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List of English words from Indigenous languages of the Americas - Wikipedia Jump to content

List of English words from Indigenous languages of the Americas

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of English language words borrowed from Indigenous languages of the Americas , either directly or through intermediate European languages such as Spanish or French . It does not cover names of ethnic groups or place names derived from Indigenous languages.

Most words of Native American/First Nations language origin are the common names for indigenous flora and fauna, or describe items of Native American or First Nations life and culture. Some few are names applied in honor of Native Americans or First Nations peoples or due to a vague similarity to the original object of the word. For instance, sequoias are named in honor of the Cherokee leader Sequoyah , who lived 2,000 miles (3,200 km) east of that tree's range, while the kinkajou of South America was given a name from the unrelated North American wolverine .

Words from Algonquian languages [ edit ]

See also: List of Algonquin ethnonyms and List of Algonquian personal names
For a list of words relating to with Algonquian language origins, see the Algonquian derivations category of words in Wiktionary , the free dictionary.

Since Native Americans and First Nations peoples speaking a language of the Algonquian group were generally the first to meet English explorers and settlers along the Eastern Seaboard , many words from these languages made their way into English.

In addition, many place names in North America are of Algonquian origin, for example: Mississippi (cf. Miami-Illinois : mihsisiipiiwi and Ojibwe : misiziibi , "great river," referring to the Mississippi River ) [1] [2] and Michigan (cf. Miami-Illinois: meehcakamiwi , Ojibwe: Mishigami , "great sea," referring to Lake Michigan ). [2] [3] Canadian provinces and U.S. states , districts, counties and municipalities bear Algonquian names, such as Quebec , Ottawa , Saskatchewan , Nantucket , Massachusetts , Naugatuck , Connecticut , Wyoming , District of Keewatin , Outagamie County , Wisconsin and Chicago , Illinois , or Algonquian-derived names, such as Algoma .

Furthermore, some indigenous peoples of the Americas groups are known better by their Algonquian exonyms , rather than by their endonym , such as the Eskimo (see below), Winnebago (perhaps from Potawatomi : winpyeko , lit.   '(people of the) dirty water'), [4] Sioux (ultimately from Ottawa : naadowesiwag ), [4] Assiniboine (Ojibwe: asiniibwaan , lit.   'stone Sioux') [2] and Chipewyan ( Cree : ??pway?n , lit.   '(those who have) pointed skins or hides'). [5]

