List of medieval realms and their rulers in Wales
This is a list of rulers in
Wales
(
Welsh
:
Cymru
; and
neighbouring regions
) during the
Middle Ages
, between
c.
400s – 1500s
. The rulers were monarchs who ruled their respective
realms
, as well as those who briefly ruled the
Principality of Wales
. These former territories are now within the boundaries of modern-day Wales and the neighbouring
Welsh Marches
in
England
(both in the
United Kingdom
).
Before the
Conquest of Wales
, completed in 1282, Wales consisted of several independent realms, the most important being
Gwynedd
,
Powys
,
Deheubarth
(originally
Ceredigion
,
Seisyllwg
and
Dyfed
) and
Morgannwg
(
Glywysing
and
Gwent
). Boundary changes and the custom of dividing patrimonies between heirs meant that few princes ever came close to ruling the whole of Wales.
The names of those known to have ruled over one or more areas are listed below. Boundaries changed frequently. The only person known to have ruled all of Wales as a modern territory was
Gruffydd ap Llywelyn
(c. 1010?1063), a prince of Gwynedd who became King of Wales from 1055 to 1063. However, some Welsh princes sporadically claimed the medieval title of
Prince of Wales
between the 13th to 15th centuries. The title remains in use, but is usually given to
heir apparents
of English and
British monarchs
.
History of the medieval kingdoms in Wales
[
edit
]
Wales during the medieval age was a land of kingdoms and dynasties.
Petty kingdoms
, such as Ceredigion and Gwent, were established
some time after Britain ceased to be part of the Roman empire
in the late 5th century. By the time of the
Norman invasion of Wales
in the 11th century, most of these realms were combined or incorporated into greater territories, thus making up the four major Kingdoms of Wales. Those Kingdoms were Gwynedd, Powys, Deheubarth, and Morgannwg. Unlike the others, Deheubarth was formed later by the merging of Ceredigion, Dyfed, and
Ystrad Tywi
. Some minor (petty) kingdoms stayed independent from the big four kingdoms, only to be taken over by the
Anglo-Normans
in the 13th century, such as
Rhwng Gwy a Hafren
, and
Meirionnydd
, and others. Of the major kingdoms, Powys' 13th-century division of
Wenwynwyn
and
Fadog
were one of the final surviving Welsh dynasties until after the
Edwardian conquest of Wales
. Later,
Owain Glynd?r
became the final Welsh ruler from royalty in Wales, he emerged in Powys Fadog during the early 15th century as a Prince of Wales.
[2]
Welsh Kingdoms (400s?1000s)
[
edit
]
Kings of Brycheiniog
[
edit
]
Kings and Princes of Ceredigion
[
edit
]
Kings and Princes of Dyfed
[
edit
]
Kingdom of Gwynedd
[
edit
]
Kings of Gwynedd
[
edit
]
Princes of Dogfeiling
[
edit
]
- Dogfael ap
Cunedda
Wledig (c. 410)
- Elno ap Dogfael (c. 440)
- Glas ap Elno (c. 470)
- Elgud ap Glas ap Elno (c. 500)
- Elaeth ab Elgud (c. 530)
- Meurig ap Elaeth (c. 570)
[19]
Princes of Dunoding
[
edit
]
- Dunod ap
Cunedda Wledig
(c. 400)
- Eifion ap Dunod ap Cunedda (c. 430)
[55]
- Dingad ap Eifion (c. 470)
- Meurig ap Dingad (c. 500)
[19]
- Eifion ap Meurig (c. 530)
[55]
- Issac ap Eifion ap Meurig (c. 570)
- Pobien Hen ap Isaac (c. 600)
[58]
- Pobddelw ap Pobien Hen (c. 630)
[58]
- Eifion ap Pobddelw (c. 670)
[55]
- Brochwel ap Eifion (c. 700)
- Eigion ap Brochwel ab Eifion (c. 730)
[55]
- Ieuanawl ab Eigion (c. 770)
[60]
- Caradog ap Ieuanawl (c. 800)
- Blieddud ap Caradog (c. 830)
- Cuhelyn ap Bleiddud (c. 870)
Princes of Rhos
[
edit
]
- Owain Ddantgwyn
ap Einion Yrth (
Rhos
; c. 440)
- Cynlas Goch
ab Owain Gwyn (c. 470,
Rhos
)
[64]
- St Einion
(
Ll?n
) ap Owain (c. 470)
[64]
- Maig ab Owain ap Cynlas (c. 500)
- Cadal Crysban (c. 560, Crys-Halog)
- Idgwyn ap Cadwal Crysbyn (c. 590)
- Einion ab Idgwyn (c. 620)
[33]
- Rhufon ap Einion ap Idgwyn (c. 650)
[68]
- Hywel ap Rhufon (c. 680)
[47]
- Meirion ap Hywel ap Rhufon (c. 710)
- Hywel ap Caradog (c. 825, Hywel Farf-Fehinog)
Princes of Rhufoniog
[
edit
]
- Rhufon ap Cunedda Wledig (c. 400)
[68]
- Breichiol of
Rhufoniog
(c. 830)
- Mor ap Breichiol (c. 870)
- Aeddan ap Mor (c. 900)
- Morudd ap Aeddan (c. 930)
[74]
- Mor ap Morudd (c. 970)
Kingdom of Morgannwg
[
edit
]
Kings of Ergyng
[
edit
]
Kingdom of
Ergyng
, in Wales and on the border of what is now
Herefordshire
, England.
