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List of diagnoses characterized as pseudoscience
|
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|
Risks
| Nocebo
|
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There are many proposed diseases and
diagnoses
that are rejected by mainstream medical consensus and are associated with
pseudoscience
.
Definition
[
edit
]
Pseudoscientific diseases are not defined using objective criteria. Such diseases cannot achieve, and perhaps do not seek, medical recognition.
Pseudoscience
rejects
empirical
methodology.
[1]
Other conditions may be rejected or contested by orthodox medicine, but are not necessarily associated with pseudoscience. Diagnostic criteria for some of these conditions may be vague, over-inclusive, or otherwise ill-defined. Although the evidence for the disease may be contested or lacking, however, the justification for these diagnoses is nevertheless empirical and therefore amenable to scientific investigation, at least in theory.
In some cases, patients are exhibiting genuine
signs and symptoms
but the explanation or diagnosis for their distress is disputed or inaccurate.
Examples of conditions that are not necessarily pseudoscientific include:
- Conditions determined to be
somatic
in nature, including
mass psychogenic illnesses
.
- Medicalized
conditions that are not pathogenic in nature, such as
aging
,
childbirth
,
pregnancy
,
sexual addiction
,
baldness
,
jet lag
, and
halitosis
.
[2]
- Conditions that are not widely recognized, about which there is an ongoing debate within the scientific and medical literature.
- Functional disorders
are a set of conditions that cannot be explained by structural or biochemical abnormalities.
[3]
These raise challenges around diagnosis and treatment, with debate around whether they are psychogenic. They often present with
non-specific symptoms
that are consistent with multiple causes.
Medical
[
edit
]
- Adrenal fatigue
or
hypoadrenia
is a diagnosis described as a state in which the
adrenal glands
are exhausted and unable to produce adequate quantities of
hormones
, primarily the
glucocorticoid
cortisol
, due to chronic stress or infections.
[4]
Adrenal fatigue should not be confused with a number of actual forms of adrenal dysfunction such as
adrenal insufficiency
or
Addison's disease
.
[5]
The term "adrenal fatigue", which was invented in 1998 by James Wilson, a
chiropractor
,
[6]
may be applied to a collection of mostly
nonspecific symptoms
.
[4]
There is no
scientific evidence
supporting the concept of adrenal fatigue and it is not recognized as a diagnosis by any scientific or medical community.
[4]
[5]
A systematic review found no evidence for the term adrenal fatigue, confirming the consensus among endocrinological societies that it is a myth.
[7]
- Autistic enterocolitis
is a nonexistent medical condition proposed in 1998 by now-discredited British
gastroenterologist
Andrew Wakefield
, who suggested a link between a number of common clinical symptoms and signs which he contended were distinctive to
autism
.
[8]
The existence of such an
enterocolitis
has been dismissed by experts as having "not been established".
[9]
Wakefield's fraudulent report, which was retracted in 2010, suppressed negative findings and used inadequate controls.
[10]
[11]
Multiple attempts to replicate his results have been unsuccessful.
[12]
Reviews in the medical literature have found no link between autism and bowel disease.
[13]
[14]
[15]
- Candida hypersensitivity
is the spuriously claimed chronic yeast infections responsible for many common disorders and
non-specific symptoms
, such as
fatigue
,
weight gain
,
constipation
,
dizziness
, muscle and joint pain, and
asthma
.
[16]
[17]
The notion has been strongly disabused by the
American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology
.
[18]
- Chronic Lyme disease
is a generally rejected diagnosis that encompasses "a broad array of illnesses or symptom complexes for which there is no reproducible or convincing scientific evidence of any relationship to
Borrelia burgdorferi
infection."
[19]
This is different from
Lyme disease
, which is a known medical condition. Despite numerous studies, there is no clinical evidence that "chronic" Lyme disease is caused by a persistent infection.
[20]
It is distinct from post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome, a set of lingering symptoms which may persist after successful treatment of infection with Lyme spirochetes. The symptoms of "chronic Lyme" are generic and non-specific "symptoms of life".
