This is a
list of broadcast station classes
applicable in much of North America under international agreements between the United States, Canada and Mexico.
Effective radiated power
(ERP) and
height above average terrain
(HAAT) are listed unless otherwise noted.
All
radio
and
television stations
within 320 kilometers (199 miles) of the
US-Canada
or
US-Mexico border
must get approval by both the domestic and foreign agency. These agencies are
Industry Canada
/
Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission
(CRTC) in Canada, the
Federal Communications Commission
(FCC) in the US, and the
Federal Telecommunications Institute
(IFT) in Mexico.
Station class descriptions
[
edit
]
All domestic (United States) AM stations are classified as
A
,
B
,
C
, or
D
.
[1]
- A
(formerly
I
) ?
clear-channel stations
? 10 kW to 50 kW, 24 hours.
- Class A stations are only protected within a 750-mile (1,207-kilometer) radius of the transmitter site.
- The old Class I was divided into three: Class I-A, I-B and I-N.
NARBA
distinguished between Class I-A, which were true clear-channel stations that did not share their channel with another Class I station, and Class I-B, in which a station operated with 50 kW at night but shared its channel with at least one other I-B station, requiring directional operation. This distinction was superseded by the
Regional Agreement for the Medium Frequency Broadcasting Service in Region 2
(Rio Agreement), which instituted the current class system.
- The former Class I-As are omnidirectional, with the exception of 870 WWL New Orleans and 1030 WBZ Boston, which use directional antennas to put a better signal over their largest population areas.
- Most former Class I-Bs are directional at night, although a few are also directional during days. (A handful of I-Bs did not have to use directional antennas: 680 KNBR San Francisco, 810 WGY Schenectady, 850 KOA Denver, 940 XEQ Mexico City, 1070 KNX Los Angeles and 1070 CBA Moncton. KNX and CBA were far enough apart that both could operate without using a directional antenna. XEQ is far enough from Montreal that it did not need a directional antenna. KNBR and KOA are the only Class Is on their frequency but share those frequencies with several Class II-Bs.)
- Former Class I-N stations exist only in Alaska, where they are too remote to interfere with other clear-channel stations in the contiguous 48 states. They are only held to Class B efficiency standards (although higher efficiency is acceptable).
- No new Class A stations are licensed in the conterminous United States, although the FCC states it may be possible to license additional Class A stations in Alaska.
- B
(formerly
II
and
III
) ? regional stations ? 250 W to 50 kW, 24 hours.
- Stations on the
AM expanded band
, 1610 kHz to 1700 kHz, are limited to 10 kW days and 1 kW nights, non-directionally.
- Several expanded band stations operate DA-N or even DA-2 with up to 10 kW during all hours, after providing proof that such operations will not cause co- or adjacent-channel interference.
- If under 250 W at night, the antenna must be efficient enough to radiate more than 140.82 mV/m at 1 km.
- C
(formerly
IV
) ? local unlimited-time stations ? 250 W to 1 kW, 24 hours.
- Class C stations that were licensed at 100 W are
grandfathered
.
- Rare Class Cs operate with directional arrays, such as
KYPA
and
KHCB
.
- D
(formerly
II-D
,
II-S
,
III-S
) ? current and former
daytimers
? Daytime 250 W to 50 kW, nighttime under 250 W or off-air.
- Field strength
is limited to 140 mV/m (millivolts per meter) at 1 km.
- No new class D stations are licensed, with the exception of Class B stations that are downgrading their nighttime operations to Class D (i.e., less than 250 W). The station's daytime operation is then also reclassified as Class D.
- If a Class D station is on the air at night, it is not protected from any co-channel interference.
- TIS
/
HAR
?
travelers' information stations
/ highway advisory radio stations ? Up to 10 W transmitter output power. Stations within
US national parks
are licensed by
NTIA
and not the FCC.
- Unlicensed broadcasting
? (see
low-power broadcasting
) ? 100 mW DC input to final amplifier with a 3-meter (10-foot) maximum length radiator, no license needed, may be measured at edge of campus for school stations and neighborhood broadcasters.
Notes:
- In the Western Hemisphere (
ITU region 2
),
medium wave
AM broadcasts are on channels spaced 10 kHz apart from 530 kHz to 1700 kHz, with certain classes restricted to subsets of the available frequencies.
- With few exceptions, Class A stations can be found only on the frequencies of 540 kHz, 640 to 780 kHz, 800 to 900 kHz, 940 kHz, 990 to 1140 kHz, 1160 to 1220 kHz, and 1500 to 1580 kHz. The exceptions are cited in relevant international treaties.
- While US and Canadian Class A stations are authorized to operate at a maximum of 50,000 watts day and night (and a minimum of 10,000 watts at night, if grandfathered), certain existing Mexican Class A stations, and certain new Cuban Class A stations are authorized to operate at a higher power. Certain Mexican Class A stations are authorized to operate at less than 50,000 watts at night, if grandfathered, but may operate at up to 100,000 watts during the day.
- Class B and D stations can be found on any frequencies from 540 kHz to 1700 kHz except where frequencies have been reserved for Class C stations.
- Class C stations can be found in the lower 48 US states on the frequencies of 1230 kHz, 1240 kHz, 1340 kHz, 1400 kHz, 1450 kHz, and 1490 kHz (commonly known as "graveyard" frequencies). Other countries may use other frequencies for their Class C stations.
- American territories in ITU region 3 with AM broadcasting stations (
Guam
and the
Northern Mariana Islands
) use the 9 kHz spacing customary to the rest of the world. All stations are class B or lower.
- Canada also defines Class CC (
Carrier Current
, restricted to the premises) and LP. (less than 100 watts)
[2]
- TIS stations can be found on any frequency from 530 kHz to 1700 kHz in the US, but may only carry non-commercial messages without music. There is a network of TISs on 1710 in New Jersey.
- Low-power AM
stations located on a school campus are allowed to be more powerful, so long as their signal strength does not exceed roughly 14 to 45 μV/m (microvolts per meter) (depending on frequency) at a distance of 30 meters (98.4 ft) from campus.
Former system
[
edit
]
AM station classes were previously assigned
Roman numerals
from I to IV in the US, with subclasses indicated by a letter suffix. Current class A is equivalent to the old class I; class B is the old classes II and III, with class D being the II-D, II-S, and III-S subclasses; and class C is the old class IV.
