Map depicting lines of charters and grants for Massachusetts-related colonies and provinces
The territory of the
Commonwealth of Massachusetts
, one of the fifty United States, was settled in the 17th century by several different English colonies. The territories claimed or administered by these colonies encompassed a much larger area than that of the modern state, and at times included areas that are now within the jurisdiction of other
New England
states or of the Canadian provinces of
New Brunswick
and
Nova Scotia
. Some colonial land claims extended all the way to the
Pacific Ocean
.
The first permanent settlement was the
Plymouth Colony
(1620), and the second major settlement was the
Massachusetts Bay Colony
at
Salem
in 1629. Settlements that failed or were merged into other colonies included the failed
Popham Colony
(1607) on the coast of Maine, and the
Wessagusset Colony
(1622?23) in
Weymouth, Massachusetts
, whose remnants were folded into the Plymouth Colony. The Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies coexisted until 1686, each electing its own governor annually. Governance of both colonies was dominated by a relatively small group of magistrates, some of whom governed for many years. The
Dominion of New England
was established in 1686 which covered the territory of those colonies, as well as that of
New Hampshire
,
Connecticut
, and
Rhode Island
. In 1688, it was further extended to include
New York
and
East
and
West Jersey
. The Dominion was extremely unpopular in the colonies, and it was disbanded when its royally appointed governor Sir
Edmund Andros
was arrested
and sent back to England in the wake of the 1688
Glorious Revolution
.
After Andros' arrest, each of the colonies reverted to its previous form of governance.
King William III
, however, reorganized the territory of the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies into the
Province of Massachusetts Bay
and appointed Sir
William Phips
as its royal governor in 1692. The Province of Massachusetts Bay was governed by appointed civilian governors until 1774, when
Thomas Hutchinson
was replaced by Lieutenant General
Thomas Gage
amid rising tensions between the
Thirteen Colonies
and the British Parliament. Gage was the province's last royal governor. He was effectively powerless beyond
Boston
, and was recalled after the June 1775
Battle of Bunker Hill
. By then, the province was already being run
de facto
by the
Massachusetts Provincial Congress
; following the adoption of
a state constitution
in 1779, the newly formed Commonwealth of Massachusetts elected
John Hancock
as its first governor.
Popham Colony: 1607?1608
[
edit
]
The Popham Colony was founded on the coast of
Phippsburg, Maine
in 1607 as a colonization attempt by the
Virginia Company of Plymouth
. The colony lasted about one year before being abandoned. One of its principal backers was
Sir John Popham
; his nephew
George Popham
was the colony's governor for most of its brief existence.
[1]
George Popham died in the colony in 1608 and was replaced by Raleigh Gilbert. He and the remaining colonists abandoned it after word arrived that John Popham and Gilbert's older brother Sir John Gilbert had died.
[2]
Governor
|
Took office
|
Left office
|
George Popham
|
1607
|
February 1608
|
Raleigh Gilbert
|
February 1608
|
September 1608
|
Source: Grizzard and Smith, p. 189
|
Plymouth Colony: 1620?1686, 1689?1692
[
edit
]
The
Plymouth Colony
originated as a land grant issued by the
London Virginia Company
to a group of English separatist Puritans who had fled to Holland to avoid religious persecution. Their migration to the New World in 1620 aboard the
Mayflower
was funded by the
Merchant Adventurers
, who sent additional settlers to engage in profit-making activities in the colony.
[3]
The settlers had intended to establish a colony near the mouth of the
Hudson River
, within the bounds of the London Virginia Company's territory, but weather conditions on their arrival led them to establish it instead on the shores of
Cape Cod Bay
at
Plymouth, Massachusetts
.
[4]
The colonists acquired a land grant from the
Plymouth Council for New England
in 1621,
[5]
but its early governance took place under the terms of the
Mayflower Compact
, a document which the colonists drafted and signed aboard the
Mayflower
before they landed.
[4]
In 1630, the colony acquired a formal charter with authority to govern from the Plymouth Council, but it was unsuccessful in attempts to acquire a royal charter that would guarantee its territory against other claimants.
[6]
The colony held annual elections for its offices.
[7]
Between 1620 and 1680, it was ruled by a governor who appointed a temporary replacement if he left the colony. In 1681, they began also electing a deputy governor who would serve in the governor's absence.