Apishamore (definition)
From a word in an Algonquian language meaning "something to lie down upon" [6] (c.f. Ojibwe apishimon ). [2]
Atamasco lily (definition)
Earlier "attamusca", from Powhatan . [7] [8]
Babiche (definition)
From Mikmaq apapij (from apapi , "cord, thread", Proto-Algonquian *a?rapa·pyi , from *a?rapy- , "net" + *-a·by- , "string". [9]
Caribou (definition)
From Mikmaq qalipu , "snow-shoveler" (from qalipi , "shovel snow", Proto-Algonquian *maka·ripi- ). [10]
Caucus (definition)
The etymology is disputed: two possible sources are an Algonquian word for "counsel", 'cau´-cau-as´u'; or the Algonquian cawaassough , meaning an advisor, talker, or orator. [11]
Chinkapin (definition)
From Powhatan chechinquamins , [12] reconstituted as */t??iːht??iːnkweːmins/ , the plural form. [13]
Chipmunk (definition)
Originally "chitmunk," from Odawa jidmoonh [14] /t???tm?/ (c.f. Ojibwe ajidamoo(nh) ), [2] " American red squirrel ".
Cisco (definition)
Originally "siscowet," from Ojibwe language bemidewiskaawed "greasy-bodied [fish]". [15]
Eskimo (definition)
From Old Montagnais aiachkimeou ( [aːjast??imeːw] ; modern ayassim?w ), meaning "snowshoe-netter" (often incorrectly claimed to be from an Ojibwe word meaning "eaters of raw [meat]"), and originally used to refer to the Mikmaq . [16] [17]
Hackmatack (definition)
From an Algonquian language akemantak (c.f. Ojibwe aagimaandag ), " snowshoe boughs". [ citation needed ]
Hickory (definition)
From Powhatan <pocohiquara>, "milky drink made with hickory nuts". [18] [19]
Hominy (definition)
From Powhatan <uskatahomen>/<usketchaumun>, literally "that which is treated", in this case "that which is ground/beaten". [20]
Husky (definition)
Ultimately from a variant form of the word "Eskimo" (see above). [21]
Kinkajou (definition)
From an Algonquian word meaning "wolverine" (c.f. Algonquin kwingwaage , Ojibwe gwiingwa'aage ), [2] through French quincajou . [22]
Kinnikinnick (definition)
From Unami Delaware /k?l?kː??nikːan/ , "mixture" (c.f. Ojibwe giniginige "to mix something animate with something inanimate"), [2] from Proto-Algonquian *kereken- , "mix (it) with something different by hand". [23]
Mackinaw (definition)
From michilmackinac , from Menomini mishilimaqkin?hkw , "be large like a snapping turtle", [ citation needed ] or from Ojibwe mishi-makinaak , "large snapping turtle" with French -ile- , "island". [ citation needed ]
Moccasin (definition)
From an Algonquian language, perhaps Powhatan <mockasin>, [24] reconstituted as */mahkesen/ [25] (c.f. Ojibwe makizin , [2] Mikmaq m?kusun , [26] from Proto-Algonquian *maxkeseni ). [27]
Moose (definition)
From Eastern Abenaki moz , reinforced by cognates from other Algonquian languages [28] [29] (e.g. Massachusett/Narragansett moos , [29] Ojibwe moo(n)z , [2] Lenape mus 'elk' [30] ), from Proto-Algonquian *mo·swa . [29]
Mugwump (definition)
From "mugquomp", a shortening of Massachusett <muggumquomp>, "war chief" ( Proto-Algonquian *memekwa·pe·wa , from *memekw- , "swift" + *-a·pe· , "man"). [31]
Muskellunge (definition)
Ultimately from Ojibwe maashkinoozhe , [2] "ugly pike " (c.f. ginoozhe , "pike").
Muskeg (definition)
From Cree mask?k , "swamp" [32] ( Proto-Algonquian *ma?kye·kwi ). [33]
Muskrat (definition)
A folk-etymologized reshaping of earlier "musquash", from Massachusett (c.f. Western Abenaki moskwas ), apparently from Proto-Algonquian *mo·?k , "bob (at the surface of the water)" + *-exkwe·- , "head" + a derivational ending). [33]
Opossum (definition)
From Powhatan <apasum>/<opussum>/<aposoum>, "white dog-like animal", [34] reconstituted as */aːpassem/ [35] (c.f. Proto-Algonquian *waːp-a?θemwa , "white dog"). [36] [37]
Papoose (definition)
From Narragansett <papoos> [38] or Massachusett <pappouse>, "baby". [39]
Pecan (definition)
From Illinois pakani (c.f. Ojibwe bagaan ), [2] " nut ", from Proto-Algonquian *paka·ni . [40]
Pemmican (definition)
From Cree pimihk?n , from pimihk?w , "to make grease" ( Proto-Algonquian *pemihke·wa , from *pemy- , "grease" + -ehke· , "to make"). [41]
Persimmon (definition)
From Powhatan <pessemins>/<pushemins>, reconstituted as */pessiːmin/ . [42] While the final element reflects Proto-Algonquian *-min , "fruit, berry", the initial is unknown. [43]
Pipsissewa (definition)
From Abenaki kpipskwahsawe , "flower of the woods". [38] [44]
