Year
|
Date
|
Name
|
Current location
|
Description
|
Reported casualties
|
Claimants
|
1518?19?
|
|
Annihilation of the Otomi of Tecoac
|
Tecoac, modern day
Mexico
|
The entire
Otomi
population of Tecoac was reportedly killed during
Hernan Cortes
's first expedition into
Mexico
|
All
Otomis
in Tecoac allegedly
|
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
|
1519
|
|
Cholula Massacre
|
Cholula
, modern day
Mexico
|
Cempoalans reported that fortifications were being constructed around the city and the Tlaxcalans were warning the Spaniards. Cortes ordered a pre-emptive strike, urged by the Tlaxcalans, the enemies of the Cholulans. Cortes confronted the city leaders in the main temple alleging that they were planning to attack his men. They admitted that they had been ordered to resist by Moctezuma, but they claimed they had not followed his orders. Regardless, on command, the Spaniards and Tlaxcalans seized and killed many of the local nobles to serve as a lesson.
|
3,000 to over 30,000
|
[12]
[13]
|
1520
|
|
Alvarado Massacre
|
Tenochtitlan
, modern day
Mexico
|
The Massacre in the Great Temple, also called the Alvarado Massacre, was an event on May 22, 1520, in the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan during the Spanish conquest of Mexico, in which the celebration of the Feast of Toxcatl ended in a massacre of Aztec elites.
|
|
[14]
[15]
|
1521
|
|
Massacre after the fall of Tenochtitlan
|
Tenochtitlan
, modern day
Mexico
|
After the
Fall of Tenochtitlan
the remaining Aztec warriors and civilians fled the city as the Spanish allies, primarily the Tlaxcalans, continued to attack even after the surrender, slaughtering thousands of the remaining civilians and looting the city. The Tlaxcalans did not spare women or children: they entered houses, stealing all precious things they found, raping and then killing women, stabbing children. The survivors marched out of the city for the next three days. One source claims 6,000 were massacred in the town of Ixtapalapa alone.
|
At least 40,000 civilians killed or enslaved, 100,000 to 240,000 warriors and civilians killed in the siege overall
|
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[9]
|
1539
|
|
Napituca Massacre
|
Florida
|
After defeating resisting
Timucuan
warriors,
Hernando de Soto
had 200 executed, in the first large-scale massacre by Europeans on what later became U.S. soil.
|
200
|
[20]
|
1540
|
October 18
|
Mabila
Massacre
|
Alabama
|
The
Choctaw
retaliated against
Hernando de Soto
's expedition,
[21]
killing 200 soldiers, as well as many of their horses and pigs, for their having burned down
Mabila
compound and killed c. 2,500 warriors and the
paramount chief
Tuskaloosa
, who had hidden in houses of a fake village.
|
2,500
|
[20]
[22]
[23]
|
1540?42
|
|
Mixton War
|
Zacatecas, Mexico
|
The
Caxcan
Indigenous people of
Mexico
resist encroachment by the Spanish colonists.
|
4,500
|
[24]
[25]
|
1541?42
|
|
Tiguex
Massacres
|
New Mexico
|
After the invading Spaniards seized the houses, food and clothing of the Tiguex and raped their women, the Tiguex resisted. The Spanish attacked them, burning at the stake 50 people who had surrendered.
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado
's men laid siege to the Moho Pueblo, and after a months-long siege, they killed 200 fleeing warriors.
|
250
|
[26]
[27]
|
1599
|
January 22?24
|
Acoma Massacre
|
New Mexico
|
Juan de Onate
led a
punitive expedition
against the natives in a three-day battle at the
Acoma Pueblo
, killing approximately 500 warriors and 300 civilians.
King
Philip III
later punished Onate for his excesses.
|
300
|
[28]
[29]
|
1601
|
|
Sandia Mountains
|
New Mexico
|
Founder of the colony of New Mexico,
Juan de Onate
, retaliated for the killing of two Spaniards by sending Spanish troops to destroy 3 Indian villages in the
Sandia Mountains
,
New Mexico
. According to one Spanish account, 900
Tompiro Indians
were killed.
|
900
|
[30]
|
1609
|
|
Orpax Massacre
|
Jamestown, Virginia
|
During
The Starving Time
at
Jamestown
in the
Colony of Virginia
,
John Ratcliffe
, president of the colony, and around 50 colonists went to meet with a group of
Powhatan
Indians to bargain for food. However they were ambushed and only 16 survived. Ratcliffe was captured and later tortured to death.
|
33 (colonists)
|
[31]
[32]
|
1610
|
August 9
|
Paspahegh Massacre
|
Virginia
|
Lord De la Warr
sent 70 men to attack the
Paspahegh
Indians. They destroyed their main village near
Jamestown
, killing between 16 and 65 people. The wife and children of the village chief were captured and shortly afterwards put to death.
|
16?65
|
[33]
[34]
|
1616-1620
|
|
Tepehuan revolt
|
Durango, Mexico
|
In Durango, the Tepehuan revolted against Spanish rule.
|
400 Spaniards and 1000 Indians died.
|
[35]
|
1622
|
March 22
|
Jamestown Massacre
|
Virginia
|
Powhatan
(Pamunkey) killed 347 English settlers throughout the Virginia colony, almost one-third of the English population of the
Jamestown
colony, in an effort to push the English out of Virginia. They then destroyed crops and livestock causing 500 more people to die of starvation, reducing the settler population to 180.
|
847 (English) (500 died from starvation)
|
[36]
[37]
|
1622
|
|
Massacre of Matape
|
Sonora, Mexico
|
The Aibinos (Opatas) in 1622 stirred up opposition to the missionaries who were working on the middle Yaqui River among the Lower Pimas. The trouble was serious enough to cause Captain Hurdaide to send an expedition of two thousand soldiers to the vicinity of Matape, where they defeated the Indians in a bloody battle. This was followed by the entrance of two Jesuits who baptized some four hundred children at Matape and Tepupa.