[8]
The leadership was dominated by
William Bradford
, who served more than 30 terms as governor.
[5]
The colony was incorporated into the
Dominion of New England
in 1686,
[9]
but the dominion was dissolved in 1689 and all the New England colonies temporarily reverted to their previous governmental structures. Plymouth finally received a royal charter in 1691, but it was not the one which they had sought for 70 years. Instead of protecting the colony's autonomy, the charter incorporated Plymouth into the
Province of Massachusetts Bay
, which took effect in 1692 with the arrival of royal governor Sir
William Phips
.
[10]
[11]
Edward Winslow
Josiah Winslow
#
|
Governor
|
Took office
|
Left office
|
Deputy governor
|
1st
|
John Carver
|
November 11, 1620
|
died April 15, 1621
[12]
|
The colony had no deputy governors until 1681; the governor named a
pro tem
governor when he was absent.
|
2nd
|
William Bradford
|
May 1621
|
January 1, 1633
|
3rd
|
Edward Winslow
|
January 1, 1633
|
March 27, 1634
|
4th
|
Thomas Prence
|
March 27, 1634
|
March 3, 1635
|
5th
|
William Bradford
|
March 3, 1635
|
March 1, 1636
|
6th
|
Edward Winslow
|
March 1, 1636
|
March 7, 1637
|
7th
|
William Bradford
|
March 7, 1637
|
June 5, 1638
|
8th
|
Thomas Prence
|
June 5, 1638
|
June 3, 1639
|
9th
|
William Bradford
|
June 3, 1639
|
June 5, 1644
|
10th
|
Edward Winslow
|
June 5, 1644
|
June 4, 1645
|
11th
|
William Bradford
|
June 4, 1645
|
died May 9, 1657
[13]
|
12th
|
Thomas Prence
|
June 3, 1657
|
June 3, 1673
|
13th
|
Josiah Winslow
|
June 3, 1673
|
December 18, 1680
|
14th
|
Thomas Hinckley
|
December 18, 1680
|
1686
|
James Cudworth (1681?82)
|
William Bradford the Younger
(1682?86)
|
|
Dominion of New England
|
1686
|
1689
|
Not applicable
|
15th
|
Thomas Hinckley
|
1689
|
1692
|
William Bradford the Younger
(1689?92)
|
|
Source unless otherwise cited: Gifford
et al.
, p. 205; Capen, p. 53
|
Wessagusset Colony: 1622?1623
[
edit
]
The Wessagusset Colony (sometimes called the Weston Colony or Weymouth Colony) was a short-lived trading colony located in
Weymouth, Massachusetts
. It was settled in August 1622 by approximately 55 colonists who were ill-prepared for colonial life and lacking adequate provisions.
[14]
The colony was dissolved in late March 1623, and the surviving colonists either joined the Plymouth Colony or returned to England.
[15]
Governor
|
Took office
|
Left office
|
Richard Greene
|
April 1622
|
died c. October 1622
|
John Sanders
|
c. October 1622
|
March 1623
|
Source: Adams and Nash, pp. 11, 14, 27
|
Governor-General of New England: 1623?1624
[
edit
]
In 1623,
Robert Gorges
was commissioned as Governor-General of New England by
King Charles I
to oversee Plymouth, Wessagusset, and future New England colonies.
[16]
Gorges established a small colony on the site of the recently failed Wessagusset Colony; his effort was abandoned after one year for financial reasons.
[17]
[18]
Some of his settlers remained in the area without formal governance, moving to occupy the
Shawmut Peninsula
(site of
Boston, Massachusetts
) among other places.
[19]
Governor-General
|
Took office
|
Left office
|
Robert Gorges
|
September 1623
|
1624
|
Source: Adams and Nash, pp. 29?31
|
Massachusetts Bay Colony: 1629?1686, 1689?1692
[
edit
]
The
Massachusetts Bay Company
was established in 1628 and was funded in part by investors in the failed
Dorchester Company
. In that year, the company elected
Matthew Cradock
as its governor and received a grant from the
Plymouth Council for New England
for land roughly between the
Charles
and
Merrimack Rivers
.
[20]
The company dispatched
John Endecott
and a small company of settlers to
Massachusetts Bay
not long after acquiring the grant.
[21]
In 1629, the company received a royal charter as a means to guarantee its grant against other claims, and elected Endecott as the first colonial governor, while Cradock continued to govern the company in London.