Pokeweed (definition)
Probably from "puccoon" (see below) + "weed". [38]
Pone (definition)
From Powhatan <poan>/<appoans>, "something roasted" (reconstituted as */apoːn/ ) [45] (c.f. Ojibwe abwaan ), [2] from Proto-Algonquian *apwa·n . [46]
Powwow (definition)
From Narragansett powwaw , " shaman " ( Proto-Algonquian *pawe·wa , "to dream, to have a vision"). [47]
Puccoon (definition)
From Powhatan <poughkone>, [38] reconstituted as */pakkan/ [48] (c.f. Unami Delaware [p?ːk?ːn] , 'red dye; the plant from which dye is made'). [49] [50]
Pung
A low box-like sleigh designed for one horse. Shortened form of "tom-pung" (from the same etymon as "toboggan") from an Algonquian language of Southern New England. [51]
Punkie (definition)
Via Dutch , from Munsee [ponkw?s] ( Proto-Algonquian *penkwehsa , from *penkw- , "dust, ashes" + *-ehs , a diminutive suffix). [52]
Quahog (definition)
From Narragansett <poquauhock>. [53]
Quonset hut (definition)
From an Algonquian language of southern New England, possibly meaning "small long place" (with <qunni->, "long" + <-s->, diminutive + <-et>, locative ). [54]
Raccoon (definition)
From Powhatan <arahkun>/<aroughcun>, [55] tentatively reconstituted as */aːreːhkan/ . [56]
Sachem (definition)
From an Algonquian language of southern New England, [57] c.f. Narragansett <sachim> ( Proto-Eastern Algonquian *s?kim?w , "chief"). [58]
Sagamore (definition)
From Eastern Abenaki sak?ma (c.f. Narragansett <sachim>), "chief", from Proto-Eastern Algonquian *s?kim?w . [58]
Scup (definition)
Shortened from scuppaug , which is from Narragansett mishcuppauog. [59]
Shoepac (definition)
From Unami Delaware [t??ipahk?] "shoes" (singular [t??iːpːakw] ), altered on analogy with English "shoe". [60]
Skunk (definition)
From Massachusett <squnck> [ citation needed ] ( Proto-Algonquian *?eka·kwa , from *?ek- , "to urinate" + *-a·kw , "fox"). [61]
Squash (fruit) (definition)
From Narragansett <askutasquash>. [62]
Squaw (definition)
From Massachusett <squa> (c.f. Cree iskw? , Ojibwe ikwe ), [2] "woman", from Proto-Algonquian *eθkwe·wa . [62]
Succotash (definition)
From Narragansett <msickquatash>, "boiled whole kernels of corn" ( Proto-Algonquian *mesi·nkwete·wari , singular *mesi·nkwete· , from *mes- , "whole" + *-i·nkw- , "eye [=kernel]" + -ete· , "to cook"). [63]
Tabagie (definition)
From Algonquin tabaguia . [64]
Tautog (definition)
From Narragansett tauta?og . [65]
Terrapin (definition)
Originally "torope," from an Eastern Algonquian language , perhaps Powhatan (reconstituted as */toːrepeːw/ ) [66] (c.f. Munsee Delaware /toːlpeːw/ ), [67] from Proto-Eastern Algonquian *t?r?p?w . [68]
Toboggan (definition)
From Mikmaq topaqan [69] or Maliseet-Passamaquoddy /t?a?pak?n/ [70] ( Proto-Algonquian *weta·pye·kani , from *wet- , "to drag" + *-a·pye·- , "cordlike object" + *-kan , "instrument for"). [69]
Tomahawk (definition)
From Powhatan <tamahaac> ( Proto-Algonquian *temaha·kani , from *temah- , "to cut" + *-a·kan , "instrument for"). [71]
Totem (definition)
From Ojibwe nindoodem , "my totem" or odoodeman , "his totem," referring to a kin group . [72]
Tuckahoe (definition)
From Powhatan <tockawhoughe>/<tockwhough>/<taccaho>, "root used for bread", reconstituted as */takwahahk/ [73] (perhaps from Proto-Algonquian *takwah- , "pound (it)/reduce (it) to flour"). [74]
Tullibee (definition)
From Old Ojibwe */otoːlipiː/ [75] ( modern odoonibii ). [2]
Wampum (definition)
Earlier "wampumpeag", from Massachusett , and meaning "white strings [of beads]" (c.f. Maliseet : wapapiyik , [76] Eastern Abenaki wapap?yak , Ojibwe waabaabiinyag ), [2] from Proto-Algonquian *wa·p- , "white" + *-a·py- , "string-like object" + *-aki , plural. [77] [78]
Wanigan (definition)
From Ojibwa waanikaan , "storage pit". [79]
Wapiti (elk) (definition)
From Shawnee waapiti , "white rump" (c.f. Ojibwe waabidiy ), [2] from Proto-Algonquian *wa·petwiya , from *wa·p- , "white" + *-etwiy , "rump". [80]
Wickiup (definition)
From Fox wiikiyaapi , from the same Proto-Algonquian etymon as "wigwam" (see below). [81]
Wigwam (definition)
From Eastern Abenaki wik?wam (c.f. Ojibwe wiigiwaam ), [2] from Proto-Algonquian *wi·kiwa·Hmi . [82]
Woodchuck (definition)
Reshaped on analogy with "wood" and "chuck", from an Algonquian language of southern New England (c.f. Narragansett <ockqutchaun>, "woodchuck"). [83]