|
An unknown number of Opatas (which left 400 children orphans)
|
[38]
[39]
|
1623
|
|
Wessagusset affair
|
Massachusetts
|
Several
Massachusett
chiefs were lured to
Wessagusset
under peaceful pretenses and put to death. Other Indians present in the village were also killed.
|
4 (Native leaders) + unknown number of other Native Americans
|
[40]
[41]
|
1623
|
May 12
|
Pamunkey
Peace Talks
|
Virginia
|
In revenge for the Indian massacre of 1622, English colonists served poisoned wine at a "peace conference" with
Powhatan
leaders, killing about 200; they physically attacked and killed another 50.
|
250
|
[23]
|
1626
|
|
Kalinago Genocide of 1626
|
Bloody Point
,
Saint Kitts and Nevis
|
2,000?4,000 Caribs were forced into the area of Bloody Point and Bloody River, where over 2,000 were massacred, though 100 settlers were also killed. One Frenchman went mad after being struck by a manchineel-poisoned arrow. The remaining Caribs fled, but by 1640, those not already enslaved, were removed to Dominica.
|
2,000
|
[42]
[43]
|
1637
|
April 23
|
Wethersfield Attack
|
Connecticut
|
During the
Pequot War
, Wongunk chief Sequin attacked the Puritan town
Wethersfield, Connecticut
with
Pequot
help. Six men and 3 women were killed and 2 girls kidnapped.
|
9 (settlers)
|
[44]
[45]
|
1637
|
May 26
|
Mystic Massacre
|
Connecticut
|
In response to the Wethersfield attack, 90 English colonists commanded by
John Mason
, with 70
Mohegan
and 200
Narragansett
allies, launched a night attack on a large
Pequot
village on the Mystic River in present-day Connecticut, where they burned the inhabitants in their homes and killed all survivors, for total fatalities of about 400?700.
|
400?700
|
[46]
|
1637
|
July
|
Execution of Pequot prisoners
|
Connecticut
|
Shortly after their capture, between 20 and 30 Pequot prisoners were taken offshore and deliberately drowned. Their families were subsequently sold into slavery.
|
20?30
|
[47]
[48]
|
1640
|
July
|
Staten Island
|
New York
|
80 Dutch soldiers under
Cornelis van Tienhoven
attacked a village of
Raritans
on Staten Island over stolen pigs. Van Tienhoven intended only to demand payment, but his men wanted to massacre the Indians and he eventually consented.
|
|
[49]
|
1643
|
February 25
|
Pavonia Massacre
|
New York
|
In 1643 the
Mohawk
attacked a band of
Wappinger
and
Tappan
, who fled to
New Amsterdam
seeking the protection of
New Netherland
governor,
William Kieft
. Kieft dispersed them to
Pavonia
[50]
and
Corlears Hook
. They were later attacked, 129 being killed. This prompted the beginning of
Kieft's War
, driven by mercenary
John Underhill
.
|
129
|
[51]
[52]
[53]
|
1643
|
August
|
Hutchinson Massacre
|
New York
|
As part of
Kieft's War
in
New Netherland
, near the
Split Rock
(now northeastern
Bronx
in
New York City
), local
Lenape
(or
Siwanoy
) killed settler Anne Hutchinson, six of her children, a son-in-law, and as many as seven others (servants).
Susanna
, one of Hutchinson's daughters, was taken captive and lived with the natives for several years.
|
15 (settlers)
|
[54]
|
1644
|
|
Massapequa Massacre
|
New York
|
John Underhill's
men killed more than 100 Indians near present-day
Massapequa
.
|
100+
|
[55]
[56]
|
1644
|
April 18
|
Beginning of Third Anglo-Powhatan War
|
Virginia
|
Powhatan
(Pamunkey) killed more than 400 English settlers throughout the Virginia colony, about 4 percent of the English population of the
Jamestown
colony, in a second effort to push the English out of Virginia.
|
400+ (English)
|
[37]
|
1644
|
March
|
Pound Ridge Massacre
|
New York
|
As part of
Kieft's War
in
New Netherland
, at present day
Pound Ridge
,
New York
,
John Underhill
, hired by the Dutch, attacked and burned a sleeping village of Lenape, killing about 500 Indians.
|
500
|
[23]
[57]
|
1655
|
September 11?15
|
Peach War
|
New York
|
In response to
Director-General of New Netherland
Peter Stuyvesant
's attacks to their trading partners and allies at
New Sweden
, united bands of natives attacked
Pavonia
and
Staten Island
.
|
40
|
[58]
|
1675
|
July
|
Susquehannock Massacre
|
Virginia
|
After a raid by
Doeg
Indians on a plantation in
Virginia
, which killed 2 settlers, a party of militiamen crossed the
Potomac
into
Maryland
and killed 14 members of the friendly
Susquehannock
tribe they found sleeping in their cabins.
|
14
|
[59]
|
1675
|
July
|
Swansea Massacre
|
Massachusetts
|
Wampanoag
warriors attack the town of
Swansea, Massachusetts
, killing 7 settlers. This attack marked the beginning of King Philip's War.
|
7 (settlers)
|
[60]
|
1675
|
August
|
Lancaster Raid (1675)
|
Massachusetts
|
Nipmuc
warriors attacked the town of
Lancaster, Massachusetts
, killing 7 inhabitants during King Philip's War.
|
7 (settlers)
|
[61]
|
1675
|
September
|
Susquehannock chiefs massacre
|
Maryland
|
Following the massacre of 14 Susquehannock in July, five
Susquehannock
chiefs were executed after being invited to a parley by Maryland militia commander
Thomas Truman
.