[21]
- Electromagnetic hypersensitivity
is a reported sensitivity to
electric
and
magnetic fields
or
electromagnetic radiation
of various frequencies at exposure levels well below established safety standards. Symptoms are inconsistent, but can include headache, fatigue, difficulty sleeping, as well as similar non-specific indications.
[22]
Provocation studies find that the discomfort of sufferers is unrelated to hidden sources of radiation,
[23]
and "no scientific basis currently exists for a connection between EHS and exposure to [electromagnetic fields]."
[24]
[25]
- Excited delirium
, originally identified by pathologist
Charles Wetli
to account for the deaths of nineteen Black prostitutes due to "sexual excitement" while under the influence of cocaine; the women later turned out to be victims of a serial killer.
[26]
The condition is primarily found in people under police restraint, especially after being tasered,
[27]
and, while it is not in the ICD-10 or DSM-5, it is promoted by a number of doctors, many of whom are on the payroll of Axon, the manufacturer of the
Taser
.
[27]
- Leaky gut syndrome
is an alleged condition caused by the passage of harmful substances outward through the gut wall. Alternative medicine proponents claim it is the cause of many conditions including
multiple sclerosis
and autism, a claim which has been called pseudoscientific.
[28]
According to the
UK National Health Service
, the theory is vague and unproven.
[29]
Some skeptics and scientists say that the marketing of treatments for leaky gut syndrome is either misguided or an instance of deliberate
health fraud
.
[29]
- Morgellons
is a self-diagnosed, unexplained
skin condition
in which individuals have sores that they believe contain some kind of fibers.
[30]
[31]
[32]
Morgellons is poorly characterized but the general medical consensus is that it is a form of
delusional parasitosis
.
[33]
An attempt to link Morgellons to the cause of Lyme disease has been attacked by
Steven Salzberg
as "dangerous pseudoscience".
[34]
- Multiple chemical sensitivity
[35]
[36]
is an unrecognized controversial diagnosis characterized by chronic
symptoms
attributed to exposure to low levels of commonly used chemicals.
[37]
[36]
[38]
Symptoms are typically
vague
and
non-specific
. They may include
fatigue
,
headaches
,
nausea
, and
dizziness
.
- Rope worms
[39]
- Shoenfeld's syndrome
, a hypothesised autoimmune disorder proposed by Israeli immunologist
Yehuda Shoenfeld
. There is a lack of reproducible evidence for this syndrome, refuting its existence.
[40]
[41]
In addition, supporting data from animal models are flawed.
[42]
- Traditional Chinese medicine
diagnoses
, such as imbalances in
yin
and
yang
and blockages in the flow of
qi
[43]
- "Vaccine overload"
, a non-medical term for the notion that giving many vaccines at once may overwhelm or weaken a child's immature immune system and lead to adverse effects,
[44]
[45]
is strongly contradicted by scientific evidence.
[46]
- Vertebral subluxation
is a
chiropractic
diagnosis that involves a site of impaired flow of
innate
or a spinal lesion that is postulated to cause neuromusculoskeletal or visceral dysfunction.
Scientific consensus
does not support the existence of chiropractic's vertebral subluxation.
[47]
[48]
- Wilson's syndrome
(not to be confused with
Wilson's disease
) is an
alternative medicine
concept, not recognized as a legitimate diagnosis in
evidence-based medicine
.
[49]
Its supporters describe Wilson's syndrome as a mix of common and
non-specific symptoms
which they attribute to low body temperature and impaired conversion of
thyroxine
(T4) to
triiodothyronine
(T3), despite normal
thyroid function tests
. The
American Thyroid Association
(ATA) says Wilson's syndrome is at odds with established knowledge of thyroid function, has vague diagnostic criteria, and lacks supporting
scientific evidence
. The ATA further raised concern that the proposed treatments were potentially harmful.