Words from Nahuatl [ edit ]

For a list of words relating to with Nahuatl language origins, see the Nahuatl derivations category of words in Wiktionary , the free dictionary.
Unless otherwise specified, Dictionnaire de la langue nahuatl classique is among the sources used for each etymology

Words of Nahuatl origin have entered many European languages. Mainly they have done so via Spanish . Most words of Nahuatl origin end in a form of the Nahuatl " absolutive suffix " ( -tl , -tli , or -li , or the Spanish adaptation -te ), which marked unpossessed nouns.

Achiote (definition)
from ?chiotl [aː?t??iot??]
Atlatl (definition)
from ahtlatl [?a?t??at??]
Atole (definition)
from at?lli [?aːtoːlli]
Avocado (definition)
from ?huacatl , 'avocado' or 'testicle' [aː?wakat??] , via Spanish aguacate and later avocado (influenced by early Spanish abogado 'lawyer') [84]
Axolotl (definition)
?x?l?tl [aː??oːloːt??] , via Spanish, ultimately from ?- , 'water' + x?l?tl , 'male servant' [85]
Aztec (definition)
from aztecatl 'coming from Aztlan', via Spanish Azteca [86]
Cacao (definition) and Cocoa (definition)
from cacahuatl [ka?kawat??]
Chayote (definition)
from chayohtli [t??a?jo?t??i]
Chia (definition)
from chiyan [?t??i.jan]
Chicle (definition)
from tzictli [?t?sikt??i]
Chili (definition)
from ch?lli [?t??iːlːi] [87]
Chipotle (definition)
from chilpoctli 'smoked chili', from chili + poctli 'smoke' [88]
Chocolate (definition)
Often said to be from Nahuatl xocol?tl [38] or chocol?tl , [89] which would be derived from xococ 'bitter' and ?tl 'water' (with an irregular change of x to ch ). [90] However, the form xocol?tl is not directly attested, and chocolatl does not appear in Nahuatl until the mid-18th century. Some researchers have recently proposed that the chocol- element was originally chicol- , and referred to a special wooden stick used to prepare chocolate. [91]
Copal (definition)
from copalli [92]
Coyote (definition)
from coy?tl via Spanish [93]
Epazote (definition)
from epaz?tl
Guacamole (definition)
from ?huacam?lli , from ?huaca- , 'avocado', and m?lli , 'sauce', via Mexican Spanish [94]
Hoatzin (definition)
from hu?ctzin [95]
Jicama (definition)
from xicamatl
Mesquite (definition)
from mizquitl [?miskit??] , via Spanish mezquite [96]
Mezcal (definition)
from mexcalli [me??kalːi] metl [met??] and ixcalli [i??kalːi] which mean 'oven cooked agave.' [97]
Mole (definition)
from m?lli [?moːlːi] , 'sauce'
Nixtamalization (definition)
from nixtamalli
Nopal (definition)
from nohpalli [no??palːi] , 'prickly pear cactus', via American Spanish [98]
Ocelot (definition)
from oc?l?tl [oː?seːloːt??] 'jaguar', via French [99]
Ocotillo (definition)
from ocotl 'pine, torch made of pine', via Mexican Spanish ocote + diminutive - illo [100]
Peyote (definition)
from pey?tl [?pejoːt??] . Nahuatl probably borrowed the root pey?- from another language, but the source is not known. [101]
Pinole (definition)
from pinolli , via Spanish
Quetzal (definition)
from quetzalli [ke?t?salːi] , ' quetzal feather'. [102]
Sapodilla (definition)
from tzapocuahuitl
Sapota (definition)
from tzapotl [?t?sapot??]
Shack (definition)
possibly from xahcalli [?a??kalːi] , 'grass hut', by way of Mexican Spanish . [38] [103]
Sotol (definition)
from tzotolli [104]
Tamale (definition)
from tamalli [ta?malːi] , via Spanish tamal . The Spanish plural is tamales , and the English derives from a false singular tamale . [105]
Tequila
from tequitl 'work' + tlan 'place'
Tlacoyo (definition)
from tlahtla?yoh [t????t????oːjo?]
Tomato (definition)
from tomatl [?tomat??] , via Spanish tomate . The change from tomate to tomato was likely influenced by the spelling of potato [106]
Tule (definition)
from t?llin [?toːlːin] , 'reed, bulrush'

Words from Quechua [ edit ]

Unless otherwise specified, Words in English from Amerindian Languages is among the sources used for each etymology

A number of words from Quechua have entered English, mostly via Spanish, adopting Hispanicized spellings.

