|
Reine Audu
|
Participant in
The Women's March on Versailles
and the
10 August (French Revolution)
.
|
Charles Augereau, duc de Castiglione
|
Officer throughout the Revolutionary era and
Empire
; later a general and
Marshal of France
.
|
Jean-Pierre-Andre Amar
|
Deputy to the
National Convention
from
Isere
; member of the
Committee of General Security
.
|
|
Francois-Noel Babeuf
|
Proto-
socialist
,
guillotined
in 1797 after an attempted
coup d'etat
.
|
Jean Sylvain Bailly
|
President of the
Third Estate
who administered the
Tennis Court Oath
; made Mayor of
Paris
after the
storming of the Bastille
; guillotined during the
Reign of Terror
.
|
Antoine Barnave
|
Constitutional monarchist
and
Feuillant
; guillotined.
|
Paul Nicolas, vicomte de Barras
|
A
Montagnard
, then
Thermidorian
; ultimately the
Directory
regime's executive leader.
|
Madame du Barry
|
Mistress of King
Louis XV
and famous victim of the guillotine during the
Reign of Terror
.
|
Francois-Marie, marquis de Barthelemy
|
Briefly a
Director
; exiled to
French Guiana
; returned to France during the
Empire
.
|
Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
|
General, Ambassador to Vienna and Minister of War; later King of
Sweden
and
Norway
.
|
Josephine de Beauharnais
|
Empress; wife of
Napoleon Bonaparte
.
|
Louis Alexandre Berthier
|
General; effectively Napoleon Bonaparte's chief of staff.
|
Jacques Nicolas Billaud-Varenne
|
Committee of Public Safety
member; survived
9 Thermidor
; later deported to
French Guiana
.
|
Joseph Bonaparte
|
Eldest Bonaparte brother; supported his brother Napoleon; later made King of
Naples
and then
Spain
.
|
Lucien Bonaparte
|
Younger brother of Napoleon; President of the Assembly during the Directory; later fell out with Napoleon.
|
Napoleon Bonaparte
|
General; seized power as
First Consul
in the
18 Brumaire
coup
. Made virtual dictator as Consul for Life in 1802. Declared Emperor of the French in 1804. Founded the
First French Empire
.
|
Louis Antoine de Bourbon, duc d'Enghien
|
Prince of the Blood
; son of the Duc de Bourbon; kidnapped and executed by
Napoleon
.
|
Louis Francois de Bourbon
|
Prince of the Blood
; briefly emigrated from 1789 to 1790, but returned to France; expelled by
Directory
; died in exile.
|
Louis Henri, duc de Bourbon
|
Prince of the Blood
, son of the Prince de Conde and father of the Duc d'Enghien; emigrated.
|
Louis Joseph de Bourbon
|
Prince of the Blood
; composed the
Brunswick Manifesto
.
|
Charles de Bouvens
|
Orator who had to flee the
French Revolution
due to his conservative views.
|
Louis de Breteuil
|
Royalist; briefly supplanted
Necker
in the royal cabinet.
|
Cardinal Etienne Charles de Brienne
|
Royalist; President of the Royal Council of Finances shortly before the Revolution.
|
Jacques Pierre Brissot
de Warville
|
Girondist
(Brissotin); guillotined.
|
Guillaume Marie Anne Brune
|
Political journalist;
Jacobin
; friend of
Georges Danton
; appointed a general, then
Marshal of France
; murdered by royalists during the
White Terror
.
|
Edmund Burke
|
English
philosopher and politician; author of famous 1790 polemic against the Revolution.
|
|
Charles Alexandre de Calonne
|
French Controller-General of Finances from 1783 to 1787, whose discovery of the perilous state of French finances in 1786 precipitated the crisis leading to the Revolution.
|
Jean Jacques Regis de Cambaceres
|
Moderate;
Second Consul
under
Bonaparte
; chief contributor to the
Napoleonic Code
.
|
Pierre Joseph Cambon
|
Legislative and the Convention member; directed French financial policy and aided in the
Thermidor
coup
.
|
Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot
|
Mathematician; physicist;
Committee of Public Safety
member; "Organizer of Victory"; turned against
Robespierre
on
9 Thermidor
; a
Director
; ousted in
18 Fructidor
coup
.
|
Louis Philippe, duc de Chartres
|
Eldest son of the Duke of Orleans; defected to
Austria
with
Dumouriez
in 1793; later King of France.
|
Pierre Gaspard Chaumette
|
Cult of Reason
devotee; guillotined, as was fellow devotee
Jacques Hebert
.
|
Andre Chenier
|
Poet; guillotined.