The following conversion table compares the old AM station classes with the new AM station classes:
Old Domestic Station Class
|
New Domestic Station Class
|
I
|
A
|
II
|
B
|
III
|
B
|
IV
|
C
|
II-S
|
D
|
III-S
|
D
|
II-D
(Daytime Only)
|
D
|
AM station classes and clear channels listed by frequency
[
edit
]
The following chart lists frequencies on the
broadcast company
band, and which classes broadcast on these frequencies;
Class A
and
Class B
, 10,000 watt and higher (full-time) stations in North America which broadcast on
clear-channel station
frequencies are also shown.
By international agreement, Class A stations must be 10,000 watts and above, with a 50,000 watt maximum for the US and Canada, but no maximum for other governments in the region. Mexico, for example, typically runs 150,000 to 500,000 watts, but some stations are
grandfathered
at 10,000 to 20,000 watts at night; by treaty, these sub-50,000 watt Mexican stations may operate with a maximum of 100,000 watts during the daytime.
[3]
Because the AM broadcast band developed before technology suitable for
directional antennas
, there are numerous exceptions, such as the US use of 800 (kHz) and 900 non-directionally in Alaska, limited to 5 kW at night; and 1050 and 1220, directionally, in the
continental US
, and without time limits; each of these being assigned to specific cities (and each of these being Mexican Class I-A clear channels). In return for these limits on US stations, Mexico accepted limits on 830 and 1030 in Mexico City, non-directionally, restricted to 5 kW at night (both of these being US Class I-A clear channels).
Channel
Type
|
Frequency
(
kHz
)
|
Available
Classes
|
Assignment
Old class designation in ()
|
—
|
530
|
—
|
In the US, reserved for low power
AM
Travelers' Information Stations
|
Clear
|
540
|
A, B, D
|
CBK
Watrous, Saskatchewan
: Class A (I-A)
CBT
Grand Falls-Windsor
, Newfoundland and Labrador: Class A (I-B)
XEWA
San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi
: Class A (I-A)
WFLF
Pine Hills, Florida
: Class B (II-B)
|
Regional
|
550
|
(A), B, D
|
CMBV
Wajay, Cuba: Class A "Rio" grant: 500 kW all hours; special grant of a Cuban Class A on a regional channel
|
Regional
|
560
|
B, D
|
|
Regional
|
570
|
(A), B, D
|
CMEA
Santa Clara, Cuba: Class A "Rio" grant: 30 kW all hours; special grant of a Cuban Class A on a regional channel
|
Regional
|
580
|
(A), B, D
|
CMAA
Pinar del Rio, Cuba: Class A "Rio" grant: 30 kW all hours; special grant of a Cuban Class A on a regional channel
KMJ
Fresno, California
Class B (III-A) 50 kW all hours; directional all hours
|
Regional
|
590
|
(A), B, D
|
CMCA
San Antonio Vegas, Cuba: Class A "Rio" grant: 150 kW all hours; special grant of a Cuban Class A on a regional channel
|
Regional
|
600
|
(A), B, D
|
CMKA
San German, Cuba: Class A "Rio" grant: 150 kW all hours; special grant of a Cuban Class A on a regional channel
|
Regional
|
610
|
B, D
|
|
Regional
|
620
|
(A), B, D
|
CMDA
Colon, Cuba: Class A "Rio" grant: 30 kW all hours; special grant of a Cuban Class A on a regional channel
|
Regional
|
630
|
(A), B, D
|
CMHA
Camaguey, Cuba: Class A "Rio" grant: 30 kW all hours; special grant of a Cuban Class A on a regional channel
|
Clear
|
640
|
A, B, D
|
KFI
Los Angeles, California: Class A (I-A)
KYUK
Bethel, Alaska
: Class A (I-N)
CBN
St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
: Class A (I-B) NARBA grant: 10 kW non-directional all hours
|
Clear
|
650
|
A, B, D
|
WSM
Nashville, Tennessee
: Class A (I-A)
KENI
Anchorage, Alaska
: Class A (I-N)
|
Clear
|
660
|
A, B, D
|
WFAN
New York City: Class A (I-A)
KFAR
Fairbanks, Alaska
: Class A (I-N)
KTNN
Window Rock, Arizona
: Class B (II-B)
CMDC
Colon, Cuba: Class A "Rio" grant: 30 kW all hours; special grant of a Cuban Class A on a US clear channel
|
Clear
|
670
|
A, B, D
|
WSCR
Chicago, Illinois: Class A (I-A)
KDLG
Dillingham, Alaska
: Class A (I-N)
KBOI
Boise, Idaho
: Class B (II-A)
CMBC
Arroyo Arena, Cuba: Class A "Rio" grant: 50 kW all hours; special grant of a Cuban Class A on a US clear channel
|
Clear
|
680
|
A, B, D
|
KNBR
San Francisco, California
: Class A (I-B) ND-U
KBRW
Barrow, Alaska
: Class A (I-N)
WRKO
Boston, Massachusetts
: Class B (II-B)
WCBM
Baltimore, Maryland
: Class B (II-B)
WPTF
Raleigh, North Carolina
: Class B (II-B)
|
Clear
|
690
|
A, B, D
|
CKGM
Montreal
, Quebec: Class A (I-A)
CBU
Vancouver
,
British Columbia
: Class B (II-B)
XEWW
Tijuana
, Baja California: Class A (I-B) NARBA grant: 50 kW, directional all hours; currently 77 kW days, 50 kW nights, directional all hours
WOKV
Jacksonville, Florida
: Class B (II-B)
CMEC
Santa Clara, Cuba: Class A "Rio" grant: 50 kW all hours; special grant of a Cuban Class A on a Canadian clear channel
|
Clear
|
700
|
A, B, D
|
WLW
Cincinnati, Ohio
: Class A (I-A)
KBYR