Ayahuasca (definition)
from aya "corpse" and waska "rope", via Spanish ayahuasca
Cachua (definition)
from qhachwa
Chinchilla (definition)
possibly from Quechua. May be from Spanish chinche
Chuno (definition)
from ch'unu
Coca (definition)
from kuka , via Spanish coca
Cocaine (definition)
from kuka (see above), probably via French cocaine
Condor (definition)
from kuntur , via Spanish condor
Gran Chaco (definition)
from chaku , "hunt"
Guanaco (definition)
from wanaku
Guano (definition)
from wanu via Spanish guano
Inca (definition)
from Inka "lord, king"
Jerky (definition)
from ch'arki , via Spanish charqui
Lagniappe (definition)
from yapay , "add, addition", via Spanish la yapa (with the definite article la ).
Lima (definition)
from rimay , "speak" (from the name of the city , named for the Rimaq river ("speaking river"))
Llama (definition)
from llama , via Spanish
Lucuma (definition)
from lukuma , via Spanish [107]
Mashua (definition)
from maswa
Pampa (definition)
from pampa , "a large plain", via Spanish
Pisco (definition)
from pisqu , "bird"
Puma (definition)
from puma , via Spanish
Quinine (definition)
from kinakina , via Spanish quina
Quinoa (definition)
from kinwa , via Spanish quinoa
Quipu (definition)
from khipu , via Spanish quipo [108]
Soroche (definition)
from suruqchi or suruqch'i , " Altitude sickness " [109] [110]
Vicuna (definition)
from wik'una , via Spanish vicuna
Viscacha (definition)
from wisk'acha , via Spanish vizcacha [111]

Words from Eskaleut languages [ edit ]

Anorak (definition)
from Greenlandic Inuit annoraaq [112]
Chimo (definition)
from the Inuktitut word saimo ( ??? Inuktitut pronunciation: [sa.i?mo] , a word of greeting, farewell, and toast before drinking. [113] Used as a greeting and cheer by the Canadian Military Engineers , and more widely in some parts of Southern Ontario and Western Canada, particularly in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan [ citation needed ]
Igloo (definition)
from Inuktitut iglu ( ??? Inuktitut pronunciation: [i??lu] ) [114]
Ilanaaq (definition)
Inuktitut ilanaaq ( ???? Inuktitut pronunciation: [ilanaːk] ), "friend". Name of the logo for the 2010 Winter Olympics
Inuksuk (definition)
from Inuktitut inuksuk ( ????? Inuktitut pronunciation: [inuk?suk] ) [114]
Kayak (definition)
from Inuktitut qajaq ( ??? Inuktitut pronunciation: [qa?jaq] ) [114]
Malamute (definition)
from Inupiaq Malimiut , the name of an Inupiaq subgroup [115]
Mukluk (definition)
from Yupik maklak ( [mak?ak] ), " bearded seal " [114]
Nanook (definition)
from Inuktitut word for polar bear Nanuq ( ??? Inuktitut pronunciation: [na?nuq] ), [116] "polar bear", made famous in English due to a 1922 documentary Nanook of the North , featuring a man with this name.
Nunatak (definition)
from Greenlandic Inuit nunataq [117]
Tiktaalik (definition)
from Inuktitut tiktaalik ( ????? Inuktitut pronunciation: [tiktaːlik] ), "large freshwater fish" [118]
Umiaq (definition)

Words from Arawakan languages [ edit ]

