President
Barack Obama
and President-Elect
Donald Trump
sit in the
Oval Office
with the
Resolute
desk
, the desk they both used, in the background.
Since the construction of the
Oval Office
in 1909, there have been six different desks used in the office by the
president of the United States
.
[1]
The desk usually sits in front of the south wall of the Oval Office, which is composed of three large windows, has an executive chair behind, and has chairs for advisors placed to either side or in front.
[2]
Each president uses the Oval Office, and the desk in it, differently. It is widely used ceremonially for photo opportunities and press announcements. Some presidents, such as
Richard Nixon
, used the desk in this room only for these ceremonial purposes, while others, including
Dwight D. Eisenhower
used it as their main workspace.
[3]
The first desk used in the Oval Office was the
Theodore Roosevelt desk
. The desk currently in use by
Joe Biden
is the
Resolute
desk
. Of the six desks that have occupied the Oval Office, the
Resolute
has spent the longest time in the room, having been used by eight presidents. The
Resolute
has been used by
John F. Kennedy
and by all U.S. presidents since 1977 with the exception of
George H. W. Bush
. Bush used the
C&O desk
for his one term, making it the shortest-serving desk to date. Other past presidents have used the
Hoover desk
, the
Johnson desk
, and the
Wilson desk
.
[1]
The process for choosing a desk is not standardized and different presidents chose desks for different reasons. A few presidents have made public through interviews or papers in their
presidential libraries
how their choice was made. A 1974 memo explaining the desk options
Gerald Ford
could choose from is held at the
Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library
,
[4]
Jimmy Carter
wrote about choosing a desk as his first official presidential decision in his memoir
Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President
,
[5]
and in an interview with
Chris Wallace
,
Donald Trump
described that there are seven desks to choose from and that he chose the
Resolute
desk due to its history and beauty.
[6]
Joe Biden
explained in an interview with
Architectural Digest
that in suburban
Maryland
there is a facility with a replica Oval Office where interior decorators can test out the placement of furnishings before they are moved into the actual Oval Office on inauguration day.
[7]
History
[
edit
]
The
Theodore Roosevelt desk
in
William Howard Taft
's new Oval Office in 1909
The first Oval Office was constructed as part of the expansion of the
West Wing
to the White House in 1909 under president
William Howard Taft
.
[8]
The room was designed by
Nathan C. Wyeth
who chose the
Charles Follen McKim
designed
Theodore Roosevelt desk
, which was first used by
Theodore Roosevelt
in the previous executive office, for the new office space.
[9]
This desk remained in use by subsequent presidents until, on December 24, 1929, a fire severely damaged the West Wing during President
Herbert Hoover
's administration.
[10]
[11]
Hoover reconstructed the part of the White House affected, including the Oval Office, reopening them in 1930.
[10]
With the repair, Hoover was gifted a suite of 17 furniture pieces including a new desk, known as the
Hoover desk
, by an association of
Grand Rapids, Michigan
furniture-makers.
[12]
This new desk was used for the rest of Hoover's term in office and by
Franklin D. Roosevelt
for his
presidency
.
[13]
Roosevelt had the West Wing expanded during his time in office including the construction of a new Oval Office.
[14]
After Roosevelt died in office, the Hoover desk was given to his wife,
Eleanor Roosevelt
, and the Theodore Roosevelt desk was brought back to the newly rebuilt Oval Office in 1945 by then president
Harry S. Truman
and subsequently used by
Dwight Eisenhower
.
[13]
[4]
Stanley Tretick
's October 2, 1963 photo of
John F. Kennedy Jr.
playing in the kneehole of the
Resolute
desk
John F. Kennedy
briefly used the Theodore Roosevelt desk before it was switched out in 1961 for the
Resolute
desk
.
Jacqueline Kennedy
, John F. Kennedy's wife, thought the more ornately carved
Resolute
desk should be the most visible presidential desk.
[15]
[16]
Upon
Kennedy's assassination
in 1963, the
Resolute
desk was sent on a national tour, and his successor
Lyndon B. Johnson
elected to use
the desk
he had used as a senator and as vice president.
[17]
[18]
When Johnson left office the desk he used was sent to
his presidential library
.
[19]
When
Richard Nixon
became president he brought the
Wilson desk
, which he had used as vice president, and it remained in the Oval Office when
Gerald Ford
took over after
Nixon's resignation
.
[20]
Jimmy Carter
returned the
Resolute
desk to the Oval Office in 1977.