[22]
In August 1629, the shareholders reorganized the company so that the charter could be removed to the colony, merging corporate and colonial administration.
[23]
John Winthrop
was elected governor in October, but did not formally take charge of the colony until he arrived in 1630.
[24]
Colonial officials (governor, deputy governor, and the council of assistants) were elected annually from then on by the
freemen
of the colony. The governorship was dominated by a small group of early settlers who sought to ensure that the vision of a Puritan settlement was maintained;
Richard Bellingham
,
John Leverett
, and
Simon Bradstreet
all served extended terms, in addition to Winthrop and Endecott, and
Thomas Dudley
served 4 1-year terms. All these men also served in positions of importance when they were not serving as governor.
[25]
The colony's governance and religious attitudes came under greater scrutiny following the
restoration
of
Charles II
to the throne in 1660, which led to the revocation of its charter in 1684.
[26]
[27]
King James II
then established the
Dominion of New England
, an appointed regime which was strongly against the will of the American colonists.
[28]
It took effect in 1686 and lasted until 1689, when the
Glorious Revolution
toppled James, and colonists in Massachusetts immediately arrested the Dominion's governor Sir
Edmund Andros
.
[29]
The colony reverted to its previous rule on a provisional basis, because it then lacked any sort of legal charter.
[30]
In 1691,
King William III
merged the colonies of Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay along with the territory of Maine, the islands south of
Cape Cod
(including
Martha's Vineyard
,
Nantucket
, and the
Elizabeth Islands
), and Nova Scotia (which included
New Brunswick
) to form the
Province of Massachusetts Bay
.
[10]
This new governmental structure took effect in 1692, with the arrival of the new royal governor Sir William Phips.
[11]
Governor
|
Took office
|
Left office
|
Deputy governor
|
Matthew Cradock
|
1628
|
October 20, 1629
|
Thomas Goffe
|
![A head and shoulders portrait of Endecott. He wears a black magistrate's robe, with a falling collar or clerical rabat of gray. He has a narrow goatee beard and a moustache that roughly form a cross.](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/JohnEndecottPortrait.jpg/75px-JohnEndecottPortrait.jpg) John Endecott
|
April 30, 1629
|
June 12, 1630
[31]
|
None
|
![The bearded Winthrop wears a black magistrate's robe with lace collar and shirt cuffs visible.](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/JohnWinthropColorPortrait.jpg/75px-JohnWinthropColorPortrait.jpg) John Winthrop
|
October 20, 1629
|
May 14, 1634
|
John Humphrey
(1629?30)
|
Thomas Dudley
(1630?34)
|
Thomas Dudley
|
May 14, 1634
|
May 6, 1635
|
Roger Ludlow
|
John Haynes
|
May 6, 1635
|
May 25, 1636
|
Richard Bellingham
|
![Half-length portrait of Vane with long hair and robes.](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Henry_Vane_the_Younger_by_Sir_Peter_Lely.jpg/75px-Henry_Vane_the_Younger_by_Sir_Peter_Lely.jpg) Sir Henry Vane the Younger
|
May 25, 1636
|
May 17, 1637
|
John Winthrop
|
![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/JohnWinthropColorPortrait.jpg/75px-JohnWinthropColorPortrait.jpg) John Winthrop
|
May 17, 1637
|
May 13, 1640
|
Thomas Dudley
|
Thomas Dudley
|
May 13, 1640
|
June 2, 1641
|
Richard Bellingham
|
Richard Bellingham
|
June 2, 1641
|
May 18, 1642
|
John Endecott
|
![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/JohnWinthropColorPortrait.jpg/75px-JohnWinthropColorPortrait.jpg) John Winthrop
|
May 18, 1642
|
May 29, 1644
|
John Endecott
|
![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/JohnEndecottPortrait.jpg/75px-JohnEndecottPortrait.jpg) John Endecott
|
May 29, 1644
|
May 14, 1645
|
John Winthrop
|
Thomas Dudley
|
May 14, 1645
|
May 6, 1646
|
John Winthrop
|
![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/JohnWinthropColorPortrait.jpg/75px-JohnWinthropColorPortrait.jpg) John Winthrop
|
May 6, 1646
|
May 2, 1649
|
Thomas Dudley
|
![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/JohnEndecottPortrait.jpg/75px-JohnEndecottPortrait.jpg) John Endecott
|
May 2, 1649
|
May 22, 1650
|
Thomas Dudley
|
Thomas Dudley
|
May 22, 1650
|