[50]
- Wind turbine syndrome
is a proposed connection between adverse health effects and proximity to
wind turbines
.
[51]
Proponents have claimed that these effects include death, cancer, and
congenital abnormality
. The distribution of recorded events, however, correlates with media coverage of wind farm syndrome itself, and not with the presence or absence of
wind farms
.
[52]
[53]
Reviews of the scientific literature have consistently found no reason to believe that wind turbines are harmful to health.
[54]
Psychological
[
edit
]
- Autogynephilia
is a proposed
paraphilic disorder
in which a man has erotic interest in the idea of himself in the form of a woman. Autogynephilia is not recognized by any major medical organization and has been criticised as a form of medical
transphobia
.
[55]
- Drapetomania
was a supposed
mental illness
that, in 1851, American physician
Samuel A. Cartwright
hypothesized as the cause of
enslaved Africans
fleeing captivity
.
[56]
This hypothesis centered around the belief that slavery was such an improvement upon the lives of slaves that only those suffering from some form of mental illness would wish to escape.
[57]
[58]
As treatment Cartwright recommended "
whipping
the devil out of them" both as a punishment and as a preventative measure.
[59]
- Female hysteria
was once a common
medical diagnosis
for women, which was described as exhibiting a wide array of symptoms, including
anxiety
,
shortness of breath
,
fainting
, nervousness,
sexual desire
,
insomnia
,
fluid retention
, heaviness in the abdomen,
irritability
,
loss of appetite
for food
or sex
, (paradoxically)
sexually forward behaviour
, and a "tendency to cause trouble for others". It is no longer recognized by medical authorities as a
medical disorder
.
[60]
- Parental alienation syndrome
, also routinely referred to as
parental alienation
is a proposed mental health disorder in which a child expresses hostility or aversion to a parent as an effect of the manipulation of another parent. Given an absence of research-based support for its existence, parental alienation syndrome is not recognized as a mental health disorder by the
American Psychiatric Association
,
American Psychological Association
,
American Medical Association
or
World Health Organization
.
[61]
[62]
[63]
[64]
[65]
Despite the fact it is frequently referenced as a defense strategy in family courts where parents, disproportionately fathers, are accused of
domestic violence
or
coercive control
, it does not meet the scientific standards demanded by legal tests such as the
Frye
test
and
Daubert standard
for admissibility in the United States legal system.
[61]
[66]
- Rapid-onset gender dysphoria
is a proposed condition in which someone develops
gender dysphoria
due to
social contagion
. The term originates from a 2018 study which surveyed parents of transgender people from anti-transgender internet forums.
[67]
[68]
While the American Psychological Association and the American Psychiatric Association cosigned a statement with 120 other medical organizations calling for rapid-onset gender dysphoria to not be used in clinical settings,
[69]
the term is still used by anti-trans groups.
[70]
- Reward deficiency syndrome
[71]
[72]
(RDS) is a term that has been applied to a wide variety of addictive, obsessive and compulsive behaviors including substance and process addictions, and personality and spectrum disorders.
[73]
[74]
There is no consistent evidence to validate any such syndrome.
[75]
"Reward deficiency syndrome" is not a medically recognized disorder.
[76]
The diagnostic validity of RDS has not been recognized by the American Psychiatric Association in its diagnostic manual, the
DSM
.
- Sluggish schizophrenia
is a proposed form of slow-onset schizophrenia that political dissenters were institutionalised for in communist countries. It was diagnosed in people with no
hallucinations
or
delusions
under the assumption that they would appear later.
[77]
- Stendhal syndrome
is a proposed condition in which someone experiences
rapid heartbeat
, fainting, confusion, and even
hallucinations
when exposed to works of beauty.
[78]
- Stockholm syndrome
is a proposed condition in which a hostage develops an emotional bond with their kidnapper while in captivity.
[79]
Stockholm syndrome is a contested diagnosis mostly due to the difficulty in researching it.
[80]
See also
[
edit
]
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