|
Jean Chouan
|
Royalist counter-revolutionary.
|
Etienne Claviere
|
Girondist
; finance minister 1792; died in prison by suicide 1793.
|
Anacharsis Cloots
|
Philosopher and writer; guillotined.
|
Jean Marie Collot d'Herbois
|
Actor;
Paris Commune
member; belated
Montagnard
;
Committee of Public Safety
member; deported to
French Guiana
after
9 Thermidor
revolt, where he died.
|
Marquis de Condorcet
|
Philosopher; mathematician;
Girondist
associate; died in prison.
|
Charlotte Corday
|
Assassinated
Marat
; guillotined.
|
Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
|
Scientist;
metric system
pioneer.
|
Georges Couthon
|
Montagnard
;
Committee of Public Safety
member; guillotined following
9 Thermidor
.
|
|
Georges Danton
|
Writer;
Jacobin
, but neither a
Girondist
nor a
Montagnard
;
Committee of Public Safety
member; guillotined.
|
Pierre Claude Francois Daunou
|
Historian; loosely associated with the
Girondists
faction; served both
Directory
and
Empire
.
|
Jacques-Louis David
|
Painter;
Montagnard
;
Committee of General Security
member; survived fall from power following
9 Thermidor
.
|
Louis Charles Antoine Desaix
|
General; killed while leading the French to victory during the
Battle of Marengo (1800)
.
|
Camille Desmoulins
|
Journalist;
Montagnard
;
Danton
associate; guillotined.
|
Denis Diderot
|
Enlightenment
author;
atheist
philosopher; influenced Revolutionary theory.
|
Jacques Francois Dugommier
|
General;
National Convention
deputy. Killed in 1794 at the
Battle of the Black Mountain
|
Charles Francois Dumouriez
|
General; sometime
Girondist
and Foreign Minister in the Girondist cabinet; eventually defected to
Austria
.
|
Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours
|
Constitutional monarchist
;
National Constituent Assembly
president; eventually exiled.
|
Roger Ducos
|
Deputy from
Landes
; member of the
Council of Five Hundred
; vice-president of the
Consulate Senate
.
|
|
Grace Elliott
|
Scottish
courtesan
; former mistress of
Louis Philippe II, duc d'Orleans
; resident in Paris throughout the Revolution.
|
Antoine Joseph Marie d'Espinassy
|
Politician, Knight, General and Deputy; Royal of
Signes
and Revolutionary.
|
|
Fabre d'Eglantine
|
Author of the
French Revolutionary Calendar
; guillotined.
|
Joseph Fesch
|
Cardinal
; closely associated with
Napoleon Bonaparte
.
|
Joseph Fouche
|
Jacobin deputy;
Thermidorian
;
Minister of Police
under Napoleon.
|
Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville
|
Public Prosecutor during the
Reign of Terror
; subsequently guillotined (1795).
|
|
Olympe de Gouges
|
Writer; advocate of gender equality; guillotined.
|
Henri Gregoire
|
Revolutionary priest; supported
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
.
|
|
Jacques Hebert
|
Polemicist
; editor of
Le Pere Duchesne
; guillotined.
|
Marie Jean Herault
|
Committee of Public Safety
member; revised
Condorcet
's
Constitution of 1793
;
Danton
associate; guillotined.
|
Lazare Hoche
|
Soldier rapidly promoted to General during early years of Revolution.
|
Pierre-Augustin Hulin
|
Ex-royal soldier and one of the first revolutionaries to enter the Bastille; later general under
Bonaparte
.
|
|
|
Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
|
General; victor at the battles of
Wattignies
and
Fleurus
.
|
|
Francois Christophe Kellermann
|
Promoted to General early in the Revolution;
Battle of Valmy
hero;
Marshal of France
; army administrator during
Empire
years.
|
Jean-Baptiste Kleber
|
Revolutionary general; assassinated in 1800.
|
|
Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
|
Bonapartist
general; author of
Les Liaisons dangereuses
.
|
Marie Therese, princesse de Lamballe
|
Friend of Marie Antoinette; victim of the
September Massacres
.
|
Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de La Fayette
|
General;
constitutional monarchist
, co-wrote the
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
.
|
Claire Lacombe
|
Feminist revolutionary, founder of the
Society of Revolutionary Republican Women
.
|
Alexandre-Theodore, comte de Lameth
|
Leading
Feuillant
; formed "Triumvirate" with Barnave and Duport; eventually emigrated.
|
Charles Malo Francois Lameth
|
Brother of Alexandre de Lameth;
Feuillant
; emigrated.