[21]
The desk has since been used in that room by every president other than
George H. W. Bush
who elected to go with the
C&O desk
, the desk he had used as vice president.
[22]
Doro Bush Koch
, one of George Bush's children, suggests Bush's choice to use his vice presidential desk may have been due to a perceived tradition of vice presidents that ascend to the presidency using their vice presidential desks.
[23]
The C&O Desk remained as part of the White House collection after Bush left office, according to Jay Patton, the supervisory curator of the
George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum
.
[24]
Joe Biden
, the next vice president to become president, did not follow this perceived tradition and continued using the
Resolute
desk.
[25]
Biden would have preferred to use the Hoover desk previously used by Franklin Roosevelt, but it could not be relocated from
Roosevelt's presidential library
in
Hyde Park, New York
.
[26]
Desks by president
[
edit
]
Below is a table noting each of the six desks ever used in the Oval Office, including the name they are most commonly known by, the presidents that used the desk, a description, and the desk's current location.
[note 1]
Desk
|
Oval Office tenant
[1]
|
Workspace dimensions
|
Notes
|
Current location
|
Picture
|
Theodore Roosevelt desk
|
William Howard Taft
|
90 by 53.5 inches (229 by 136 cm)
[4]
|
This desk was created in 1903 for then President Theodore Roosevelt. It was first used in the Oval Office by William Howard Taft and remained there until the West Wing fire in 1929. It remained in storage until 1945 when Harry S. Truman placed it in the modern Oval Office. Richard Nixon used this desk in the
Eisenhower Executive Office Building
where Stephen Hess of the
Brookings Institution
presumes, "the
Watergate tapes
were made by an apparatus concealed in its drawer".
[3]
|
Vice President's Ceremonial Office
,
Eisenhower Executive Office Building
,
Washington, D.C.
[27]
|
|
Woodrow Wilson
|
Warren G. Harding
|
Calvin Coolidge
|
Herbert Hoover
[note 2]
|
Harry S. Truman
|
Dwight D. Eisenhower
|
Hoover desk
|
Herbert Hoover
[note 2]
|
82.5 by 45.5 inches (210 by 116 cm)
[29]
|
A December 24, 1929 fire severely damaged the West Wing, including the Oval Office. President Herbert Hoover accepted the donation of a new desk from a group of
Grand Rapids, Michigan
, furniture-makers and used it as his Oval Office desk after the new office was completed.
[30]
[31]
|
Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum
,
Hyde Park, New York
[13]
|
|
Franklin D. Roosevelt
|
Resolute
desk
|
John F. Kennedy
|
72 by 48 inches (180 by 120 cm)
[4]
|
This desk was created from wood salvaged from
HMS
Resolute
and given to
Rutherford B. Hayes
by
Queen Victoria
in 1879.
[32]
It had a hinged front panel added to it by Franklin D. Roosevelt. The desk resided in the White House in various rooms, until
Jacqueline Kennedy
found it languishing in the "White House broadcast room". She had it restored and moved into the Oval Office.
[32]
After Kennedy's death, the desk was removed for a traveling exhibition, returning to the Oval Office under Jimmy Carter in 1977. It has been the Oval Office desk ever since with the exception of the George H.W. Bush presidential years.
[32]
|
Oval Office
,
The White House
,
Washington, D.C.
[33]
|
|
Jimmy Carter
|
Ronald Reagan
|
Bill Clinton
|
George W. Bush
|
Barack Obama
|
Donald Trump
|
Joe Biden
|
Johnson desk
|
Lyndon B. Johnson
|
75.5 by 45.5 inches (192 by 116 cm)
[34]
|
This desk was used by Johnson from the time he was in the
United States Senate
up through his tenure in the Oval Office.
[35]
It is one of only two desks to date, along with the C&O desk, to serve only one president.
|
Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum
,
Austin, Texas
[18]
|
|
Wilson desk
|
Richard Nixon
|
80.75 by 58.25 inches (205.1 by 148.0 cm)
[4]
|
Nixon used this desk both as vice president and president, because he believed that it had been used by President Woodrow Wilson. Actually, the desk had not been used by Woodrow Wilson or by Vice President
Henry Wilson
.
[3]
[20]
|
Vice President's Room
,
United States Capitol
,
Washington, D.C.