|
5
|
[62]
|
1675
|
December 15
|
Jireh Bull Blockhouse
massacre
|
South Kingstown, Rhode Island
|
During King Philip's War, four days before the
Great Swamp Fight
, Jireh Bull Block House was burned by
Narragansett
warriors, and fifteen of its inhabitants were killed.
|
15 (settlers)
|
[63]
|
1675
|
December 19
|
Great Swamp Massacre
|
Rhode Island
|
Colonial militia and Indian allies attacked a
Narragansett
fort near
South Kingstown, Rhode Island
. At least 40 warriors were killed and 300 to 1,000 women, children and elder men burnt in the village.
|
300?1,000
|
[64]
[65]
|
1676
|
January
|
January 1676 Susquehannock raids
|
Virginia & Maryland
|
In a prelude to
Bacon's Rebellion
,
Susquehannock
warriors attacked plantations in retaliation for earlier attacks by colonists. They killed 60 settlers in Maryland and 36 in Virginia. Other tribes joined in, killing more settlers.
|
96+ (settlers)
|
[62]
|
1676
|
February 10
|
Lancaster raid (1676)
|
Massachusetts
|
Four hundred Narragansett, Nipmuc, and Wampanoag warriors attacked the town of Lancaster, Massachusetts, killing 14 inhabitants and capturing 23 during King Philip's War.
|
14 (settlers)
|
[61]
|
1676
|
March 26
|
Nine Men's Misery
|
Rhode Island
|
During
King Philip's War
, warriors subjected nine captive soldiers with ritual torture and death.
|
9 (settlers)
|
[66]
[67]
|
1676
|
May
|
Massacre at Occoneechee Island
|
Virginia
|
Nathaniel Bacon
turned on his
Occaneechi
allies and his men destroyed three forts within their village on Occoneechee Island, on the
Roanoke River
near present-day
Clarksville, Virginia
. Bacon's troops killed one hundred men as well as many women and children.
|
100?400
|
[68]
|
1676
|
May 10
|
Turner Falls Massacre
|
Massachusetts
|
Captain William Turner and 150 militia volunteers attacked a fishing Indian camp at present-day
Turners Falls, Massachusetts
. At least 100 women and children were killed in the attack.
|
100
|
[69]
|
1676
|
July 2
|
Rhode Island
|
Rhode Island
|
Militia volunteers under Major Talcott attacked a band of Narragansetts on
Rhode Island
, killing 34 men and 92 women and children.
|
126
|
[70]
|
1676
|
July 3
|
Warwick Neck Massacre
|
Rhode Island
|
Disregarding the promise of safety made to Narragansett sachem Potuck, Major Talcott's troops attacked 80 of his followers who had given themselves up, killing 18 and wounding or capturing 49. Although Potuck had been granted safe conduct to go to
Newport, Rhode Island
to negotiate terms, he was arrested and subsequently executed.
|
18
|
[71]
[72]
[73]
|
1676
|
August
|
Dragon Swamp massacre
|
Virginia
|
During Bacon's Rebellion, Bacon's men, who were searching for Susquehannock, attacked friendly
Pamunkeys
in
Dragon Swamp
, killing many and capturing 45
|
Many killed + 45 captured
|
[62]
|
1676
|
August 13
|
Woolwich massacre
|
Maine
|
During King Philip's War, Wabanaki fighters attacked Richard Hammond's fortified trading post in present-day
Woolwich, Maine
, killing fourteen and capturing others.
|
14 (settlers)
|
[61]
|
1680
|
August 10
|
Pueblo Revolt
|
New Mexico
|
Pueblo
warriors killed 401 Spanish settlers, and 21 Franciscan priests, and drove other Spaniards from New Mexico.
|
422 (Spaniards)
|
[74]
[75]
|
1688
|
December
|
Fort St. Louis massacre
|
Victoria County, Texas
|
A
French settlement
, founded by explorer
Robert Cavelier de La Salle
on the
Garcitas Creek
in 1685, was attacked by
Karankawa
Indians. Twenty settlers were killed and the five survivors were taken captive.
|
20 (French)
|
[76]
|
1689
|
August 5
|
Lachine massacre
|
Quebec
|
1,500
Mohawk
warriors attacked the small settlement of
Lachine
,
New France
and killed more than 90 of the village's 375 French residents, in response to widespread French attacks on Mohawk villages in present-day New York.
|
90 (French)
|
[77]
|
1689
|
|
Zia Pueblo
|
New Mexico
|
Governor
Jironza de Cruzate
sacked and burned
Zia Pueblo
, New Mexico. 600 Indians were killed and 70 survivors were enslaved.
|
600
|
[78]
|
1689
|
June 27?28
|
Cochecho Massacre
|
New Hampshire
|
Members of the newly formed
Wabanaki Confederacy
arrived at
Dover, New Hampshire
led by Chief
Kancamagus
. They killed 23 residents and captured 29 beginning
King William's War
.
|
23 (English)
|
[79]
|
1690
|
February 8
|
Schenectady Massacre
|
New York
|
As part of the
Beaver Wars
, French and
Algonquins
destroyed
Schenectady
,
New York
, killing 60 Dutch and English settlers, including ten women and at least twelve children.
|
60 (Dutch and English)
|
[80]
|
1690
|
March 27
|
Raid on Salmon Falls
|
Maine
|
During King William's War, Joseph-Francois Hertel de la Fresniere, along with
Norridgewock
Abnaki chief Wahowa, led soldiers of
Acadia
and the Wabanaki Confederacy to destroy the settlement of Salmon Falls (present-day Berwick, Maine), killing 34 settlers and captured 54.
|
34 (English)
|
[81]
|
1690
|
May 16?20
|
Raid on Falmouth
|
Maine
|
Joseph-Francois Hertel de la Fresniere
and
Baron de St Castin
led soldiers of
New France
and the Wabanaki Confederacy to capture and destroy
Fort Loyal
and the English settlement on the Falmouth during King William's War, killing 200 settlers.