Anchorage, Alaska
: Class A (I-N)
|
Clear
|
710
|
A, B, D
|
WOR
New York City: Class A (I-B)
KIRO
Seattle, Washington
: Class A (I-B)
KSPN
Los Angeles, California: Class B (II-B)
WAQI
Miami, Florida
: Class B (II-B)
|
Clear
|
720
|
A, B, D
|
WGN
Chicago, Illinois: Class A (I-A)
KOTZ
Kotzebue, Alaska
: Class A (I-N)
|
Clear
|
730
|
A, B, D
|
CKAC
Montreal
, Quebec: Class A (II-B) ("Rio" grant: promotion to Class A)
XEX
Mexico City
: Class A (I-A)
CMHC
Camaguey, Cuba: Class A "Rio" grant: 30 kW all hours; special grant of a Cuban Class A on a Mexican clear channel
|
Clear
|
740
|
A, B, D
|
CFZM
Toronto, Ontario: Class A (I-A)
KCBS
San Francisco
, California: Class B (II-B) Formerly KQW
San Jose, California
WYGM
Orlando, Florida
: Class B (II-B)
KRMG
Tulsa, Oklahoma
: Class B (II-B)
KTRH
Houston, Texas
: Class B (II-B)
CMAC
Pinar del Rio, Cuba: Class A "Rio" grant: 30 kW all hours; special grant of a Cuban Class A on a Canadian clear channel
|
Clear
|
750
|
A, B, D
|
WSB
Atlanta, Georgia
: Class A (I-A)
KFQD
Anchorage, Alaska
: Class A (I-N)
CBGY
Bonavista, Newfoundland and Labrador
: Class A (I-B) (New station; Grandfathered at 10 kW)
KMMJ
Grand Island, Nebraska
: Class B (II-B)
KXTG
Portland, Oregon
: Class B (II-B)
|
Clear
|
760
|
A, B, D
|
WJR
Detroit, Michigan
: Class A (I-A)
KGB
San Diego, California
: Class B (II-B)
CMKC
Cacocun, Cuba: Class A "Rio" grant: 75 kW all hours; special grant of a Cuban Class A on a US clear channel
|
Clear
|
770
|
A, B, D
|
WABC
New York City: Class A (I-A)
KKOB
Albuquerque, New Mexico
: Class B (II-A)
KCHU
Valdez, Alaska
: Class A (I-N)
KTTH
Seattle, Washington
: Class B (II-B)
|
Clear
|
780
|
A, B, D
|
WBBM
Chicago, Illinois: Class A (I-A)
KNOM
Nome, Alaska
: Class A (I-N)
KKOH
Reno, Nevada
: Class B (II-A)
|
Regional
|
790
|
(A), B, D
|
CMAC
Guanabacoba, Cuba: Class A "Rio" grant: 30 kW all hours; special grant of a Cuban Class A on a regional channel
|
Clear
|
800
|
A, B, D
|
XEROK
Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua
: Class A (I-A)
CKLW
Windsor, Ontario
: Class B (II-B)
CMEB
Santa Clara, Cuba: Class A "Rio" grant: 30 kW all hours; special grant of a Cuban Class A on a Mexican clear channel
|
Clear
|
810
|
A, B, D
|
KGO
San Francisco, California
: Class A (I-B)
WGY
Schenectady, New York
: Class A (I-B) ND-U, but KGO was the originally assigned dominant station
WHB
Kansas City, Missouri
: Class B (II-B)
WKVM
San Juan, Puerto Rico
: Class B (II-B)
|
Clear
|
820
|
A, B, D
|
WBAP
Fort Worth, Texas
: Class A (I-A)
KCBF
Fairbanks, Alaska
: Class A (I-N)
|
Clear
|
830
|
A, B, D
|
WCCO
Minneapolis, Minnesota
: Class A (I-A)
KLAA
Orange, California
: Class B (II-B)
XEITE
Mexico City, Mexico: Class B (II-B) NARBA grant: 5 kW all hours; present operation 10 kW days, 5 kW nights
|
Clear
|
840
|
A, B, D
|
WHAS
Louisville, Kentucky
: Class A (I-A)
KXNT
North Las Vegas, Nevada
: Class B (II-B)
|
Clear
|
850
|
A, B, D
|
KOA
Denver, Colorado
: Class A (I-B) ND-U
KICY
Nome, Alaska
: Class A (I-N)
WEEI
Boston, Massachusetts
: Class B (II-B)
WTAR
Norfolk, Virginia
: Class B (II-B)
|
Clear
|
860
|
A, B, D
|
CJBC
Toronto, Ontario: Class A (I-A)
KTRB
San Francisco, California
: Class B (II-B) Presently operating at 7.5 kW nights
CMDB
Colon, Cuba: Class A "Rio" grant: 30 kW all hours; special grant of a Cuban Class A on a Canadian clear channel
|
Clear
|
870
|
A, B, D
|
WWL
New Orleans, Louisiana
: Class A (I-A)
|
Clear
|
880
|
A, B, D
|
WCBS
New York City: Class A (I-A)
KRVN
Lexington, Nebraska
: Class B (II-A)
CMAB
Pinar del Rio, Cuba: Class A "Rio" grant: 30 kW all hours; special grant of a Cuban Class A on a US clear channel
|
Clear
|
890
|
A, B, D
|
WLS
Chicago, Illinois: Class A (I-A)
KBBI
Homer, Alaska
: Class A (I-N)
KDXU
St. George, Utah
: Class B (II-A)
CMHB
Camaguey, Cuba: Class A "Rio" grant: 30 kW all hours; special grant of a Cuban Class A on a US clear channel
|
Clear
|
900
|
A, B, D
|
XEW
Mexico City
: Class A (I-A)
CKBI
Prince Albert, Saskatchewan
: Class A (II-B)
CMKB
Cacocun, Cuba: Class A "Rio" grant: 200 kW days, 50 kW nights; special grant of a Cuban Class A on a Mexican clear channel
|
Regional
|
910
|
(A), B, D
|
CMAC
Guanabacoba, Cuba: Class A "Rio" grant: 75 kW all hours; special grant of a Cuban Class A on a regional channel
|
Regional
|
920
|
B, D
|
|
Regional
|
930
|
B, D
|
|
Clear
|
940
|
A, B, D
|
CINW
Montreal
, Quebec: Class A (I-B)
XEQ
Mexico City
: Class A (I-B) ND-U
KFIG
Fresno, California
: Class B (II-B)
|
Regional
|
950
|
B, D
|
KJR
Seattle, Washington
Class B (II-B) 50 kW all hours; directional all hours
WWJ
Detroit, Michigan
: Class B (II-B) 50 kW all hours; directional all hours
|
Regional
|
960
|
B, D
|
|
Regional
|
970
|
B, D
|
|
Regional
|
980
|
A (only
CKNW
), B, D
|
CKNW
New Westminster
,
British Columbia
: Class A
|
Clear
|
990
|
A, B, D
|