|
Jean Lannes
|
Soldier rising through ranks to become general;
Marshal of France
; close to
Bonaparte
. Killed at
Aspern-Essling
in 1809.
|
Arnaud de Laporte
|
High royal government official, headed up antirevolutionary activities; second political victim of the guillotine.
|
Marquis de Launay
|
Royalist governor of the Bastille; killed after its storming.
|
Antoine Lavoisier
|
Scientist;
metric
pioneer; tax collector; guillotined.
|
Charles Leclerc
|
General; close to
Bonaparte
; served in
Haiti
.
|
Philippe-Francois-Joseph Le Bas
|
Deputy to the National Convention from
Pas-de-Calais
; Robespierrist and close ally of
Saint-Just
; committed suicide at Robespierre's downfall.
|
Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau
|
Former noble; voted to execute
Louis XVI
; assassinated one day before the execution of Louis XVI.
|
Louis Legendre
|
Deputy for the Seine, present at various events. Eventual President of the Convention, member of the Council of Ancients and Council of Five Hundred.
|
Jacques-Donatien Le Ray
|
Promoted French support for the
American Revolution
.
|
Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet
|
Committee of Public Safety
member; opposed
Girondist
faction.
|
Toussaint L'Ouverture
|
Commander of
Haitian
rebels fighting against French occupying forces; captured and imprisoned by Napoleon's government.
|
Louis XVI of France
|
French king at outbreak of Revolution; deposed; guillotined.
|
Louis XVII of France
|
The "Lost
Dauphin
"
|
Nicolas, Comte Luckner
|
German-born
Marshal of France
; commanded troops for the
First Republic
; guillotined during the Reign of Terror.
|
|
Stanislas-Marie Maillard
|
National Guardsman; the first revolutionary to enter the fortress in the
Storming of the Bastille
|
Guillaume-Chretien de Malesherbes
|
Louis XVI
's defense counsel at his trial, although not known as a royalist; guillotined.
|
Jean-Paul Marat
|
Radical journalist;
Montagnard
; assassinated by
Charlotte Corday
.
|
Francois-Severin Marceau
|
Soldier who participated in the
storming of the Bastille
; later a general.
|
Marie Antoinette
|
Queen consort
of France; deposed, guillotined.
|
Andre Massena
|
General; victor at the
Battle of Zurich
. Became
Marshal of the Empire
in 1804.
|
Jean-Sifrein Maury
|
French cardinal; Archbishop of Paris; royalist.
|
Theroigne de Mericourt
|
Radical agitator, organizer.
|
Philippe-Antoine Merlin
("Merlin de Douai")
|
Director
; later a
Bonapartist
.
|
Honore Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau
("Mirabeau")
|
Represented the
Third Estate
in the
Estates-General of 1789
, despite being a noble; remained a major political figure throughout the rest of his life.
|
Antoine-Francois Momoro
|
Printer, publisher, and
section
leader;
Hebertist
; originator of the phrase
Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite
; guillotined.
|
Charles, baron de Montesquieu
("Montesquieu")
|
Enlightenment
political philosopher; influenced Revolutionary thinking
|
Jean Victor Marie Moreau
|
General; victor at the
Battle of Hohenlinden
.
|
Gouverneur Morris
|
American minister to France; witness and diarist of the early Revolution, 1792?94.
|
Jean-Francois-Auguste Moulin
|
General; member of the Directory.
|
Jean Joseph Mounier
|
Monarchist deputy; president of the
National Constituent Assembly
, 1789.
|
Joachim Murat
|
Prominent
cavalry
general; became Napoleon's brother-in-law; later made King of
Naples
. Executed by firing squad in 1815.
|
|
Jacques Necker
|
Liberal royalist; Director-General of Finance whose dismissal precipitated the
storming of the Bastille
.
|
|
Louis Philippe II, duc d'Orleans
|
First
Prince of the Blood
; supported the Revolution, taking the name
Philippe Egalite
; voted to execute his cousin the King; later guillotined on suspicion of plotting to become King.
|
Louis Philippe d'Orleans
|
Prince of the Blood
; son of
Louis Philippe II, duc d'Orleans
;
Jacobin
; General; broke with the
Republic
in 1793; exiled from France the same year; later
King of the French
.
|
|
Thomas Paine
|
American revolutionary
writer; moved to France during French Revolution but subsequently fell out of favor; arrested, imprisoned and sentenced to death during
Reign of Terror
, but survived.
|
Jerome Petion de Villeneuve
|
Insurrectionary
mayor of Paris; member of first
Committee of Public Safety
; associated with
Girondists
; committed suicide during
Reign of Terror
.