May 7, 1651
|
John Endecott
[32]
|
![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/JohnEndecottPortrait.jpg/75px-JohnEndecottPortrait.jpg) John Endecott
|
May 7, 1651
|
May 3, 1654
|
Thomas Dudley
|
Richard Bellingham
|
May 3, 1654
|
May 23, 1655
|
John Endecott
|
![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/JohnEndecottPortrait.jpg/75px-JohnEndecottPortrait.jpg) John Endecott
|
May 23, 1655
|
May 3, 1665
|
Richard Bellingham
|
Richard Bellingham
|
May 3, 1665
|
December 12, 1672
|
Francis Willoughby
(1665?71)
|
John Leverett
(1671?72)
|
![A three-quarter length engraved portrait of Leverett in full military uniform. His right hand rests on a knight's helmet, and his left is on his hip, holding gloves.](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/JohnLeverettInMilitaryUniform.jpg/75px-JohnLeverettInMilitaryUniform.jpg) John Leverett
|
December 12, 1672
(acting until May 7, 1673)
|
May 28, 1679
|
Samuel Symonds (1673?78)
|
Simon Bradstreet
(1678?79)
|
![A head and shoulders portrait of Bradstreet, who wears a gold-peach robe over a black shirt and white cravat. His shoulder-length hair is topped with a small black cap.](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Sbradstreet.jpg/75px-Sbradstreet.jpg) Simon Bradstreet
|
May 28, 1679
|
May 25, 1686
[33]
|
Thomas Danforth
|
Dominion of New England
|
May 25, 1686
[33]
|
April 18, 1689
[34]
|
Not applicable
|
![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Sbradstreet.jpg/75px-Sbradstreet.jpg) Simon Bradstreet
|
April 18, 1689
[34]
|
May 14, 1692
[35]
|
Thomas Danforth
|
Sources unless otherwise cited: Capen, pp. 53?54; Hart, p. 1:607
|
Dominion of New England: 1686?1689
[
edit
]
The Dominion of New England was established by
King James II
in order to bring the colonies of New England more firmly under united crown control, and to streamline the costs associated with colonial administration.
[36]
All of the New England colonies eventually came under its authority, as well as the provinces of
New York
,
East Jersey
, and
West Jersey
.
[37]
Sir
Edmund Andros
governed the Dominion for most of its brief existence, but he alienated New Englanders by forcing the
Church of England
into Puritan Boston and vacating land titles issued under the old charter.
[38]
After the
Glorious Revolution
of 1688 deposed James, Massachusetts political operatives
arrested Andros
and shipped him back to England.
[39]
[40]
All of the affected colonies reverted to their previous forms of rule, although Massachusetts did so without constitutional authority because its charter had been revoked.
[41]
William III
and
Mary II
eventually issued new charters, but in the process they combined the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth Colony, and other territories into the Province of Massachusetts Bay.
[10]
Plans to establish the dominion had started under King Charles II early in the 1680s. He initially selected Colonel
Percy Kirke
as the dominion's governor in 1684. Kirke's commission was approved by James, but was then withdrawn after Kirke's controversially harsh actions in putting down
Monmouth's Rebellion
in 1685.
Joseph Dudley
, son of Thomas Dudley, was given a commission as "President of the Council of New England" with limited powers as an interim measure before Andros' commission could be finalized.
[42]
Province of Massachusetts Bay: 1692?1775
[
edit
]
The royal charter for the Province of Massachusetts Bay was issued in 1691. The territory that it encompassed included the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the Plymouth Colony, the territories of Maine and Nova Scotia (which then included
New Brunswick
), and the proprietary plantation holdings of
Nantucket
,
Martha's Vineyard
, and other islands off the southern coast of
Cape Cod
.
[10]
The government did not formally begin operating until royally appointed governor Sir William Phips arrived in 1692.
[11]
The province was governed by civilian governors until 1774, when
Thomas Hutchinson
was replaced by Lieutenant General
Thomas Gage
amid rising tensions between the
Thirteen Colonies
and the
British Parliament
.
[47]
Gage was the province's last royal governor. He was effectively powerless beyond
Boston
,
[48]
[49]
and was recalled after the June 1775
Battle of Bunker Hill
.