CBW
Winnipeg
,
Manitoba
: Class A (I-A)
CBY
Corner Brook
, Newfoundland and Labrador: Class A (I-B)
WTLN
Orlando, Florida
: Class B (II-B)
|
Clear
|
1000
|
A, B, D
|
WMVP
Chicago, Illinois
: Class A (I-B)
KNWN
Seattle, Washington
: Class A (I-B)
XEOY
Mexico City, Mexico: Class A (I-B) NARBA grant: 10 kW all hours; present operation 50 kW days, 10 kW nights
|
Clear
|
1010
|
A, B, D
|
CBR
Calgary
, Alberta: Class A (I-A)
CFRB
Toronto, Ontario: Class A (II-B) (Class II-B promoted to Class A)
WINS
New York City: Class B (II-B)
CMBX
Wajay, Cuba: Class A "Rio" grant: 500 kW all hours; special grant of a Cuban Class A on a Canadian clear channel
|
Clear
|
1020
|
A, B, D
|
KDKA
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
: Class A (I-A)
KVNT
Eagle River, Alaska
: Class A (I-N)
KCKN
Roswell, New Mexico
: Class B (II-A)
KTNQ
Los Angeles, California: Class B (II-B)
|
Clear
|
1030
|
A, B, D
|
WBZ
Boston, Massachusetts
: Class A (I-A)
KTWO
Casper, Wyoming
: Class B (II-A)
XEQR
Mexico City, Mexico: Class B (II-B) NARBA grant: 5 kW all hours; present operation 50 kW days, 5 kW nights
|
Clear
|
1040
|
A, B, D
|
WHO
Des Moines, Iowa
: Class A (I-A)
|
Clear
|
1050
|
A, B, D
|
CHUM
Toronto
, Ontario: Class B (II-B)
XEG
Monterrey, Nuevo Leon
: Class A (I-A)
WEPN
New York City
: Class B (II-B) NARBA grant: 50 kW all hours, directional all hours; present operation: same
|
Clear
|
1060
|
A, B, D
|
KYW
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
: Class A (I-B)
XEEP
Mexico City
: Class A (I-B) NARBA grant: 20 kW all hours; present operation 50 kW days, 20 kW nights
|
Clear
|
1070
|
A, B, D
|
KNX
Los Angeles, California: Class A (I-B) ND-U
CBA
Moncton
, New Brunswick: Class A (I-B) ND-U (Silent)
|
Clear
|
1080
|
A, B, D
|
WTIC
Hartford, Connecticut
: Class A (I-B)
KRLD
Dallas, Texas
: Class A (I-B)
KOAN
Anchorage, Alaska
: Class A (I-N)
KFXX
Portland, Oregon
: Class B (II-B)
|
Clear
|
1090
|
A, B, D
|
KAAY
Little Rock, Arkansas
: Class A (I-B)
WBAL
Baltimore, Maryland
: Class A (I-B)
XEPRS
Rosarito Beach
, Baja California: Class A (I-B)
KPTR
Seattle, Washington
: Class B (II-B)
|
Clear
|
1100
|
A, B, D
|
WTAM
Cleveland, Ohio
: Class A (I-A)
KNZZ
Grand Junction, Colorado
: Class B (II-A)
KFAX
San Francisco, California
: Class B (II-B)
|
Clear
|
1110
|
A, B, D
|
WBT
Charlotte, North Carolina
: Class A (I-B)
KFAB
Omaha, Nebraska
: Class A (I-B)
KWVE
Pasadena, California
: Class B (II-B)
|
Clear
|
1120
|
A, B, D
|
KMOX
St. Louis, Missouri
: Class A (I-A)
KPNW
Eugene, Oregon
: Class B (II-A)
|
Clear
|
1130
|
A, B, D
|
KWKH
Shreveport, Louisiana
: Class A (I-B)
WBBR
New York City: Class A (I-B)
CKWX
Vancouver, British Columbia: Class A (I-B)
KTLK
Minneapolis, Minnesota
: Class B (II-B)
|
Clear
|
1140
|
A, B, D
|
WRVA
Richmond, Virginia
: Class A (I-B)
XEMR
Apodaca
, Nuevo Leon: Class A (I-B)
KHTK
Sacramento, California
: Class B (II-B)
|
Regional
|
1150
|
B, D
|
|
Clear
|
1160
|
A, B, D
|
KSL
Salt Lake City
, Utah: Class A (I-A)
WYLL
Chicago, Illinois: Class B (II-B)
|
Clear
|
1170
|
A, B, D
|
KTSB
Tulsa, Oklahoma
: Class A (I-B)
WWVA
Wheeling, West Virginia
: Class A (I-B)
KJNP
North Pole, Alaska
: Class A (I-N)
|
Clear
|
1180
|
A, B, D
|
WHAM
Rochester, New York
: Class A (I-A)
KOFI
Kalispell, Montana
: Class B (II-A)
|
Clear
|
1190
|
A, B, D
|
KEX
Portland, Oregon
: Class A (I-B)
WOWO
Fort Wayne, Indiana
: Class B (I-B) Former I-B downgraded to Class B by licensee's request; 9.8 kW nights
WLIB
New York City
: Class B (II-B) 10 kW days, 30 kW nights
XEWK-AM
Guadalajara, Jalisco
, Mexico: Class A (I-B) NARBA grant: 10 kW all hours; present operation 50 kW days, 10 kW nights
|
Clear
|
1200
|
A, B, D
|
WOAI
San Antonio, Texas
: Class A (I-A)
WMUZ
Taylor, Michigan
: Class B (II-B)
|
Clear
|
1210
|
A, B, D
|
WPHT
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
: Class A (I-A)
KGYN
Guymon, Oklahoma
: Class B (II-A)
|
Clear
|
1220
|
A, B, D
|
XEB
Mexico City
: Class A (I-A)
WHKW
Cleveland, Ohio
: Class B (II-B) NARBA grant: 50 kW all hours, directional all hours; present operation: same
|
Regional
|
1230
|
B
|
Stations in
Alaska
,
Hawaii
,
Puerto Rico
, and the
United States Virgin Islands
|
Local
|
1230
|
C
|
Stations in conterminous 48 states
|
Regional
|
1240
|
B
|
Stations in
Alaska
,
Hawaii
,
Puerto Rico
, and the
United States Virgin Islands
|
Local
|
1240
|
C
|
Stations in conterminous 48 states
|
Regional
|
1250
|
B, D
|
|
Regional
|
1260
|
A (only
CFRN
), B, D
|
CFRN
Edmonton
, Alberta: Class A (III-B) Class III-B promoted to Class A, but operating on a Class III frequency
|
Regional
|
1270
|
B, D
|
|
Regional
|
1280
|
B, D
|
|
Regional
|
1290
|
B, D
|
|
Regional
|
1300
|
B, D
|
|
Regional
|
1310
|
B, D
|
|
Regional
|
1320
|
B, D
|
|
Regional
|
1330
|
B, D
|
|
Regional
|
1340
|
B
|
Stations in
Alaska
,
Hawaii
,
Puerto Rico