[36]
|
|
Gerald Ford
|
C&O desk
|
George H. W. Bush
|
Unknown
|
George H. W. Bush used this desk during his tenure as both vice president and president of the United States. It was created for the owners of the
Chesapeake & Ohio Railway
around 1920 and subsequently donated to the White House. Previously, Presidents Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, and Ronald Reagan had used it in the West Wing Study.
[3]
|
White House collection
[24]
|
|
Chronology
[
edit
]
President
Richard Nixon
at the
Wilson desk
giving a televised address explaining release of edited transcripts of the
Watergate tapes
on April 29, 1974
Below is a table noting the desk used for each presidency since the Oval Office was created in 1909.
Pre-Oval Office executive desks
[
edit
]
The executive office of the president of the United States has moved multiple times before the Oval Office was created in 1909.
George Washington
first worked from
Federal Hall
, in
New York City
, following
his inauguration
in 1789.
[37]
In 1790 Washington moved, with the federal government, to
Philadelphia
where he worked out of a second floor office in
President's House
, the executive mansion at the time.
[38]
Washington called this room his "study",
Abigail Adams
called it the "President's Room," and
John Adams
called it his "cabinet".
[38]
John Adams continued using President's House in the same way through 1800 when he moved into the White House in
Washington, D.C.
[39]
where he kept a small office next to his bedroom.
[40]
Early space usage in the White House is hazy, but
Thomas Jefferson
kept an office in what is now the
State Dining Room
, and an inventory of the White House shows that
James Monroe
had a room on the second floor with a desk, but it was not strictly used as an office. Every president from
John Quincy Adams
to
William McKinley
used a suite of rooms centering on what is now known as the
Lincoln Bedroom
as their office.
[40]
Several notable desks were used by presidents in these executive offices. The following table lists these furniture pieces.
Desk
|
Presidential tenant(s)
|
Notes
|
Current location
|
Picture
|
Washington's writing desk
|
George Washington
|
Used by Washington in
Federal Hall
. After Federal Hall was demolished in 1812, the desk found its way to
Bellevue Almshouse
. This “horrified” the City Council who had it moved to the Governor's Room in 1844 where it has remained since.
[41]
|
Governor's Room
,
New York City Hall
,
New York
[41]
|
|
Washington's presidential desk
|
George Washington
|
Used by Washington in his office in
President's House
, the executive mansion at the time.
[38]
This desk is now in the collection of the
Philadelphia History Museum
which has been closed to the public since 2018.
[42]
|
Philadelphia History Museum
,
Philadelphia
,
Pennsylvania
[43]
|
|
Declaration of Independence Desk
|
Thomas Jefferson
|
This
portable desk
made by
Benjamin Randolph
was used by Thomas Jefferson as he wrote the
United States Declaration of Independence
. Jefferson continued to use this desk through his time as president.
[44]
[45]
|
American Democracy exhibition,
National Museum of American History
,
Washington, D.C.
[44]
|
|
Monroe Doctrine desk
|
James Monroe
|
All of the White House's furniture was destroyed during the
Burning of Washington
. When Monroe moved into the rebuilt presidential mansion he brought many of his own personal furnishings to use in the building.
[46]
This
fall front desk
is one of several pieces of furniture purchased by Monroe when he was in France between 1794 and 1796. While there are no documents proving this, family legend holds that the president wrote the
Monroe Doctrine
sitting at this desk. A secret compartment within the desk containing correspondences was discovered in the early 20th century. First Lady
Lou Henry Hoover
saw the desk in the 1930s and was so taken with the desk she had a replica created and placed in the White House.
[47]
|
James Monroe Museum and Memorial Library
,
Fredericksburg
,
Virginia
[48]
|
|
Desk in the room east of the upstairs oval room
|
John Quincy Adams
|
John Quincy Adams had an inventory made of the White House after he became president. This inventory notes a desk in the room east of the upstairs oval room which is assumed to be where his office was.
[49]
|
?
|
?
|
Andrew Jackson's stand-up desk
[note 3]
|
Andrew Jackson
|
"A tall awkward desk"
[53]
with pigeonholes
[54]
was used by Andrew Jackson in the White House. During the rearrangement of the presidential office rooms in 1865, following the
Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
, the desk was removed from the building and sent off to auction.
Andrew Johnson
ordered it be returned saying "What ever was Old Hickory's I revere".
[55]
The desk was still in use in the presidential office during Rutherford B. Hayes's term.