[76]
Kings of Ewyas
[
edit
]
Regional Kingdom of
Ewyas
(Ewias) in Wales and Herefordshire, England.
Kings of Glywysing
[
edit
]
Prince of Glywysing
[
edit
]
Kings of Gwent
[
edit
]
Rulers of Gwynll?g
[
edit
]
Kings and Lords in the
cantref
of
Gwynllwg
, in
Glamorgan
(Gwent).
[94]
[95]
Kings of Morgannwg
[
edit
]
The Kingdom of Morgannwg was formed by the merging of the two Kingdoms of Morgannwg and Gwent. At times, the kingdoms were separate and independent.
Kingdom of Powys
[
edit
]
Kings of Powys
[
edit
]
Legendary descendants of Vortigern
Rhodri Mawr's descendants
[
edit
]
Pengwern
[
edit
]
The former petty Kingdom of
Pengwern
, today located in the
Midlands
, possibly around the
Wrekin
, England.
[116]
Welsh regional kingdoms
[
edit
]
All of Wales
[
edit
]
Overlord
of Wales (
King of Wales
) as a modern territory by 1055.
[119]
North Wales
[
edit
]
Kings and Princes of the Kingdoms of Gwynedd and Powys.
[119]
[120]
South Wales
[
edit
]
Kings and Princes of Buellt and Gwrtheyrnion
[
edit
]
- Pasgen ap Gwrtheryn, son of
Vortigern
(c. 400, Pascent)
- Pawl ap Mepurit (c. 510)
- Eldog ap Pawl (c. 550)
[127]
- Eldad ab Eldog ap Paul (c. 590)
[127]
- Morudd ab Eldad (c. 630)
[74]
- Pasgen Buellt ap Gwyddaint (c. 700)
- Tewdwr ap Pasgen (c. 730)
- Gloud ap Pasgn Buellt (c. 730)
- Ffernfael ap Tewdwr
(c. 760, Theodore)
[90]
Ceredigion, Meirionnydd, Gwynedd
[
edit
]
King of an enlarged Gwynedd (also Rhos and Rhufoniog), including Ceredigion (
Deheubarth
), Meirionnydd and
Dyffryn Clwyd
, making his realm
North West
and
West Wales
.
[131]
Deheubarth, Gwynedd
[
edit
]
Kingdoms in the West and North West of Wales.
[132]
Deheubarth, Gwynedd, Powys
[
edit
]
North and Mid to South West Wales.
[120]
[132]
Dyfed, Brycheiniog
[
edit
]
Dyfed, Gwynedd, Powys, Seisyllwg
[
edit
]
King of all of Wales, except for Morgannwg and Gwent (south and southeast of Wales).
[139]
Ergyng, Gwent
[
edit
]
Glywysing, Gwent
[
edit
]
South East of Wales.
[142]
Gwent, Morgannwg
[
edit
]
South and South East of Wales.
[142]
Welsh Royal Houses (870s?1283)
[
edit
]
The three royal houses of Wales' regions were first divided by
Rhodri the Great
in the 9th century. Of his children, two of King's sons began royal
dynasties
.
Anarawd
reigned in
Gwynedd
(
Aberffraw
), and
Cadell
founded
Deheubarth
(
Dinefwr
), then another son
Merfyn
reigned in
Powys
(
Mathrafal
emerged as a
cadet branch
of Dinefwr in the 11th century).
[136]
[149]
Aberffraw
[
edit
]
Aberffraw Kings of Gwynedd
[
edit
]
Aberffraw Prince of Anglesey
[
edit
]
Aberffraw Princes of Gwynedd
[
edit
]
Dinefwr
[
edit
]
The kingdom of Deheubarth was formed by the union of the kingdoms of Ceredigion (also known as Seisyllwg) and Dyfed by Hywel Dda in 910.
[140]
Dinefwr Kings of Deheubarth
[
edit
]
Dinefwr Princes of Deheubarth
[
edit
]
Mathrafal
[
edit
]
Mathrafal Princes of Powys
[
edit
]
Mathrafal Prince of Powys Fadog
[
edit
]
Mathrafal Princes of Powys Wenwynwyn
[
edit
]
Welsh Lordships (1000s?1500s)
[
edit
]
The
Lords
of Welsh areas once belonging to
monarchies
. They were ruled by the direct descendants and heirs of Kings in Wales from around the time of the
Norman invasion of Wales
(1000s), some of which lasted until after the
conquest of Wales by Edward I
(c. 1300s), and in a few instances, Welsh baronies lasted later into the Principality of Wales.