, and the
United States Virgin Islands
|
Local
|
1340
|
C
|
Stations in conterminous 48 states
|
Regional
|
1350
|
B, D
|
|
Regional
|
1360
|
B, D
|
|
Regional
|
1370
|
B, D
|
|
Regional
|
1380
|
B, D
|
KRKO
Everett, Washington
Class B (III-A) 50 kW all hours; directional nights
|
Regional
|
1390
|
B, D
|
|
Regional
|
1400
|
B
|
Stations in
Alaska
,
Hawaii
,
Puerto Rico
, and the
United States Virgin Islands
|
Local
|
1400
|
C
|
Stations in conterminous 48 states
|
Regional
|
1410
|
B, D
|
|
Regional
|
1420
|
B, D
|
|
Regional
|
1430
|
B, D
|
|
Regional
|
1440
|
B, D
|
|
Regional
|
1450
|
B
|
Stations in
Alaska
,
Hawaii
,
Puerto Rico
, and the
United States Virgin Islands
|
Local
|
1450
|
C
|
Stations in conterminous 48 states
|
Regional
|
1460
|
B, D
|
|
Regional
|
1470
|
B, D
|
|
Regional
|
1480
|
B, D
|
|
Regional
|
1490
|
B
|
Stations in
Alaska
,
Hawaii
,
Puerto Rico
, and the
United States Virgin Islands
|
Local
|
1490
|
C
|
Stations in conterminous 48 states
|
Clear
|
1500
|
A, B, D
|
WFED
Washington, D.C.: Class A (I-B)
KSTP
Saint Paul, Minnesota
: Class A (I-B)
|
Clear
|
1510
|
A, B, D
|
WLAC
Nashville, Tennessee
: Class A (I-B)
WMEX
Boston, Massachusetts
: Class B (II-B) downgraded to 10 kW days, 100 watts nights, non-directional at all times
KGA
Spokane, Washington
: Class B (I-B) Former I-B downgraded to Class B by licensee's request; 15 kW nights
|
Clear
|
1520
|
A, B, D
|
WWKB
Buffalo, New York
: Class A (I-B)
KOKC
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
: Class A (I-B)
KGDD
Oregon City, Oregon
: Class B (II-B)
KKXA
Snohomish, Washington
Class B (II-B) 50 kW all hours; directional all hours
|
Clear
|
1530
|
A, B, D
|
KFBK
Sacramento, California
: Class A (I-B)
WCKY
Cincinnati, Ohio
: Class A (I-B)
|
Clear
|
1540
|
A, B, D
|
KXEL
Waterloo, Iowa
: Class A (I-B)
ZNS-1
Nassau, Bahamas
: Class A (I-A)
KMPC
Los Angeles, California: Class B (II-B)
|
Clear
|
1550
|
A, B, D
|
XERUV
Xalapa
, Veracruz: Class A (I-B) NARBA grant: 10 kW non-directional
CBEF
Windsor, Ontario
: Class A (I-B) NARBA grant: 10 kW directional all hours
KKOV
Vancouver, Washington
: Class B (II-B)
|
Clear
|
1560
|
A, B, D
|
KNZR
Bakersfield, California
: Class A (I-B) Only US Class A grandfathered at 10 kW nights, increased daytime power to 25 kW
WFME
New York City: Class A (I-B)
|
Clear
|
1570
|
A, B, D
|
XERF
Ciudad Acuna
, Coahuila: Class A (I-A) NARBA grant: 250 kW, now operating at 100 kW
|
Clear
|
1580
|
A, B, D
|
CKDO
Oshawa, Ontario
: Class A (I-A) operating at 10 kW
KBLA
Santa Monica, California
: Class B (II-B)
|
Regional
|
1590
|
B, D
|
|
Regional
|
1600
|
B, D
|
|
Regional (Expanded)
|
1610
|
|
In the US, used solely by low power
AM
Travelers' Information Stations
.
|
Regional (Expanded)
|
1620
|
B
|
|
Regional (Expanded)
|
1630
|
B
|
|
Regional (Expanded)
|
1640
|
B
|
|
Regional (Expanded)
|
1650
|
B
|
|
Regional (Expanded)
|
1660
|
B
|
|
Regional (Expanded)
|
1670
|
B
|
|
Regional (Expanded)
|
1680
|
B
|
|
Regional (Expanded)
|
1690
|
B
|
|
Regional (Expanded)
|
1700
|
B
|
|
[4]
Station class description
[
edit
]
Class
|
Effective Radiated Power (ERP, calculated using transmitter power and antenna HAAT)
|
Antenna Height Above Average Terrain (HAAT)
|
Reference distance
|
C
|
100 kW (or higher for grandfathered stations)
|
300 to 600 m (984 to 1,969 ft)
|
91.8 km (57.0 mi)
|
C0
|
100 kW
|
300 to 450 m (984 to 1,476 ft)
|
83.4 km (51.8 mi)
|
C1
|
up to 100 kW
|
under 300 m (984 ft)
|
83.4 km (51.8 mi)
|
C2
|
up to 50 kW
|
up to 150 m (492 ft)
|
52.2 km (32.4 mi)
|
C3
|
up to 25 kW
|
up to 100 m (328 ft)
|
39.1 km (24.3 mi)
|
C4 (US rulemaking)
|
up to 12 kW
|
up to 100 m (328 ft)
|
33.3 km (20.7 mi)
|
B
|
up to 50 kW
|
up to 150 m (492 ft)
|
65.1 km (40.5 mi)
|
B1
|
up to 25 kW
|
up to 100 m (328 ft)
|
44.7 km (27.8 mi)
|
A
|
100 W to 6 kW (3 kW in Mexico)
|
up to 100 m (328 ft)
|
28.3 km (17.6 mi) (24 km (15 mi) in Mexico)
|
A1
(Canada)
[1]
|
50 W to 250 W
|
up to 100 m (328 ft)
|
18 km (11 mi)
|
AA
(Mexico)
[5]
|
up to 6 kW (the former limit for A)
|
up to 100 m (328 ft)
|
28 km (17 mi)
|
D
|
up to 250 W ERP except US non-
translators
to 10W
TPO
up to 50 W (Mexico)
|
unlimited
up to 45 m (148 ft) (Mexico)
|
unspecified
5 km (3 mi) (Mexico)
|
L1
(US, also
LP100
)
|
50 W to 100 W
|
up to 30 m (98 ft)
|
5.6 km (3.5 mi)
|
L2
(US, also
LP10
)
|
1 W to 10 W
|
up to 30 m (98 ft)
|
3.2 km (2.0 mi)
|
LP
(Canada)
|
10-50 W
|
|
|
VLP
(Canada)
|
up to 10 W
|
|
|
unlicensed
|
signal strength
of 250 μV/m (US), 100 μV/m (Canada)
|
unspecified
|
measured at 3 m (10 ft) (US), 30 m (98 ft) (Canada)
|
Notes:
- Canada protects all radio stations out to a
signal strength
of 0.5
mV/m
(54dBu), whereas only commercial B stations in the US are. Commercial B1 in the US is 0.7mV/m (57dBu), and all other stations are 1.0mV/m (60dBu).