|
200 (English)
|
[82]
|
1692
|
January 24
|
Candlemas Massacre
|
Maine
|
During
King William's War
, 200?300 Abenaki and Canadiens killed 75, took 100 prisoner and burned the encroaching town of
York
,
Maine district
of the
Province of Massachusetts Bay
|
75 (non-Indians)
|
[83]
|
1693
|
December 30
|
Santa Fe reconquest
|
New Mexico
|
Diego de Vargas
leading about 800 people, including 100 soldiers, and returned to Santa Fe on December 16, 1693. They were opposed by 70 Pueblo warriors and 400 family members within the town. De Vargas and his forces recaptured the town. 70 Pueblo warriors were executed on December 30, and their families were sentenced to ten years' servitude.
|
70
|
[84]
|
1694
|
July 18
|
Oyster River massacre
|
New Hampshire
|
During King William's War,
Claude-Sebastien de Villieu
led 250 members of the Wabanaki Confederacy to attack and destroy the settlement of Oyster River (present-day
Durham, New Hampshire
). They killed 104 English settlers and captured 27. Much of the settlement was destroyed and pillaged. Crops were also destroyed and livestock killed, causing famine among the survivors.
|
104 (English)
|
[85]
|
1695
|
June 9
|
La Matanza
|
Sonora, Mexico
|
Spanish militia with Seri Indian auxiliaries killed 49 O'odham Indians (formerly known in the United States as Pima Indians) at peace conference at the El Tupo Cienega two months after the Tubutama Uprising. The meadow became known as La Matanza - Place of The Slaughter.
|
49
|
[86]
|
1696
|
|
1696 Pueblo revolt
|
New Mexico
|
In 1696, members of the fourteen pueblos attempted a second organized revolt, launched with the killing of five missionaries and thirty-four settlers and using weapons the Spanish themselves had traded to the natives over the years.
|
39 (Spaniards)
|
[84]
|
1697
|
March 15
|
Raid on Haverhill
|
Massachusetts
|
During King William's War, in a raid ordered by
Louis de Buade de Frontenac
,
Governor General of New France
, Abenaki warriors led by Chief
Nescambious
, attacked
Haverhill
, killing 27 settlers and taking 13 captives. One of those captives,
Hannah Duston
, stated that the Abenaki killed her baby during the journey to an island in the
Merrimack River
. In April, Duston and two other captives killed and scalped ten of the Abenaki family holding them hostage.
|
28 (English)
|
[87]
|
1703
|
August
|
Six Terrible Days
|
Maine
|
During
Queen Anne's War
, Alexandre Leneuf de La Valliere de Beaubassin led 500 members of the Wabanaki Confederacy and a small number of French soldiers. They attacked and destroyed English settlements on the coast of present-day Maine between
Wells
and
Casco Bay
, burning more than 15 leagues of New England country and killing or capturing many English settlers.
|
150 to 300 killed or captured (English)
|
[88]
[89]
|
1704
|
|
Apalachee Massacre
|
Florida
|
50 English colonists and 1,000 Creek allies under former Carolina Governor
James Moore
launched a series of brutal attacks on the
Apalachee
villages of Northern Florida. They killed 1,000 Apalachees and enslaved at least 2,000 survivors.
|
1,000
|
[90]
|
1704
|
February 29
|
Deerfield Massacre
|
Massachusetts
|
During
Queen Anne's War
, a force composed of
Abenaki
,
Kanienkehaka
,
Wyandot
and
Pocumtuck
, accompanied by a small contingent of French-Canadian militia and led by
Jean-Baptiste Hertel de Rouville
, sacked the town of
Deerfield, Massachusetts
, killing 56 civilians and taking more than 100 as captives.
|
56 (non-Indians)
|
[91]
|
1711
|
September 22
|
Massacre at
Bath
|
North Carolina
|
The Southern
Tuscarora
, Pamplico, Cothechneys, Cores, Mattamuskeets and Matchepungoes attacked settlers at several locations in and around the city of
Bath, North Carolina
. Hundreds of settlers were killed, and many more were driven off.
|
Hundreds (settlers)
|
[92]
|
1712
|
|
Massacre at Fort Narhantes
|
North Carolina
|
The North Carolina militia and their Indian allies attacked the Southern
Tuscarora
at Fort Narhantes on the banks of the Neuse River. More than 300 Tuscarora were killed, and one hundred were sold into slavery.
|
300
|
[92]
|
1712
|
May
|
Fox Indian Massacre
|
Michigan
|
During the
First Fox War
, French troops alongside their Indian allies killed around 1,000
Fox
Indians men, women and children in a five-day massacre near the head of the
Detroit River
.
|
1,000 (including warriors)
|
[93]
|
1712
|
|
Tzeltal rebellion
|
Chiapas, Mexico
|
A number of
Maya
communities in the
Soconusco
region of
Chiapas
rose in rebellion.
|
+1000
|
[94]
|
1713
|
March 20?23
|
Fort Neoheroka
|
South Carolina
|
Colonial Militia volunteers and Indian allies under Colonel
James Moore
attacked Ft. Neoheroka, the main stronghold of the
Tuscarora Indians
. 200 Tuscaroras were burned to death in the village and 170 more were killed outside the fort while more than 400 were taken to South Carolina and sold into slavery. 900?1,000 were killed or captured in total.
|
370
|
[95]
[96]
[97]
|
1715
|
April 15
|
Pocotaligo Massacre
|
South Carolina
|
Yamassee
Indians killed 4 British traders and representatives of Carolina at Pocotaligo, near present-day
Yemassee
,
South Carolina
. 90 other traders were killed in the following weeks.