[50]
By then, the province was already being run
de facto
by the
Massachusetts Provincial Congress
, which continued to govern until 1780. The
Massachusetts Constitution
was adopted in 1779, and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts elected
John Hancock
as its first governor.
[51]
Under the terms of the royal charter, both the governor and lieutenant governor were appointed by the crown. The charter contained a provision that the governor's council would assume the duties of the governor should both governor and lieutenant governor be absent from the colony.
[52]
This occurred three times:
- Acting governor
William Stoughton
died in 1701, and the council governed until the arrival of
Joseph Dudley
.
[53]
- Queen Anne
died in 1714 and the commissions that she had issued expired six months later. Her successor
King George I
issued an order continuing all commissions, but this order did not reach Massachusetts before the six months expired. The council asserted its authority, claiming that the commissions had expired of Joseph Dudley and
William Tailer
, and the council ruled from February 4 until March 21, 1715 when the king's order arrived.
[54]
- Acting governor
Spencer Phips
died in 1757, and the council governed until the arrival of
Thomas Pownall
.
[53]
Governor
|
Took office
|
Left office
|
Lieutenant Governor
|
![A head and shoulders portrait of Phips. He has dark hair, and wears a magistrate's robe.](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phips_portrait.jpg/75px-Phips_portrait.jpg) Sir William Phips
|
May 16, 1692
|
November 17, 1694
|
William Stoughton
(May 16, 1692 ?
died July 7, 1701)
|
![A full length seated portrait of the elderly William Stoughton. Harvard College's Stoughton Hall is visible in the background.](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/WilliamStoughton.jpg/75px-WilliamStoughton.jpg) William Stoughton
(acting)
|
December 4, 1694
|
May 26, 1699
|
![A black and white half-length engraved portrait of Bellomont. He wears a uniform adorned with military honors.](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/RichardCoote_FirstEarlBellomont.jpg/75px-RichardCoote_FirstEarlBellomont.jpg) Richard Coote, 1st Earl of Bellomont
|
May 26, 1699
|
July 17, 1700
|
![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/WilliamStoughton.jpg/75px-WilliamStoughton.jpg) William Stoughton
(acting)
|
July 22, 1700
|
died July 7, 1701
|
Governor's Council
(acting)
|
July 10, 1701
|
June 11, 1702
|
Vacant
|
![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Joseph_Dudley_attributed_to_Peter_Lely.jpg/75px-Joseph_Dudley_attributed_to_Peter_Lely.jpg) Joseph Dudley
|
June 11, 1702
|
February 4, 1715
|
Thomas Povey
(June 11, 1702 ?
left colony c. January 28, 1706)
|
Vacant
|
William Tailer
(October 4, 1711 ?
February 4, 1715)
|
Governor's Council
(acting)
|
February 4, 1715
|
March 21, 1715
|
Vacant
|
![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Joseph_Dudley_attributed_to_Peter_Lely.jpg/75px-Joseph_Dudley_attributed_to_Peter_Lely.jpg) Joseph Dudley
|
March 21, 1715
|
November 9, 1715
|
William Tailer
(March 21, 1715 ?
October 5, 1716)
|
William Tailer
(acting)
|
November 9, 1715
|
October 5, 1716
|
![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Portrait_of_Samuel_Shute_%28by_John_James_Bakker%29.jpg/75px-Portrait_of_Samuel_Shute_%28by_John_James_Bakker%29.jpg) Samuel Shute
|
October 5, 1716
|
left colony January 1, 1723
|
William Dummer
(October 5, 1716 ?
June 11, 1730)
|
![A three quarter length black and white engraved portrait of William Dummer. He is wearing fashionable early 18th century clothing and a long wig.](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Governor_William_Dummer.jpg/75px-Governor_William_Dummer.jpg) William Dummer
(acting)
|
January 2, 1723
|
July 19, 1728
|
![A half length color portrait of William Burnet.](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/WilliamBurnetByJohnWatson.jpg/75px-WilliamBurnetByJohnWatson.jpg) William Burnet
|
July 19, 1728
|
died September 7, 1729
|
![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Governor_William_Dummer.jpg/75px-Governor_William_Dummer.jpg) William Dummer
(acting)
|
September 10, 1729
|
June 11, 1730
|
William Tailer
(acting)
|
June 11, 1730
|
August 10, 1730
|
William Tailer
(June 11, 1730 ?