Noncommercial-band
stations (88.1 to 91.9) are not afforded this protection, and are treated as C3 and C2 even when they are B1 or B. C3 and C2 may also be reported internationally as B1 and B, respectively.
- Class C0 is for former C stations, demoted at request of another station which needs the downgrade to accommodate its own facilities.
- In practice, many stations are above the maximum HAAT for a particular class, and correspondingly must downgrade their power to remain below the reference distance. Conversely, they may
not
increase power if they are
below
maximum HAAT.
- All class D (including L1 and L2
LPFM
and translator) stations are secondary in the US, and can be bumped or forced off-air completely, even if they are not just a repeater and are the only station a licensee has.
- The United States is divided into regions that have different restrictions for FM stations. Zone I (much of the
US Northeast
and
Midwest
) and I-A (most of
California
, plus
Puerto Rico
) is limited to classes B and B1, while Zone II (everything else) has only the C classes. All areas have the same classes for A and D.
- Power and height restrictions were put in place in 1962. A number of previously existing stations were
grandfathered
in, such as
KRUZ
in
Santa Barbara, California
, and
WLFP
in
Memphis, Tennessee
.
The following table lists the various classes of FM stations, the reference facilities for each station class, and the protected and city grade contours for each station class:
[6]
FM station
class
|
Reference
(maximum)
facilities for
station class
(
ERP
/
HAAT
)
|
FM
protected
or primary
service
contour
|
Distance to
protected or
primary
service
contour
|
Distance to 70
dBu city-grade
or principal
community
coverage
contour
|
Class A
|
6 kW
100 m (328 ft)
|
60 dBu (1.0mV/m)
|
28.3 km (17.6 mi)
|
16.2 km (10.1 mi)
|
Class B1
|
25 kW
100 m (328 ft)
|
57 dBu (0.7mV/m)
|
44.7 km (27.8 mi)
|
23.2 km (14.4 mi)
|
Class B
|
50 kW
150 m (492 ft)
|
54 dBu (0.5mV/m)
|
65.1 km (40.5 mi)
|
32.6 km (20.3 mi)
|
Class C3
|
25 kW
100 m (328 ft)
|
60 dBu (1.0mV/m)
|
39.1 km (24.3 mi)
|
23.2 km (14.4 mi)
|
Class C2
|
50 kW
150 m (492 ft)
|
60 dBu (1.0mV/m)
|
52.2 km (32.4 mi)
|
32.6 km (20.3 mi)
|
Class C1
|
100 kW
299 m (981 ft)
|
60 dBu (1.0mV/m)
|
72.3 km (44.9 mi)
|
50.0 km (31.1 mi)
|
Class C0
|
100 kW
450 m (1,476 ft)
|
60 dBu (1.0mV/m)
|
83.4 km (51.8 mi)
|
59.0 km (36.7 mi)
|
Class C
|
100 kW
600 m (1,969 ft)
|
60 dBu (1.0mV/m)
|
91.8 km (57.0 mi)
|
67.7 km (42.1 mi)
|
Historically, there were local "Class A" frequencies (like AM radio's class C stations) to which only class A stations would be allocated & the other frequencies could not have a class A. According to the 1982 FCC rules & regulations, those frequencies were: 92.1, 92.7, 93.5, 94.3, 95.3, 95.9, 96.7, 97.7, 98.3, 99.3, 100.1, 100.9, 101.7, 102.3, 103.1, 103.9, 104.9, 105.5, 106.3 & 107.1. Stations on those twenty frequencies were limited to having equivalent signals no greater that 3KW at 300 feet (91 meters) above average terrain.
FM zones
[
edit
]
The US is divided into three zones for FM broadcasting: I, I-A and II. The zone where a station is located may limit the choices of broadcast class available to a given FM station.
Zone I
in the US includes all of
Connecticut
, the
District of Columbia
,
Delaware
,
Illinois
,
Indiana
,
Massachusetts
,
Maryland
,
New Jersey
,
Ohio
,
Pennsylvania
,
Rhode Island
, and
West Virginia
. It also includes the areas south of
latitude
43.5°N in
Michigan
,
New Hampshire
, New York, and
Vermont
; as well as coastal
Maine
, southeastern
Wisconsin
, and northern and eastern
Virginia
.
Zone I-A
includes
California
south of 40°N, as well as
Puerto Rico
and the
US Virgin Islands
.
Zone II
includes the remainder of the
continental US
, plus
Alaska
and
Hawaii
.
In Zones I and I-A, there are no Class C, C0, or C1 stations. However, there are a few Class B stations with
grandfathered
power limits in excess of 50 KW, such as
WETA
(licensed for Washington DC in zone I, at a power of 75 kW ERP),
WNCI
(
Columbus, Ohio
in zone I, at 175 kW ERP),
KPFK
(Los Angeles in zone I-A, at 110 KW ERP), and the most extreme example being
WBCT
(
Grand Rapids, Michigan
, in zone I, at 320 kW ERP).
Full-power stations in the US
[
edit
]
- VHF low (2-6): 100 kW video analog at 1,000 feet (305 meters) in Zone I and 2,000 feet (610 meters) in Zone II and Zone III above average terrain; 10 kW in Zone I and 45 kW in Zone II and Zone III digital at 1,000 feet (305 meters) above average terrain
- VHF high (7-13): 316 kW video analog at 1,000 feet (305 meters) in Zone I and 2,000 feet (610 meters) in Zone II and Zone III above average terrain; 30 kW in Zone I and 160 kW in Zone II and Zone III digital at 1,000 feet (305 meters) above average terrain
- UHF (14-36): 5 MW (5,000 kW) video analog at 2,000 feet (610 meters) above average terrain; 1 MW (1,000 kW) digital at 2,000 feet (610 meters) above average terrain
Notes:
All full-power analog television station transmissions in the US were terminated at midnight
Eastern Daylight Time
on June 12, 2009.
