From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mirrors for measuring Earth?Moon distance
Retroreflectors
are devices which reflect light back to its source. Six were left at six sites on the
Moon
by three crews of the
Apollo program
, two by remote landers of the
Lunokhod program
, and one by the
Chandrayaan program
.
[1]
Lunar reflectors have enabled
precise measurement
of the
Earth?Moon distance
since 1969 using
lunar laser ranging
.
[2]
Several unsuccessful attempts to land retroreflectors on the lunar surface have been made, and several future attempts are planned.
Successfully placed reflectors
[
edit
]
Attempted and planned reflectors
[
edit
]
Gallery
[
edit
]
-
Apollo 11
Lunar Laser Ranging Retroreflector
-
-
Close-up of
Apollo 15
retroreflector
-
Model of
Lunokhod 2
. The retroreflector is the hexagonal box with open lid in the front.
See also
[
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]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
c
Lunar Retroreflectors
- ^
Slava G. Turyshev:
From Quantum to Cosmos: Fundamental Physics Research in Space
(2009), p. 300
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
Wagner, R. V.; Speyerer, E. J.; Burns, K. N.; Danton, J.; Robinson, M. S. (1 August 2012).
"Revised Coordinates for Apollo Hardware"
.
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences
. XXXIX-B4. Copernicus GmbH: 517?521.
Bibcode
:
2012ISPAr39B4..517W
.
doi
:
10.5194/isprsarchives-XXXIX-B4-517-2012
.
- ^
Newman, Michael E. (26 September 2017).
"To the Moon and Back … in 2.5 Seconds"
.
NIST
. Retrieved
27 January
2021
.
- ^
"What Neil & Buzz Left on the Moon: A cutting-edge science experiment left behind in the Sea of Tranquility by Apollo 11 astronauts is still running today"
. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 20 July 2004
. Retrieved
1 August
2012
.
- ^
"Lost Soviet Reflecting Device Rediscovered on the Moon"
.
Space.com
. 27 April 2010
. Retrieved
26 January
2021
.
- ^
"LROC Observation M114185541R"
. Arizona State University
. Retrieved
8 August
2012
.
- ^
"Lunokhod 1 Revisited | Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera"
.
lroc.sese.asu.edu
. Retrieved
8 October
2019
.
- ^
"USSR ? Luna 17"
.
- ^
"Apollo 14: The Eighth Mission: The Third Lunar Landing: 31 January?09 February 1971"
. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from
the original
on 14 November 2004
. Retrieved
8 August
2012
.
- ^
Archinal, Brent (13 April 2010).
"The Apollo 15 Lunar Laser Ranging Retroreflector ? A Fundamental Point on the Moon!"
. Arizona State University. Archived from
the original
on 13 January 2013
. Retrieved
1 August
2012
.
- ^
"USSR ? Luna 21"
.
- ^
"NASA ? NSSDCA ? Spacecraft ? Details"
.
nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
. Retrieved
8 October
2019
.
- ^
"Chandrayaan 3 ? LRA"
.
- ^
"Chandrayaan-3"
.
ISRO
. Retrieved
15 August
2023
.
- ^
Dhillon, Amrit (23 August 2023).
"India lands spacecraft near south pole of moon in historic first"
.
The Guardian
. Retrieved
23 August
2023
.
- ^
"Laser Instrument on NASA's LRO Successfully 'Pings' Indian Moon Lander"
. Retrieved
30 January
2024
.
- ^
"Instrument on Chandrayaan-3 lander started serving as a location marker near lunar south pole"
. Retrieved
30 January
2024
.
- ^
Beresheet crash caused by manual command, but reflector device may have survived.
Georgina Torbet,
Digital Trends
. 21 April 2019.
- ^
Warner, Cheryl (10 April 2019).
"Update on First Private Robotic Spacecraft Attempt at Moon Landing"
.
NASA
. Retrieved
12 April
2019
.
- ^
Israeli spacecraft Beresheet crash site spotted on moon
, 15 May 2019
- ^
"Vikram lander located on lunar surface, wasn't a soft landing: Isro"
.
The Times of India
. 8 September 2019
. Retrieved
8 October
2019
.
- ^
Bartels, Meghan (24 March 2019).
"How NASA Scrambled to Add Science Experiments to Israeli, Indian Moon Probes"
. Retrieved
25 March
2019
.
- ^
Internatioinal Lunar Observatory to offer a new astrophysical perspective
. Tonasz Nowakowski.
Spaceflight Insider
. 12 August 2017.
- ^
UMD, Italy & MoonEx Join to Put New Laser-Reflecting Arrays on Moon
Archived
22 March 2018 at the
Wayback Machine
. Lee Tune, University of Maryland. 10 June 2015.
- ^
a
b
Etherington, Darrell (23 January 2020).
"NASA reveals the payloads for the first commercial moon cargo deliveries"
.
TechCrunch
. Retrieved
2 March
2021
.
- ^
"Luna-25 (Luna-Glob Lander) Payload"
.
www.iki.rssi.ru
. Retrieved
15 August
2023
.
- ^
"NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details"
.
nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
. Retrieved
15 August
2023
.
- ^
"Russia's Luna-25 spacecraft crashes into the moon, ending its bid to reach the lunar south pole"
.
Associated Press
. 20 August 2023
. Retrieved
20 August
2023
.
- ^
"Intuitive Machines-1 Orbital Debris Assessment Report (ODAR) Revision 1.1"
(PDF)
.
Intuitive Machines
.
FCC
. 22 April 2021
. Retrieved
24 April
2021
.
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Launch vehicle
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Spacecraft
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Spacecraft
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Ground support
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Ceremonial
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Related
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