died March 1, 1732)
|
![A head and shoulders portrait detail of Jonathan Belcher in middle age. He wears a wig and a reddish-brown jacket.](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/GovernorBelcher.jpg/75px-GovernorBelcher.jpg) Jonathan Belcher
|
August 10, 1730
|
August 14, 1741
|
Vacant
|
Spencer Phips
(August 8, 1732 ?
died April 4, 1757)
|
![A three quarter length portrait of William Shirley. He wears a red coat over a white shirt with lace ruffled cuffs. His right hand rests on desk or table containing papers.](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/William_Shirley.JPG/75px-William_Shirley.JPG) William Shirley
|
August 14, 1741
|
September 11, 1749
|
Spencer Phips
(acting)
|
September 15, 1749
|
August 7, 1753
|
![A three quarter length portrait of William Shirley. He wears a red coat over a white shirt with lace ruffled cuffs. His right hand rests on desk or table containing papers.](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/William_Shirley.JPG/75px-William_Shirley.JPG) William Shirley
|
August 7, 1753
|
September 25, 1756
|
Spencer Phips
(acting)
|
September 25, 1756
|
died April 4, 1757
|
Governor's Council
(acting)
|
April 5, 1757
|
August 3, 1757
|
Vacant
|
![A head and shoulders black and white engraved portrait of THomas Pownall.](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Thomas_Pownall.jpg/75px-Thomas_Pownall.jpg) Thomas Pownall
|
August 3, 1757
|
June 3, 1760
|
Thomas Hutchinson
(June 1, 1758 ?
March 14, 1771)
|
![An oil painting of a head and shoulders portrait of Thomas Hutchinson.](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/ThomasHutchinsonByEdwardTruman.jpg/75px-ThomasHutchinsonByEdwardTruman.jpg) Thomas Hutchinson
(acting)
|
June 3, 1760
|
August 2, 1760
|
![A head and shoulders portrait of Francis Bernard. This black-and-white photograph of an oil painting is blotched due to age.](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/FrancisBernard.png/75px-FrancisBernard.png) Sir Francis Bernard, 1st Baronet
|
August 2, 1760
|
August 1, 1769
|
![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/ThomasHutchinsonByEdwardTruman.jpg/75px-ThomasHutchinsonByEdwardTruman.jpg) Thomas Hutchinson
(acting, August 2, 1769 ?
March 14, 1771)
|
August 2, 1769
|
May 17, 1774
|
Andrew Oliver
(March 14, 1771 ?
died March 3, 1774)
|
Vacant
|
![A half-length portrait of Thomas Gage. His red military uniform is visible.](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Thomas_Gage_John_Singleton_Copley.jpeg/75px-Thomas_Gage_John_Singleton_Copley.jpeg) The Hon. Thomas Gage
|
May 17, 1774
|
October 11, 1775
[a]
|
Thomas Oliver
(August 8, 1774 ?
March 17, 1776)
[b]
|
Source unless otherwise cited:
Massachusetts Royal Commissions
, pp. xxxiii?xxxv
|
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
This is the
de facto
end of Gage's tenure, when he departed Boston for the last time.
[55]
- ^
This is the
de facto
end of Oliver's tenure, when he departed Boston for the last time.
[56]
- ^
Grizzard and Smith, p. 189
- ^
Vaughan, p. 64
- ^
Hart, p. 1:67
- ^
a
b
Hart, p. 1:69
- ^
a
b
Hart, p. 1:72
- ^
Hart, p. 1:78
- ^
Hart, p. 1:83
- ^
Hart, p. 1:607
- ^
Hart, pp. 1:569?572
- ^
a
b
c
d
Barnes, pp. 267?269
- ^
a
b
c
Capen, p. 54
- ^
Moore, p. 46
- ^
Moore, p. 79
- ^
Thomas, G.E. (March 1975). "Puritans, Indians, and the Concept of Race".
New England Quarterly
.
48
(1). The New England Quarterly, Inc.: 12.
doi
:
10.2307/364910
.
JSTOR
364910
.