|
94 (traders)
|
[98]
|
1715
|
April
|
Massacre at St Bartholemew's Parish
|
South Carolina
|
At the onset of the
Yamasee War
, Yamasee Indians attacked St Bartolehew's Parish in South Carolina, killing over 100 settlers. Subsequent attacks around
Charles Town
killed many more, and in total, about 7% of the colony's white population perished in the conflict.
|
100+ (settlers)
|
[99]
|
1715
|
May
|
Schenkingh Plantation
|
South Carolina
|
A band of Catawba and Cherokee warriors attacked Benjamin Schenkingh's plantation where about 20 settlers had taken refuge. All were killed.
|
20 (settlers)
|
[99]
|
1724
|
August 24
|
Norridgewock Massacre
|
Maine
|
Captains
Jeremiah Moulton
and Johnson Harmon led 200 rangers to the
Abenaki
village of
Norridgewock
,
Maine
to kill Father
Sebastian Rale
and destroy the Indian settlement. The rangers massacred 80 Abenakis including two dozen women and children and 26 warriors. The rangers suffered 3 dead.
|
80 (26 warriors)
|
[100]
|
1729
|
November 29
|
Natchez Revolt
|
Mississippi
|
Natchez Indians
attacked French settlements near present-day
Natchez, Mississippi
, killing more than 200 French colonists.
|
200 (French)
|
[101]
|
1729
|
December 4
|
Massacre of Chaouacha village
|
Louisiana
|
Governor Perier
ordered 80 enslaved Blacks to attack the village of the
Chaouacha
Indians. At least 7 Indians were killed.
|
7
|
[102]
|
1730
|
September 9
|
Massacre at Fox Fort
|
Illinois
|
A combined force 1,400 French soldiers and their Indian allies massacred around 500 Fox Indians (including 300 women and children) as they tried to flee their besieged camp.
|
500 (including 200 warriors)
|
[103]
|
1736
|
June 6
|
Lake of the Woods Massacre
|
Minnesota
|
Sioux warriors ambushed and killed a group of 21 men, including
Jean Baptiste de La Verendrye
and
Jean-Pierre Aulneau
, soon after they left
Fort St. Charles
on
Lake of the Woods
to go to
Fort Kaministiquia
for provisions.
|
21 (French)
|
[104]
|
1745
|
|
1745 Massacre at Walden
|
New York
|
Upon hearing of an impending French and Indian attack upon the Ulster county frontiers, British colonists massacred several peaceful
Munsee
families near
Walden, New York
.
|
Several families
|
[105]
[106]
|
1747
|
October
|
Chama River
|
New Mexico
|
Spanish troops ambushed a group of Utes on the
Chama River
, killing 111 Indians and taking 206 as captives.
|
111
|
[107]
|
1751
|
November
|
Pima Revolt
|
Arizona
|
During a revolt against Spanish rule by
Pima
Indians, more than 100 Spanish settlers were killed. The uprising began on November 20 in
Saric
with the massacre of 18 settlers who had been lured to the home of the rebellion's leader
Luis Oacpicagigua
, who had previously served as a provincial "Indian governor" for the Spanish.
|
100+ (Spanish)
|
[108]
|
1752
|
June 21
|
Raid on Pickawillany
|
Ohio
|
14
Miami
killed, including their chief
Memeskia
who was then boiled and eaten. Three English traders were also killed.
|
17
|
[109]
|
1753
|
February 21
|
Attack at Mocodome
|
Nova Scotia
|
6 Mi'kmaq were killed
|
6
|
|
1753
|
April 21
|
Attack at Jeddore
|
Nova Scotia
|
A British delegation met Mi'kmaq chief
Jean-Baptiste Cope
at the mouth of a river at
Jeddore, Nova Scotia
, during
Father Le Loutre's War
. The Mi'kmaq killed nine of the British delegates and spared the life of the French-speaking translator Anthony Casteel.
|
9 (British)
|
[110]
|
1755
|
July 30
|
Draper's Meadow massacre
|
Virginia
|
1 soldier and 3 settlers killed, 2 wounded and 5 captured by
Shawnee
Indians at Draper's Meadow,
Virginia
|
4
|
[111]
|
1755
|
October 16
|
Penn's Creek massacre
|
Pennsylvania
|
Lenape
Indians attacked a settlement on
Penns Creek
. It was the first of a series of raids on Pennsylvania settlements by Native American tribes allied with the French in the
French and Indian War
.
|
14 killed, 11 captured (German and Swiss settlers)
|
[112]
|
1755
|
Oct 31-Nov 2
|
Great Cove massacre
|
Pennsylvania
|
100 Lenape and Shawnee Indians, led by the Lenape war captain
Shingas
, attacked a series of settlements in Great Cove and Little Cove and along the Conolloway Creeks near the Maryland border. This was a continuation of the hostilities by Native American tribes allied with the French in the French and Indian War that had begun with the Penn's Creek massacre, above.
|
47 either killed or captured (Scotch and Irish settlers) in the Great Cove settlement; at least 10 more in Little Cove and the Conolloway Creeks
|
[113]
|
1755
|
November 24
|
Gnadenhutten massacre (Pennsylvania)
|
Pennsylvania
|
Lenape
Indians (Munsee) attacked a Moravian missionary settlement (including Lenape and Mahican converts) in present-day
Lehighton, Pennsylvania
. It was a continuation of a series of raids on Pennsylvania settlements by Native American tribes allied with the French in the early stages of the
French and Indian War
.
|
11 killed, 1 captured and later died (German Moravian missionaries & families)
|
[114]
|
1756
|
March 2
|
1756 Massacre at Walden
|
New York
|
On March 2, 1756, white vigilantes murdered 9 friendly
Munsee
Indians at Walden.