[7]
[8]
Many broadcasters replaced their analog signal with their digital
ATSC
signal on the same transmission channel at that time.
- All US digital stations received a -DT suffix during the analog-to-digital transition. At analog shutdown, the FCC assigned to each digital station the call sign its associated analog station had used. (with a -TV suffix if the analog station had this suffix, without the -TV suffix if the analog station didn't have it). Stations could optionally choose to keep the -DT suffix.
[9]
Most stations did not keep the -DT suffix.
[10]
- For US analog stations, the -TV suffix was required if there was a radio station with the same three- or four-letter callsign. Stations not required to use the -TV suffix may optionally request it if desired.
- Analog audio power was limited to 22% of video.
[11]
Full-power stations in Canada
[
edit
]
- Class A: UHF, 10 kW video/100 m (328 ft)
EHAAT
- Class B: UHF, 100 kW video/150 m (492 ft)
EHAAT
- Class C: UHF, 1 MW (1,000 kW) video/300 m (984 ft)
EHAAT
(?)
- Class D: UHF, more than 1 MW (1,000 kW)/300 m (984 ft)
EHAAT
- Class R: VHF, 100 kW low-band (channels 2?6), 325 kW high-band. (channels 7-13)
- Class S: VHF, more than 100 kW low-band/325 kW high-band.
Notes:
- Official definitions of these classes are difficult to locate. The values above are inferred from the
Industry Canada database
. There is some ambiguity about the difference between Classes C and D.
- Power-level limitations are not firmly enforced in Canada, and
Industry Canada
has been known to license stations for power levels much higher than the generally accepted limits. For example,
CFRN-TV
in
Edmonton
,
Alberta
operated on Channel 3 at over 600 kW but was not subject to international co-ordination due to its location 500 km (311 mi) north of the border.
- In Canada, the callsigns of all private TV stations have the -TV suffix. Most
CBC Television
and
Ici Radio-Canada Tele
TV callsigns end in the letter T and have no suffix. A few Radio-Canada stations, purchased by the CBC from private owners, retain the old -TV callsigns.
- Canadian digital stations all receive the -DT suffix. (this includes CBC and Radio-Canada stations) The
Industry Canada database
shows -PT suffixes for the channel allotments for permanent post-transition digital operation but when licences are issued for these permanent digital stations, -DT callsigns are used.
Low-power TV (US)
[
edit
]
LPTV
(secondary) (suffix: -LP, or a sequential-numbered callsign in format W##XX with no suffix for analog or with -D suffix for digital, or -LD for low-power digital stations):
The LPTV (low-power television) service was created in 1982 by the FCC to allocate channels for smaller, local stations, and community channels, such as
public access
stations. LPTV stations that meet additional requirements such as children's "
E/I
" core programming and
Emergency Alert System
broadcasting capabilities can qualify for a
Class A (-CA)
license.
[12]
Broadcast translators
,
boosters
, and other
LPTV stations
are considered secondary to full-power stations, unless they have upgraded to class A. Class A is still considered LPTV with respect to stations in Canada and Mexico.
Class A television (US)
[
edit
]
Class-A
stations (US) (suffix: -CA or -CD for digital class A):
- VHF: 3 kW analog video; 3 kW digital
- UHF: 150 kW analog video; 15 kW digital
The class-A television class is a variant of LPTV created in 2000 by the FCC to allocate and protect some low-power affiliates. Class-A stations are still low-power, but are protected from
RF interference
and from having to change channel should a full-service station request that channel.
[13]
Additionally, class-A stations, LPTV stations, and translators are the only stations currently authorized to broadcast both analog and digital signals, unlike full-power stations which must broadcast a digital signal only.
Low-power TV (Canada)
[
edit
]
In Canada, there is no formal transmission power below which a television transmitter is considered broadcasting at low power. Industry Canada considers that a low power digital television undertaking "shall not normally extend a distance of 20 km in any direction from the antenna site," based on the determined noise-limited bounding contour.
[14]
Mexico
[
edit
]
All digital television stations in Mexico have
-TDT
callsign suffixes. Analog stations, which existed until December 31, 2016, had
-TV
callsign suffixes.
The equivalent of low power or translator service in Mexico is the
equipo complementario de zona de sombra
, which is intended only to fill in gaps between a station's expected and actual service area caused by terrain; a station of this type shares the callsign of another station. In analog, these services often were broadcast on the same or adjacent channels to their parent station, except in certain areas with tight packing of television stations (such as central Mexico). In digital, these services usually operate on the same RF channel as their parent station, except for those with conflicting full-power applications (
XHBS-TDT
Cd. Obregon, Son., channel 30 instead of 25), in certain other cases where it is technically not feasible (
XHAW-TDT
Guadalupe, NL, channel 26 instead of 25) or to make way for eventual repacking on upper UHF (
XHPNW-TDT
has four shadows on 33, its post-repacking channel, instead of 39).
Equipos complementarios
can relay their parent station, or a station that carries 75% or more of the same programming as its parent station.
[15]
Stations of either type may have unusually low or high effective radiated powers.
XHSMI-TDT
in Oaxaca is licensed for two watts in digital. The highest-powered shadows are
XEQ-TDT
Toluca and
XHBS-TDT
Ciudad Obregon, both at 200 kW.
FCC service table
[
edit
]
The United States
Federal Communications Commission
lists the following services on their website for television broadcasting:
Broadcast class
|
Service
|
Suffixes used or call sign examples
|
Television
allotment
(analog)
|
TA
|
An allocation of a frequency to a
city of license
for which no corresponding call sign or license has been assigned. FCC placeholder for possible future construction permits or frequencies allocated to non-US broadcast use. No call sign, identifier is a date (yymmdd) followed by a sequential two-letter value in the US FCC database.
|
Full-service TV (analog)
|
TV
|
-TV
or
none
(such as "
KRON-TV
" and "
KTLA
") Since the shutdown of all full power analog stations in June 2009, used only for historical records.
|
Class A (analog)
|
CA
|
-CA
, or a translator-style call sign (such as "
KTFB-CA
")
|
Low-power station (analog) or translator
|
LP
|
-LP
, or a translator-style call sign (such as "
KDMD-LP
" and "
K13IO
" with the 2 digits denoting the channel of operation)
|
TV
boosters
|
TB
|
Rare. These use the parent station's call sign plus a sequential number, such as
WSTE1
,
WSTE2
,
WSTE3
. Nameplates for on-channel
repeaters
bear the parent station's call sign, followed by "booster".