- ^
Adams and Nash, pp. 25?29
- ^
Adams and Nash, pp. 29?30
- ^
Adams and Nash, pp. 30?31
- ^
Levermore, p. 603
- ^
Adams and Nash, pp. 31?34
- ^
Hart, pp. 1:96?99
- ^
Moore, pp. 240, 348
- ^
Moore, pp. 348?349
- ^
Hart, pp. 1:99?101
- ^
Moore, pp. 242,350
- ^
Hart, pp. 1:112, 1:607
- ^
Barnes, pp. 6?32
- ^
Hart, p. 1:566
- ^
Barnes, pp. 46?69
- ^
Hart, pp. 1:600?601
- ^
Hart, p. 1:602
- ^
Moore, p. 244
- ^
Capen (p. 54) incorrectly lists Dudley as deputy; it was in fact Endecott. Davis, p. 163
- ^
a
b
Moore, p. 393
- ^
a
b
c
Moore, p. 385
- ^
Moore, p. 226
- ^
Barnes, pp. 29?30
- ^
Barnes, pp. 32?39
- ^
Barnes, pp. 128?130, 187?201
- ^
Barnes, pp. 234?250
- ^
Hart, pp. 1:602?603
- ^
Barnes, pp. 247?249
- ^
Barnes, pp. 45?49
- ^
Barnes, p. 54
- ^
a
b
Barnes, p. 69
- ^
Barnes, p. 55
- ^
Barnes, p. 72
- ^
Hart, pp. 2:514?523, 2:591
- ^
Hart, p. 2:562
- ^
French, p. 130
- ^
French, p. 355
- ^
Peters, pp. 16?18
- ^
Kimball, pp. 77, 193
- ^
a
b
Massachusetts Royal Commissions
, p. xxxiv
- ^
Kimball, pp. 193?197
- ^
Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts
, p. 17:87
- ^
Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts
, p. 17:96
References
[
edit
]
- Adams, Charles; Nash, Gilbert (1905).
Wessagusset and Weymouth
. Weymouth, MA: Weymouth Historical Society.
OCLC
1066255
.
- Barnes, Viola Florence (1960) [1923].
The Dominion of New England: A Study in British Colonial Policy
. New York: Frederick Ungar.
ISBN
978-0-8044-1065-6
.
OCLC
395292
.
- Capen, Nahum, ed. (1851).
The Massachusetts State Record, Volume 5
. Boston: James French.
OCLC
1770853
.
- Davis, William Thomas (1895).
Bench and Bar of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Volume 1
. Boston, MA: The Boston History Company.
OCLC
15711603
.
- French, Allen
(1911).
The Siege of Boston
. New York: McMillan.
OCLC
3927532
.
- Gifford, Stephen Nye; Marden, George Augustus; McLaughlin, Edward A.; Clapp, E. Herbert; Robinson, William Stevens; Sleeper, George T.; Coolidge, Henry D.; Kimball, James W.; Stowe, William; Taylor, Charles Henry (1880).
A Manual for the Use of the General Court
. Boston.
OCLC
1251790
.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link
)
- Grizzard, Frank; Smith, D. Boyd (2007).
Jamestown Colony: a Political, Social, and Cultural History
. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC?CLIO.
ISBN
978-1-85109-642-8
.
OCLC
123965653
.
- Hart, Albert Bushnell, ed. (1927).
Commonwealth History of Massachusetts
. New York: The States History Company.
OCLC
1543273
.
A multi-volume history of Massachusetts, structured as a series of essays on many topics.
- Kimball, Everett (1911).
The Public Life of Joseph Dudley
. New York: Longmans, Green.
OCLC
1876620
.
- Levermore, Charles, ed. (1912).
Forerunners and Competitors of the Pilgrims and Puritan, Volume 2
. Brooklyn, NY: New England Society of Brooklyn.
OCLC
1728802
.
- Massachusetts Royal Commissions, 1681?1774
. Boston, MA: Colonial Society of Massachusetts. 1913.
OCLC
1564125
.
- Moore, Jacob Bailey (1851).
Lives of the Governors of New Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay
. Boston: C. D. Strong. p.
273
.
OCLC
11362972
.
- Peters, Ronald M (1978).
The Massachusetts Constitution of 1780: a Social Compact
. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.
ISBN
978-0-87023-143-8
.
OCLC
3516166
.
- Vaughan, Alden (2007).
Transatlantic Encounters: American Indians in Britain, 1500?1776
. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
ISBN
978-0-521-86594-4
.
OCLC
243513137
.
- Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, Volume 17
. Boston, MA: Colonial Society of Massachusetts. 1915. p.
96
.
OCLC
1564125
.