|
9
|
[105]
[106]
|
1756
|
June 11
|
Fort Bigham
attack
|
Fort Bigham, Pennsylvania
|
During the French and Indian War, Lenape warriors, led by
Tamaqua
, attacked Fort Bigham, killing or capturing 23 English civilians.
|
23 (English)
|
[115]
|
1757
|
August 9
|
Massacre at Fort William Henry
|
New York
|
Following the fall of
Fort William Henry
during the French and Indian War, Indians allied with the French killed between 70 and 180 British and colonial prisoners.
|
70?180 (British)
|
[116]
|
1757
|
September 19
|
Hochstetler massacre
|
Pennsylvania
|
Indians set fire to the Hochstetler homestead, killing 3 and capturing 3 others as they tried to escape.
|
3 (German)
|
[117]
|
1757
|
October 1
|
Bloody Springs massacre
|
Pennsylvania
|
Lenape warriors attacked two farmsteads, killing 6 members of the Spatz family.
|
6 (German)
|
[118]
|
1758
|
March 16
|
San Saba Mission Massacre
|
Texas
|
A large party of Comanche, Tonkawa and Hasinai Indians attacked the
mission of San Saba
,
Texas
, killing 8 and burning down the mission.
|
8 (missionaries)
|
[119]
|
1759
|
October 4
|
St. Francis Raid
|
Quebec
|
During the French and Indian War, in retaliation for a rumored murder of a captured Stockbridge man and detention of Captain Quinten Kennedy of the
Rogers' Rangers
, Major Robert Rogers led a party of approximately 150 Rangers, regular troops and British-allied
Mahican
into the village of
Odanak, Quebec
. They killed up to 30
Abenaki people
, among them women and children, as confirmed via conflicting reports.
|
30
|
[120]
|
1763
|
May
|
Capture of
Fort Sandusky
|
Ohio
|
During
Pontiac's War
, a group of
Wyandots
entered the British outpost Fort Sandusky under peaceful pretexts. The
Wyandots
then seized the fort and killed its 15-member garrison along with several British traders.
|
15+ (British)
|
[121]
|
1763
|
June 23
|
Clendenin Massacre
|
West Virginia
|
Shawnee massacre of Clendenin adult males, captured women and children including John Ewing of Virginia.
|
|
|
1763
|
September 14
|
Devil's Hole Massacre
|
New York
|
During the French and Indian War,
Seneca
allied with the French attacked a British supply train and soldiers just south of Fort Niagara. They killed 21 out of 24 teamsters from the supply train.
|
21 teamsters + 81 soldiers (British)
|
[122]
|
1763
|
October 15
|
First Wyoming (Mill Creek) Massacre
|
Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
|
A band of one hundred and thirty-five Native Americans killed about twenty settlers (of an estimated 100) from Connecticut, and burned their houses at Mill Creek. It was likely perpetrated by Captain Bull and his warriors after the report that colonists had murdered on April 16, 1763, his father,
Teedyuscung
, as well as the fact that the Wyoming lands (purportedly to be reserved for the Native Americans) were being possessed and settled by colonists.
|
20 colonists from Connecticut
|
[123]
|
1763
|
December
|
Killings by the Paxton Boys
|
Conestoga Town
&
Lancaster
,
Pennsylvania
|
In response to
Pontiac's Rebellion
, frontier Pennsylvania settlers killed 20 peaceful Susquehannock.
|
20
|
[124]
[125]
[126]
|
1764
|
May 26
|
Fort Cumberland
|
Maryland
|
During Pontiac's War, 15 settlers working in a field near Fort Cumberland were killed by Native Americans.
|
15 (settlers)
|
[127]
|
1764
|
June 14
|
Fort Loudoun
|
Pennsylvania
|
During Pontiac's War, 13 settlers near Fort Loudoun were killed and their homes burned in an attack by Native Americans.
|
13 (settlers)
|
[127]
|
1764
|
July 26
|
Enoch Brown school massacre
|
Franklin County
Pennsylvania
|
During Pontiac's War, Four
Lenape
Indians killed a schoolmaster, 10 pupils and a pregnant woman. Two pupils were scalped but survived.
|
12 (non-Indians)
|
[126]
|
1765
|
May 4
|
Anderson's barn massacre
|
Staunton
Virginia
|
Five Cherokee, allied with Col.
Andrew Lewis (soldier)
, were treacherously killed by the "Augusta Boys", as a declared emulation of the 1763
Paxton Boys
lynch squad.
|
5
|
[128]
|
1771
|
July 17
|
Bloody Falls massacre
|
Kugluktuk
,
Nunavut
|
The Bloody Falls massacre was an incident believed to have taken place during
Samuel Hearne
's exploration of the Coppermine River for copper deposits. According to Hearne
Chipewyan
and
"Copper Indian"
Dene
men led by Hearne's guide and companion
Matonabbee
attacked a group of
Copper Inuit
, killing over 20 men, women and children.
|
20+
|
[129]
[130]
|
1774
|
September
|
Spanish Peaks
|
New Mexico
|
Spanish troops surprised a large fortified Comanche village near Spanish Peaks (
Raton, New Mexico
). They killed nearly 300 Indians (men, women and children) and took 100 captives.
|
300
|
[131]
|
1774
|
April 30
|
Yellow Creek Massacre
|
Hancock County
,
West Virginia
|
Daniel Greathouse
killed members of
Chief Logan
's family.
|
12
|
[132]
|
1778
|
July 3
|
Battle of Wyoming
|
Wyoming Valley
,
Pennsylvania
|
During the
American Revolutionary War
, following a battle with rebel defenders of
Forty Fort
,
Iroquois
allies of
Loyalist
forces hunted and killed those who fled; they were later accused of using ritual torture to kill those soldiers who surrendered. These claims were denied by Iroquois and British leaders at the time.