[16]
See
distributed transmission
. If the station is digital, and has on-channel boosters, they would typically be named
WSTE-DT1
,
WSTE-DT2
,
WSTE-DT3
and so on.
|
TV auxiliary (analog backup) service
|
TS
|
no specific suffix (uses same call sign as main transmitter)
|
NTSC (analog) petition for a channel change
|
NN
|
no specific suffix; uses same call sign as the station which made a request for a number/channel change (for NTSC/analog stations, and low-power repeaters, such as those registered as TX).
|
Digital Television
(full power)
|
DT
|
-DT
,
-TV
or
none
(such as
KGLA-DT
,
WSKY-TV
or
KOHD
). Some stations formerly used
-HD
, but this has become obsolete (though it may sometimes still be seen identifying the station's main subchannel in a
PSIP
listing). The -DT suffix, optional for digital-only stations, was used primarily to distinguish a DTV transmission from an analog signal of the same broadcast (or is seen identifying the main subchannel of a station on a PSIP display); likewise, -TV is optional except if the eponymous radio stations exist. A similar suffix
-DTV
, is used on all television stations in
Japan
.
|
Digital Class-A
|
CD
|
-CD
(such as "
WDNI-CD
" and "
WYYW-CD
") Some stations briefly used
-DC
as well (this has since become obsolete). A scant few still use translator-style call signs with the
-D
suffix (such as "
K36ID-D
").
|
Digital Low-power
|
LD
|
-LD
or translator-style calls with
-D
suffix (such as "
WBND-LD
" and "
W25AA-D
"), occasionally no suffix (uses same call sign as main transmitter). Some stations briefly used
-DL
as well (this has since become obsolete). Some full-powered stations (such as
WOIO
,
WXMI
and
WLS-TV
) have been granted approval for fill-in translators within their broadcast market to better cover outlying towns or heavily urbanied areas, particularly by stations with a VHF digital signal. These are technically -LD stations, but have the same call-sign as their parent station (such as WLS-TV or WOIO, and
not
as WLS-LD or WOIO-LD, though they could be considered as such for ease of differentiating the low-power repeater from its parent), similar to a Distributed Transmission System (but on different frequencies).
|
Digital
special temporary authority
(STA)
|
DS
|
no specific suffix; uses same call sign as station making a request for permission from the FCC to use a channel, power level or transmitter location not permanently allocated for one particular station. Temporary assignments retain, unmodified, the call sign of the corresponding permanent allocation; this includes translator-style calls (a format, such as W
55
ZZ-D, based on RF channel number plus a sequential identifier) even on those temporarily moving to another frequency.
|
Digital Television
distributed transmission system
(multiple transmitter sites)
|
DD
|
no specific suffix (uses same call sign as main transmitter); this is usually requested for a
single-frequency network
and to tailor coverage area to the needs of the viewers in the station's service area (such as covering towns and farmland, and not mountainous terrain or the ocean)
|
Digital auxiliary (backup) service
|
DX
(not to be confused with
DXing
)
|
no specific suffix (uses same call sign as main transmitter)
|
Digital
rulemaking
petition
|
DR
|
no specific suffix; uses same call sign as station making this request to add or modify a digital channel allocation
|
Land mobile use of a TV channel (TV RF channels 14-20 only)
|
LM
|
As "LM" is used in the FCC database to indicate reallocation of an entire channel, but not to identify individual users transmitting in that spectrum, a 6 MHz LM allocation does not itself carry a TV-style call sign. The spectrum of TV channels 14-20 is called "T-band" in LMR use.
[17]
Repeaters that operate in such an allocation use a 3 MHz offset instead of 5 MHz as normally used in the 450-470 MHz range.
|
ATSC 3.0 Futurecast
Experimental Broadcasts
|
EX
|
Used for officially licensed experimental
4K
/
2160p
Ultra HDTV
broadcast stations, such as
WRAL-TV
's UHDTV simulcast, WRAL-EX.
|
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"AM Station Classes, and Clear, Regional, and Local Channels"
.
fcc.gov
. Federal Communications Commission. 11 December 2015
. Retrieved
July 5,
2019
.
- ^
"Industry Canada Broadcasting Database"
. Archived from
the original
on 2013-12-07
. Retrieved
2011-01-29
.
- ^
"Clear Channel Stations"
.
www.oldradio.com
.
- ^
"FM Broadcast Station Classes and Service Contours"
.
fcc.gov
. 11 December 2015.
- ^
IFT: Disposicion Tecnica IFT-002-2016 "Especificaciones y requerimientos para la instalacion y operacion de las estaciones de radiodifusion sonora en frecuencia modulada en la banda de 88 a 108 MHz"
is the current document that defines FM station classes and operating parameters in Mexico.
- ^
"FM Broadcast Station Classes and Service Contours"
.
FCC
. Federal Communications Commission. 11 December 2015. Archived from
the original
on 1 March 2016
. Retrieved
28 October
2018
.
See
Talk page
.
- ^
A New Era in Television Broadcasting
Archived
2007-11-23 at the
Wayback Machine
- DTVTransition.org
- ^
"Congress delays DTV switch"
.
Christian Science Monitor
. 4 February 2009.
- ^
http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-09-1253A1.txt
- FCC DA-09-1253
- ^
http://licensing.fcc.gov/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/sta_sear.htm
Searching for the -DT suffix returns only 91 stations; -TV returns 903, searching for TV stations with no suffix at all returns 1,827. Searches conducted 29 Jan 2011.
- ^
http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2009/octqtr/47cfr73.1560.htm
- FCC regulation 73.1560(c)(2)
- ^
"Low Power Television (LPTV) Service"
.
fcc.gov
. 17 May 2011.
- ^
http://www.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Mass_Media/Orders/2001/fcc01123.txt
[
bare URL plain text file
]
- ^
"Part 10: Application and Procedures and Rules for Digital Television (DTV) Undertakings"
(PDF)
.
ic.gc.ca
.
- ^
IFT: Disposicion Tecnica IFT-013-2016 "Especificaciones y requerimientos minimos para la instalacion y operacion de estaciones de television, equipos auxiliares y equipos complementarios"
, which became effective on January 1, 2017, provides the guidelines for the operation of digital television stations and their shadows.
- ^
"US CFR 47 Part 74G - 74.733 UHF translator signal boosters"
.
gpoaccess.gov
. Archived from
the original
on 2012-03-05
. Retrieved
2008-07-13
.
- ^
"TV Query Results -- Video Division (FCC) USA"
.
www.fcc.gov
.
External links
[
edit
]