eight other individuals have served as the main running mate to a
third party
or
independent
presidential candidate who won at least ten percent of the popular or electoral vote.
Prior to the ratification of the
Twelfth Amendment
in 1804, each member of the
Electoral College
cast two votes for president; whichever individual who won the most electoral votes would become president, while the individual with the second-most electoral votes would become vice president. In the elections of 1792, 1796, and 1800, at least one of the major parties ran a candidate whom they intended to elect vice president. The Twelfth Amendment changed the presidential election process, requiring members of the Electoral College to cast separate votes for president and vice president. Since then, the two major parties have almost always nominated a ticket consisting of a single presidential candidate and a single vice presidential candidate. Before the election of 1832, both major parties used a
congressional nominating caucus
, or nominations by state legislatures, to determine presidential and vice presidential candidates.
[2]
Since 1840, each major party has consistently nominated a single ticket at their respective
presidential nominating conventions
.
The two current major parties are the
Democratic Party
and the
Republican Party
. At various points prior to the
American Civil War
, the
Federalist Party
, the
Democratic-Republican Party
, the
National Republican Party
, and the
Whig Party
were major parties.
[1]
In the
1872 presidential election
, the
Liberal Republican Party
put forward an unsuccessful major party vice presidential nominee,
Benjamin Gratz Brown
. Brown and his running mate,
Horace Greeley
, were also nominated by the Democratic Party.
[3]
List of unsuccessful major party candidates
[
edit
]
These unsuccessful vice presidential candidates served as the main running mate of a major party presidential candidate who competed in multiple states, or they were a major party's main vice presidential candidate in multiple states.
- * indicates that the candidate served as vice president at some point in their career
List of unsuccessful major third party and independent candidates
[
edit
]
These third party and independent candidates won at least ten percent of the electoral vote for vice president, or served as the main running mate to a third party or independent presidential candidate who won at least ten percent of the popular vote for president.
[81]
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
The most recent elective office, or senior appointive position, held by the candidate either on election day or in November of the election year.
- ^
a
b
State of primary residence at the time of the election.
- ^
For elections held prior to 1804, this column represents the share of electors who cast a vote for the candidate. For elections held since 1804, this column represents the share of the total electoral vote for vice president won by the candidate.
- ^
a
b
In the 1792 election,
George Washington
effectively ran unopposed for president, but the emerging Democratic-Republican Party attempted to defeat Vice President John Adams's bid for re-election.
[6]
Adams won re-election with 77 electoral votes, while Clinton won 50 electoral votes
Thomas Jefferson
, won four electoral votes, and
Aaron Burr
won one electoral vote.
- ^
The Democratic-Republicans may or may not have officially nominated
Thomas Jefferson
for president through a
congressional nominating caucus
, but Jefferson was widely regarded as the party's main presidential candidate in the 1796 election. The Democratic-Republicans did not select an official vice presidential candidate. Aaron Burr finished with the second-most electoral votes among individuals affiliated with the party, while
Samuel Adams
and
George Clinton
each received several electoral votes. Federalist leaders agreed to support a ticket of John Adams and Thomas Pinckney, though it is unclear whether they formally nominated the ticket at a congressional nominating caucus.
[8]
Ultimately, Adams won the most electoral votes and became president. Because Jefferson won more electoral votes than Pinckney or Burr, he was elected as vice president.
[4]
- ^
Both parties held
congressional nominating caucuses
to nominate presidential candidates in 1800. The Democratic-Republicans nominated Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, while the Federalists nominated John Adams and Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. Some Federalist leaders, including
Alexander Hamilton
, favored Pinckney over Adams, but Adams won one more electoral vote than Pinckney.
[11]
Jefferson and Burr each won the votes of 73 presidential electors, more than either of the Federalist candidates. Because Jefferson and Burr tied in the electoral vote, the election was decided by a contingent election held in the House of Representatives; Jefferson was elected president and Burr became vice president.
[4]
- ^
Ingersoll had also served as a delegate to the
Continental Congress
and to the
Constitutional Convention
.
[14]
- ^
The Federalists did not nominate a ticket in 1816, though some Federalists were elected to serve as presidential electors. A majority of the Federalist electors cast their presidential vote for Rufus King and their vice presidential vote for Howard.