|
340 (colonists)
|
[133]
[134]
[135]
|
1778
|
August 31
|
Stockbridge Massacre
|
Massachusetts
|
An ambush by the
Queen's Rangers
during the
American Revolutionary War
that left nearly 40
Stockbridge Militia
dead.
|
40
|
[136]
|
1778
|
November 11
|
Cherry Valley Massacre
|
New York
|
British and
Seneca
forces attacked the fort and village at Cherry Valley, New York, killing 16 rebel troops and more than 30 settlers.
|
46 (settlers)
|
[137]
|
1780
|
June 27
|
Westervelt Massacre
|
Kentucky
|
Seventeen Dutch settlers killed and two taken captive out of a caravan of 41. The settler caravan was traveling between Low Dutch Station, Kentucky and Harrod's Town, Kentucky. The victims were all scalped and sold to the British for a bounty.
|
17 (Dutch)
|
[138]
|
1781
|
September 1
|
Dietz Massacre
|
New York
|
During the Revolution, Iroquois allied with the British attacked the home of Johannes Dietz,
Berne, New York
, killing and scalping Dietz, his wife, their daughter-in-law, four children of their son's family, and a servant girl.
|
8 (Dutch)
|
[139]
[140]
|
1781
|
September 1
|
Long Run Massacre
|
Jefferson County
,
Kentucky
|
Thirty-two settlers killed by 50
Miami people
while trying to move to safety, additionally approximately 15 settlers and 17 soldiers were killed attempting to bury the initial victims.
|
64 (settlers)
|
[141]
[142]
|
1782
|
March 8
|
Gnadenhutten massacre
|
Gnadenhutten
,
Ohio
|
During the Revolution, Pennsylvania militiamen massacred nearly 100 non-combatant Christian
Lenape
, mostly women and children; they killed and scalped all but two young boys.
|
100
|
[143]
[144]
|
1784
|
August 14
|
Awa'uq Massacre
|
Sitkalidak Island
,
Alaska
|
200 to 3000
Alutiiq (Sugpiaq) people
were killed at Refuge Rock near
Kodiak Island
by
Russian
fur trader
Grigory Shelekhov
and 130 armed Russian men and
cannoneers
of his
Shelikhov-Golikov Company
.
|
200?3,000
|
[145]
|
1788
|
|
Kirk Family Massacre
|
Tennessee
|
A party of Indians killed 11 members of the Kirk family (1 woman and 10 children) on Nine Mile Creek 12 miles south of present-day
Knoxville
.
|
11 (settlers)
|
[146]
|
1788
|
|
Massacre of the Old chiefs
|
Tennessee
|
In retaliation to the Kirk Massacre,
Old Tassel
and 4 other chiefs of the
Cherokee
peace faction were lured into a trap and axed under a flag of truce in
Chilhowee
.
|
5
|
[147]
|
1791
|
January 2
|
Big Bottom massacre
|
Ohio
|
14 settlers were killed by an Indian war party in
Stockport
,
Morgan County, Ohio
.
|
14 (settlers)
|
|
1791
|
November 4
|
Fort Recovery Massacre
|
Ohio
|
At present day
Fort Recovery, Ohio
, an army of 1,500 Americans led by
Arthur St. Clair
, was ambushed by an army of
Miami Indians
led by chief
Little Turtle
. 200 to 250 civilians were killed.
|
200?250 (Americans)
|
[148]
|
1793
|
September 25
|
Cavett's Station massacre
|
Tennessee
|
During the
Cherokee?American wars
, settlers at Cavett's Station were surrounded by Cherokee and Muscogee warriors. They agreed to surrender following negotiations with one of the leading warriors
Bob Benge
, who promised no captives would be harmed, however a group led by
Doublehead
began killing the settlers. One of the Cherokee leaders,
James Vann
tried unsuccessfully to save two children.
|
13 (settlers)
|
[149]
|
1794
|
November 11
|
Sevier's Station massacre
|
Clarksville, Tennessee
|
During the Cherokee?American wars,
Chickamauga Cherokee
warriors attacked Sevier's Station and killed fourteen of the inhabitants.
Valentine Sevier
was one of the few survivors of the attack.
|
14 (settlers)
|
[150]
|
1803
|
March 22
|
Yuquot massacre
|
Yuquot
, British Columbia
|
Nuu-chah-nulth
, led by chief
Maquinna
, attacked and killed most of the crew of the American trading ship "Boston" . They had boarded the ship under a pretense to trade. Only two of the crew survived, including
John R. Jewitt
who wrote a famous captivity narrative about his nearly 3 years in captivity.
|
26 (sailors)
|
[151]
|
1805
|
January
|
Canyon del Muerto
|
Arizona
|
Spanish soldiers led by
Antonio Narbona
massacred 115
Navajo
Indians (mostly women, children and old men) in Canyon del Muerto, northeastern
Arizona
.
|
115
|
[152]
|
1811
|
June 15
|
Battle of Woody Point
|
Clayoquot Sound
, British Columbia
|
Nuu-chah-nulth, led by chief
Wickaninnish
, attacked and captured of the crew of the
Tonquin
, an American
merchant ship
of the
Astor Expedition
which was there to trade for furs. They attacked because the ship's lieutenant had insulted the chief the day before. The one surviving sailor on the ship then destroyed the ship the day after the massacre by detonating the powder
magazine
, killing over 100 people plundering the ship. Four sailors who had escaped in a skiff during the initial attack were pushed ashore by a storm and captured and tortured to death in revenge for the explosion.
|
29 (sailors)
|
[153]
[154]
|
1812
|
August 15
|
Fort Dearborn Massacre
(
Battle of Fort Dearborn
)
|
Illinois
|
During the
War of 1812
, Indians allied with the British killed American soldiers and settlers evacuating
Fort Dearborn
(site of present-day Chicago, Illinois). In all, 26 soldiers, two officers, two women and 12 children, and 12 trappers and settlers hired as scouts, were killed.