|
Pierre Philippeaux
|
Montagnard
;
Danton
associate; guillotined.
|
Philippe Egalite
|
See
Orleans, Louis Philippe II, duc d'
above.
|
Charles Pichegru
|
General; member of the
Council of Five Hundred
; conspirator in the
Coup of 18 Fructidor
.
|
Claude Antoine, comte Prieur-Duvernois
("Prieur de la Cote-d'Or")
|
Engineer;
Committee of Public Safety
member;
Carnot
associate; turned against
Robespierre
on
9 Thermidor
;
Council of Five Hundred
member during
Directory
.
|
Pierre Louis Prieur
("Crieur de la Marne")
|
National Constituent Assembly
secretary;
Committee of Public Safety
member; exiled following
Bourbon Restoration
.
|
Louis, comte de Provence
|
Louis XVI
's younger brother; emigrated 1791; declared himself Louis XVIII, King of France in 1795, but did not actually assume the throne until 1814.
|
|
|
Jean-Francois Rewbell
|
Deputy; Feuillant; member of the Directory.
|
Maximilien Robespierre
|
Montagnard
;
Committee of Public Safety
member; prominent during
Reign of Terror
; guillotined after
9 Thermidor
.
|
Comte de Rochambeau
|
Senior general and former commander of French troops during the
American Revolution
, commander of the
Armee du Nord
for the
Republic
; imprisoned during the Reign of Terror but not executed.
|
Jean-Marie Roland de la Platiere
|
Girondist
; interior minister in 1792; committed suicide in 1793 following his wife's condemnation.
|
Madame Roland
(Manon-Jeanne Roland, nee Philpon)
|
Jean-Marie Roland
's wife; author of influential Revolutionary writings under Roland's name;
saloniere
; guillotined.
|
Gilbert Romme
|
Initially a
Girondist
politician, then
Montagnard
; designed
French Republican Calendar
; condemned after Girondists' return to power; committed suicide before execution.
|
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
|
Enlightenment
political philosopher; influenced Revolutionary thinking.
|
Jacques Roux
|
Hebertist
leader of the
Enrages
faction; member of
Paris Commune
; arrested during
Reign of Terror
; committed suicide before trial.
|
|
Marquis de Sade
|
Author of erotica and philosophy; imprisoned on charges of sodomy and poisoning at the outbreak of the Revolution; released 1790; elected to the
National Convention
; escaped execution during the
Reign of Terror
.
|
Jean Bon Saint-Andre
|
Montagnard
;
Committee of Public Safety
member; later became a naval officer and administrator.
|
Louis Antoine de Saint-Just
|
Committee of Public Safety
member;
Montagnard
; close associate of
Robespierre
; prominent in
Reign of Terror
; guillotined after
9 Thermidor
.
|
Joseph Servan
|
General; Minister of War.
|
Abbe Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes
|
Although a
cleric
, entered the
Estates-General of 1789
as a representative of the
Third Estate
; author of pamphlet
What is the Third Estate?
; instigated the
18 Brumaire
coup
, but outflanked by
Bonaparte
.
|
Madame de Stael
|
Daughter of
Jacques Necker
;
saloniere
and writer; adopted moderate Revolutionary position; opposed Napoleon.
|
|
Jean Lambert Tallien
|
Montagnard
; later a leading
Thermidorian
.
|
Madame Tallien
(Theresa Tallien, nee Teresa Cabarrus)
|
Her moderating influence on her husband
Jean Lambert Tallien
saved lives in the wake of
9 Thermidor
, earning her the moniker
Notre-Dame de Thermidor
("Our Lady of Thermidor").
|
Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord
("Talleyrand")
|
Clergyman and diplomat; initially a royalist, then revolutionary; co-wrote the
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
and the
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
; survived
9 Thermidor
to become Foreign Minister under
Directory
,
Bonaparte
and the
Bourbon Restoration
.
|
Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target
|
Lawyer and politician; deputy of the
Third Estate
in the
Estates-General of 1789
; survived
Reign of Terror
to become
Directory
politician.
|
Jean Baptiste Treilhard
|
Deputy from Paris; held multiple high-ranking offices including Director.
|
|
|
Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud
|
Girondist
leader; guillotined.
|
Bertrand Barere de Vieuzac
|
Girondist
, then
Montagnard
;
Committee of Public Safety
member; drew up
9 Thermidor
report outlawing
Robespierre
; later a
Bonapartist
.
|
Voltaire
(Francois-Marie Arouet)
|
Enlightenment
author and philosopher whose writings influenced Revolutionary thinking.
|