[15]
- ^
In the election 1824, no presidential candidate won a majority of the electoral vote for president, but
John C. Calhoun
won a majority of the electoral vote for vice president. Most presidential electors who voted for either
John Quincy Adams
or
Andrew Jackson
for president voted for Calhoun for vice president. Similarly, most electors who cast their presidential vote for Henry Clay cast their vice presidential vote for Nathaniel Macon, and most electors who cast their presidential vote for William H. Crawford cast their vice presidential vote for Sanford.
[4]
- ^
Sanford was the
Chancellor of New York
, the highest-ranking judge in the state. He had also served in the United States Senate.
[17]
- ^
The Whigs did not select an official presidential or vice presidential nominee in 1836. In most Northern states, the Whigs fielded a ticket of William Henry Harrison and Francis Granger, and in most Southern states, the Whigs fielded a ticket of Hugh Lawson White and John Tyler.
[21]
Granger, Tyler, and two Democrats,
Richard Mentor Johnson
and
William Smith
, each won a share of the electoral vote.
[4]
Because no one candidate won a majority of the electoral vote for vice president, the
Senate
held a
contingent election
to select the vice president. In the only contingent election that the Senate has ever held, Johnson defeated Granger.
[22]
- ^
The
1840 Democratic National Convention
denied renomination to Vice President Richard Mentor Johnson, and the Democrats failed to officially nominate a vice presidential candidate in 1840.
[25]
Nonetheless, 48 of the 60 presidential electors who cast their presidential vote for Van Buren cast their vice presidential vote for Johnson. Most of the remaining Van Buren electors cast their vice presidential vote for
Littleton Waller Tazewell
.
[26]
- ^
Butler had also served as a major general of volunteers in the
Mexican?American War
.
[29]
- ^
a
b
After the collapse of the Whig Party in the mid-1850s, the Republican Party and the American Party (the political organization of the
Know Nothing
movement) emerged as the major challengers to the Democratic Party. By 1856, neither the Republican nor the American Party had truly supplanted the Whig Party as the second major political party in the United States.
[31]
Nonetheless, the American Party is frequently described as a third party.
[32]
[33]
[34]
After the 1856 election, the Republican Party firmly established itself as one of the two major parties alongside the Democratic Party, while the American Party collapsed.
[35]
- ^
a
b
The Democratic Party fractured along sectional lines in 1860 and held multiple
national conventions
. The Northern Democrats nominated Douglas and the Southern Democrats nominated Vice President
John C. Breckinridge
.
[37]
[38]
Many sources include Breckinridge as a third party candidate,
[39]
[4]
[40]
but other sources do not.
[41]
[5]
- ^
Horace Greeley and Benjamin Gratz Brown were nominated by the
Liberal Republican Party
, a splinter group of Republicans. The ticket of Greeley and Brown was later nominated by the
1872 Democratic National Convention
, as the Democrats hoped to defeat President
Ulysses S. Grant
's re-election bid by uniting with the Liberal Republicans.
[3]
[46]
- ^
In 1896, after William Jennings Bryan won the Democratic presidential nomination, he was also nominated by the
Populist Party
, a major third party. The Populist vice presidential nominee was
Thomas E. Watson
.
[52]
Bryan's running mate on the Democratic ticket, Arthur Sewall, won 149 electoral votes for vice president, while Watson won 27 electoral votes for vice president.
[4]
- ^
Sewall was a member of the
Democratic National Committee
from 1888 to 1896.
- ^
Kern was the Democratic nominee for
Governor of Indiana
in the 1900 and 1904 elections.
[55]
- ^
Sherman died on October 30, 1912, and Taft did not name another running mate before the 1912 election was held. After the election, the Republican National Committee designated
Nicholas Murray Butler
as Taft's running mate for the purposes of the electoral vote, and Butler received eight electoral votes.
[56]
- ^
Knox was primarily known as the editor of the
Chicago Daily News
.
- ^
Miller also served as Chairman of the
Republican National Committee
from 1961 to 1964.
[67]
- ^
The
1972 Democratic National Convention
selected
Thomas Eagleton
as the party's vice presidential nominee, but Eagleton dropped out of the race after it was publicly disclosed that he had undergone
electroconvulsive therapy
in order to treat
depression
. Shriver replaced Eagleton on the Democratic ticket.
[69]
- ^
For elections held prior to 1804, this column represents the share of electors who cast a vote for the candidate. For elections held since 1804, this column represents the share of the total electoral vote for vice president won by the candidate.
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a
b
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- ^
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