[56]
It was eventually auctioned off in 1882 with other White House furnishings, under
Chester A. Arthur
's watch, to make way for new design elements in the building.
[57]
|
?
|
?
|
Franklin Pierce
[54]
|
Rutherford B. Hayes
[56]
|
Buchanan’s Teakwood Desk
|
James Buchanan
|
This intricately carved pedestal desk was given to Buchanan, upon winning the presidential nomination in 1856, from friends that lived in
India
he had met while he was Minister to
Russia
in the 1830s. Buchanan had the desk shipped to the White House so it would be there when he arrived on his first day as President.
[58]
|
Sitting Room,
Wheatland
,
Lancaster, Pennsylvania
[59]
|
|
Table
|
Abraham Lincoln
|
Lincoln's office was located in the southeastern upstairs corner of the White House. While a large "council table" was the centerpiece of the room, a second table was located at the southern end which Lincoln used as his desk.
[51]
[60]
|
?
|
|
Patent Revolving Secretary
|
Ulysses S. Grant
|
Julia Dent Grant
, unhappy with the furnishings of the White House, received a $25,000 (equivalent to $572,250 in 2023) appropriation from congress to update the interiors. While redecorating the cabinet room she purchased a "Patent Revolving Secretary", from
Pottier & Stymus
.
[61]
This secretary was a patent
Wooton desk
with a carved eagle and shield on its
cornice
.
[61]
[62]
The secretary was later sold to
Webb Hayes
for $10 who had used it when he was the personal secretary to his father,
Rutherford B. Hayes
. By 1969 the secretary was back in the White House collection and was loaned to the Smithsonian.
[61]
|
White House collection
[62]
|
|
Resolute
desk
|
Rutherford B. Hayes
|
After receiving the desk in 1880, President Hayes placed it in the
Green Room
,on exhibition until it was taken upstairs to his office on the second floor.
[63]
Grover Cleveland
used the desk in his office and library in what is now the
Yellow Oval Room
for both of his non-consecutive terms,
[64]
[65]
William McKinley
used the desk often in the Presidential Office and had a bouquet of flowers placed upon it every day,
[66]
and Theodore Roosevelt used it in the President's Room, today's Lincoln Bedroom.
[67]
|
Oval Office
,
The White House
,
Washington, D.C.
[33]
|
|
Grover Cleveland
|
William McKinley
|
Theodore Roosevelt
|
Secretary desk
|
Chester A. Arthur
|
The design of the White House was not to Arthur's taste. He had unfashionable and damaged furniture removed, selling off twenty-four wagon loads of furniture and thirty barrels of china. He then commissioned Associated Artists, where
Louis Comfort Tiffany
was a partner, to redesign several rooms.
[68]
The White House Historical Association claims no furniture was commissioned at this time,
[68]
but an 1881 news article in the
Richmond Item
noted that a new desk had been created for the president.
[69]
An 1882 ad notes this desk is a Wooton Desk in the secretary style, in use by President Arthur, and includes a quote from colonel
Almon F. Rockwell
noting a carved
coronet
in the top guard.
[70]
|
?
|
|
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
President Richard Nixon, with
Henry Kissinger
and
John Wayne
, sitting at the unnamed mahogany desk in his office at
La Casa Pacifica
A seventh desk, not listed here, is also offered to presidents for use in the Oval Office but has never been used there. This unnamed, mahogany, pedestal desk, was built in 1952, measures 72 by 36 inches (183 by 91 cm), and was gifted to the White House by
John McShain
, the general contractor of the
Truman reconstruction of the White House
. Originally housed in the
Second Floor Center Hall
it was moved to
La Casa Pacifica
in 1969 where it remained through at least 1974.
[4]
- ^
a
b
c
Herbert Hoover used the Theodore Roosevelt desk until the 1929 West Wing fire. After the reconstruction of the Oval Office he switched to the Hoover desk.
[4]
[28]
- ^
Several additional presidents are noted to have used an old stand-up desk, but sources do not explicitly name these desks as the same one Andrew Jackson used. William Seale notes in
The President's House
that
James Buchanan
had in his office "a plain stand-up desk of the kind clerks used, with pigeonholes".
[50]
The
White House Historical Association
explains that
Abraham Lincoln
had a battered "upright mahogany desk" with pigeonholes placed in front of a doorway in his office.
[51]
According to
Real Life at the White House
by John and Claire Whitcomb,
Andrew Johnson
also had a high desk in his office.
[52]
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Works cited
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