|
54 (non-Indians)
|
[155]
|
1812
|
September 3
|
Pigeon Roost Massacre
|
Indiana
|
During the War of 1812, twenty four settlers, including fifteen children, were massacred by a war party of Native Americans (mostly Shawnee, but possibly including some Lenape and Potawatomis) in a surprise attack on a small village located in what is today Scott County, Indiana.
|
24 (settlers)
|
[156]
|
1813
|
January 22
|
River Raisin Massacre
|
Michigan
|
During the War of 1812, Indians allied with the British killed between 30 and 60 Kentucky militia after their surrender.
|
30?60 (Americans)
|
[157]
|
1813
|
August 30
|
Fort Mims Massacre
|
Alabama
|
After a Creek victory at the
Battle of Burnt Corn
, a band of Creek
Red Sticks
attacked Fort Mims, in what today is
Alabama
, killing 400?500 settlers, slaves, militiamen, and Creek loyalists and taking 250
scalps
. This action brought the US into the internal
Creek War
, at the same time as the War of 1812.
|
400?500 (settlers)
|
[158]
|
1813
|
September 1
|
Kimbell-James Massacre
|
Mississippi
|
Immediately after departing Fort Mims,
Red Sticks
warriors led by Josiah Francis (Prophet Francis) attacked the Kimbell and James families seeking refuge near Fort Sinquefield. At least 15 were killed, mostly women and children.
|
15 (settlers)
|
[159]
|
1813
|
November 3
|
Battle of Tallushatchee
|
Tennessee
|
900 Tennessee troops under General
John Coffee
, and including
Davy Crockett
, attacked an unsuspecting Creek town. About 186?200 Creek warriors were killed, and an unknown number of women and children were killed, some burned in their houses.
|
180-300 (including warriors)
|
[160]
[161]
[162]
|
1813
|
November 18
|
Hillabee
Massacre
|
Alabama
|
Tennessee troops under
General White
launched a dawn attack on an unsuspecting Creek town (the village leaders were engaged in peace negotiations with General Andrew Jackson). About 65 Creek Indians were shot or bayoneted.
|
65
|
[163]
|
1813
|
November 29
|
Autossee Massacre
(
Battle of Autossee
)
|
Alabama
|
Georgia Militia
General Floyd
attacked a Creek town on Tallapoosa River, in
Macon County
,
Alabama
, killing 200 Indians before setting the village afire.
|
200 (including warriors)
|
[164]
|
1814
|
|
San Nicolas Island Massacre
|
San Nicolas Island,
California
|
A party of
Aleut
otter hunters working for the
Russian-American Company
(RAC) arrived on the island and massacred most of the
Nicoleno
islanders after accusing them of killing an Aleut hunter.
|
|
[165]
|
1817
|
November 30
|
Scott Massacre
|
Florida
|
In retaliation for the sacking of a Mikasuki village,
Seminole
Indians ambushed a US army boat under the command of Lt. Richard W. Scott on the
Apalachicola River
. There were ca. 50 people on the boat, including forty soldiers (of which twenty were sick), seven wives of soldiers and possibly four children. Most of the boat’s passengers were killed. One woman was taken prisoner, and six survivors made it to Fort Scott.
|
41?45 (settlers and soldiers)
|
[166]
[167]
|
1822
|
March
|
Jemez Pueblo Massacre
|
New Mexico
|
24 Navajo emissaries travelling to a peace conference in Santa Fe were murdered by Mexican soldiers in
Jimez Pueblo, New Mexico
.
|
24
|
[168]
|
1823
|
February
|
Skull Creek Massacre
|
Texas
|
After Coco Indians killed two colonists under unclear circumstances, the colonists got together twenty-five men and found a
Karankawa people
village on Skull Creek. They killed at least nineteen inhabitants of the village before the rest could flee, then stole their possessions and burned their homes to the ground.
|
19+
|
[169]
|
1823
|
June 2
|
General Ashley's 1823 expedition massacre
|
South Dakota
|
Arikara
warriors killed 12 trappers working for General
William Henry Ashley
's
Rocky Mountain Fur Company
on the
Missouri River
. Many others were wounded, with the survivors, including
Hugh Glass
,
Jedediah Smith
, and
Jim Bridger
fleeing down river. The Arikara had recently traded with the trappers but were angry with them because weeks earlier they had rescued several Sioux who were being hunted by the Arikara. The attack led to the
Arikara War
.
|
12 (trappers)
|
[170]
[171]
|
1824
|
March 22
|
Fall Creek Massacre
|
Indiana
|
Six settlers in
Madison County, Indiana
killed and robbed eight
Seneca
. One suspect escaped trial and two others was a witness at subsequent trial. The remaining four suspects were all convicted of murder and sentenced to death by hanging. One man was executed on January 12, 1825, and two others were hanged on June 2, 1825. The last defendant, a teenager, was pardoned moments before he could be hanged. The court had recommended a pardon for him due to his age and the influence of his codefendants, which included his father and uncle, whose executions he'd just witnessed.
|
8
|
[172]
|
1824
|
February 21
|
Battle of Mission Santa Ines
|
Solvang, California
|
A
revolt
by
Chumash Indians
erupted, with the takeover and burning of
Mission Santa Ines
. Mexican reinforcements arrived the next day and forced the rebels out. 15 Chumash women and children were killed at the mission on the first day of the revolt.
|
15
|
[173]
|
1826
|
|
Dressing Point Massacre
|
Texas
|
A posse of Anglo-Texan settlers massacred a large community of
Karankawa Indians
near the mouth of the Colorado River in
Matagorda County, Texas
. Between 40 and 50 Karankawas were killed.
|
40?50
|
[174]
|