[177]
[179]
[180]
Lords of Afan
[
edit
]
Listed Lords of Nedd-Avan (Avene,
Welsh
:
Afan
), dynasty of
Glamorgan
, Morgannwg (not the Norman
Lordship of Glamorgan
).
[181]
[95]
Lords of Arwystli and Cedewain
[
edit
]
The regional territories as a dynasty combining the territories
Arwystli
and
Cedewain
. The area was later incorporated into Powys Wenwynwyn.
[186]
[187]
Lords of Carleon
[
edit
]
The rulers of
Gwynllwg
(
Wentloog
) and upper
Gwent
became the Lords of
Carleon
.
[188]
[189]
Lords of Ceredigion
[
edit
]
Lordship of
Ceredigion
, from the
House of Dinefwr
,
Deheubarth
.
[190]
[191]
Lords of Mechain
[
edit
]
Mechain, Powys.
[175]
[192]
Lord of Menai
[
edit
]
Lord of the
Menai
commote
on
Anglesey
.
[193]
Lords of Merioneth
[
edit
]
The vassal Lordship of Merioneth (
Meirionnydd
) from Gwynedd, also Lords of
Eifionydd
and
Ardudwy
. Descendents of King
Owain Gwynedd
.
[194]
Lords of Nannau
[
edit
]
Descendants of Madog ap
Cadwgan ap Bleddyn
, Prince of Powys. Lordship c. 1118 until the final Lord in the 1500s, before the use of the surname Nanney for the family.
[196]
[180]
[197]
Lords of Oswestry
[
edit
]
Lords of Oswestry (
Shropshire
, England), from Powys, prior to Baronetcy of Cymmer-yn-Edeirnion (
English feudal barony
).
[198]
[199]
Lords of Powys Fadog
[
edit
]
Northern Powys,
House of Mathrafal
.
[149]
[175]
[174]
Lords of Powys Wenwynwyn
[
edit
]
Southern Powys, House of Mathrafal. The lordship also had lands in Arwystli,
Cyfeiliog
,
Mawddwy
,
Caereinion
.
[149]
[175]
[204]
Rhwng Gwy a Hafren
[
edit
]
The region of
Rhwng Gwy a Hafren
(
Radnorshire
) between the Rivers
Wye
and
Severn
, ruled by
Lords
. Associated with
Brycheiniog
and
Buellt
. Ruled the
cantrefs
of
Maelienydd
and
Elfael
.
[207]
[26]
Lords of Senghenydd
[
edit
]
The Lordship of
Senghenydd
, then a vassal of
Lordship of Glamorgan
.
[209]
Lords of Tegeingl
[
edit
]
Lordship of
Coleshill
,
Prestatyn
,
Rhuddlan
, also considered Princes.
[211]
Principality of Wales (1216?1542)
[
edit
]
The
late medieval
territory of the Principality of Wales and the members of Welsh Royalty who ruled that area or attempted to regain their dynastic inheritances during the Principality. They were titled (official) or claimants (unofficial/
pretender
) as the
Prince of Wales
.
[213]
[215]
The territory of the Principality included the Kingdoms of Gwynedd, Deheubarth, and Powys, and also the areas of Ceredigion (Cardigan) and
Carmarthenshire
. There was the exception of Llywelyn I who ruled most of the territory of the Principality and also
Montgomeryshire
, but not as a Prince of Wales; by 1230 he styled himself as the Prince of Aberffraw and Lord of Snowdon (Prince of Gwynedd).
[216]
[217]
Personal arms of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd
Llywelyn II, Owain Lawgoch & Glyndwr
Pre Principality, 1165?1197
[
edit
]
Welsh rule, 1216?1283
[
edit
]
- Llywelyn
Fawr
ap Iorwerth
(c. 1195?1240, English:
Llywelyn I, the Great
), Prince of
Gwynedd
, Prince of
North Wales
[216]
- Dafydd ap Llywelyn
(c. 1240?1246, Dafydd II, English:
David
), Prince of Gwynedd (claimant Prince of Wales)
[220]
- Llywelyn ap Gruffudd
(c. 1246?1282, English:
Llywelyn II, the Last
), Prince of Wales (
Gwynedd
,
Aberffraw
)
[221]
- Dafydd ap Gruffydd
(c. 1282?1283, Dafydd III), Prince of Gwynedd (claimant Prince of Wales)
[222]
English rule, 1283?1542
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
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c
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(Irish
Broccan
) Claimed as founder of the ruling dynasty
[5]
Bibliography
[
edit
]