Anole (definition)
from an Arawakan language , or possibly Cariban , via French anolis . [119] [120] [121]
Barbecue (definition)
from an Arawakan language of Haiti barbakoa , "framework of sticks", [122] via Spanish barbacoa . [123]
Buccaneer (definition)
from an Arawakan language buccan , "a wooden frame on which Tainos and Caribs slowly roasted or smoked meat", via French boucane . [124]
Cacique or cassique (definition)
from Taino cacike or Arawak kassequa "chieftain" [125]
Caiman (definition)
from a Ta-Maipurean language , "water spirit" (c.f. Garifuna [a?aiuma] ), [126] [127] though possibly ultimately of African origin. [128]
Canoe (definition)
from Taino via Spanish canoa . [129]
Cassava (definition)
from Taino cacabi , "manioc meal", via Spanish or Portuguese . [130]
Cay (definition)
from Taino , via Spanish cayo . [131]
Guaiac (definition)
from Taino guayacan via Spanish and Latin. [132]
Guava (definition)
from an Arawakan language, by way of Spanish guayaba . [133]
Hammock (definition)
from Taino , via Spanish hamaca . [134]
Hurricane (definition)
from Taino hurakan , via Spanish . [135]
Iguana (definition)
from an Arawakan language iwana . [136] [137]
Macana (definition)
from Taino macana via Spanish.
Maize (definition)
from Taino mahis , via Spanish. [138] [139]
Mangrove (definition)
from Taino , via Spanish mangle or Portuguese mangue . [140]
Papaya (definition)
from Taino . [141]
Potato (definition)
from Taino or Haitian Carib batata 'sweet potato', via Spanish patata . [142] [143] [144] [145]
Savanna (definition)
from Taino zabana , via Spanish . [146]
Tobacco (definition)
probably from an Arawakan language , via Spanish : tabaco . [69]
Yuca (definition)
from Taino , via Spanish . [147]

Words from Tupi-Guarani [ edit ]

Acai (definition)
from Tupi *?βasai , via Brazilian Portuguese assai , uacai , acai . [148]
Ani (definition)
from Tupi *anu?i . [149]
Agouti (definition)
from Tupi?Guarani akuti , via Portuguese aguti through French . [150] [151] [152]
Cashew (definition)
from Tupi acaiu, via Portuguese caju . [153]
Capybara (definition)
from Guarani kapibari 'the grass eater ' via Portuguese capivara through French .
Catupiry (definition)
from Guarani katupyry via Brazilian Portuguese . [154]
Cayenne (definition)
from Tupi kyinha via French . [155]
Cougar (definition)
ultimately corrupted from Guarani guacu ara . [156]
Jaguar (definition)
from Tupinamba via Portuguese jaguar through French /ja?war-/ ,. [157] [158]
Jaguarundi (definition)
from Guarani via Portuguese .
Maraca (definition)
from Tupi maraka via Portuguese .
Macaw (definition)
via Portuguese Macau from Tupi macavuana, which may be the name of a type of palm tree the fruit of which the birds eat. [159]
Manioc (definition)
from Tupinamba via Portuguese man(d)ioca through French /mani??ok-/ . [157]
Petunia (definition)
from Tupi petun 'smoke' via Portuguese .
Piranha (definition)
from Tupi pira?ja, pira?n?a , from pira 'fish' + a?ja, a?n?a 'tooth', via Portuguese . [160] [161]
Seriema (definition)
from Tupinamba siriema 'the crested one' via Portuguese
Tapioca (definition)
from Tupinamba /t?p???ok-a/ [157] 'juice squeezed out', from tipi 'residue, dregs' + og , ok 'to squeeze out', [162] via Portuguese . [163]
Tapir (definition)
from Tupinamba via Portuguese tapir through French /tapi??ir-/ . [157]
Tegu (definition)
from Tupinamba teiu-guacu 'big lizard' via Portuguese teiu
Toucan (definition)
from Tupinamba via Portuguese tucano through French /tu?kan-/ , [157] via Portuguese and French . [164]

Words from other indigenous languages of the Americas [ edit ]

Abalone (definition)
from Rumsen awlun and Ohlone aluan , via Spanish abulon. [165]
Alpaca (definition)
from Aymara allpaka , via Spanish . [166]
Appaloosa (definition)
Either named for the Palouse River , whose name comes from Sahaptin palu:s , "what is standing up in the water"; or for Opelousas , Louisiana, which may come from Choctaw api losa , "black body". [167]
Barracuda (definition)
from Spanish, perhaps originally from Carib . [168]
Bayou (definition)
from early Choctaw bayuk , "creek, river", via French . [169]
Camas (definition)
from Nez Perce qem?es . [170]
Cannibal (definition)
via Spanish Canibalis , from a Cariban language , meaning "person, Indian", [171] (Proto-Cariban *karipona ), [172] based on the Spaniards' belief that the Caribs ate human flesh. [173]
Catalpa (definition)
from Creek katałpa "head-wing", with (i)ka , "head" + (i)tałpa , "wing". [174]
Cenote (definition)
from Yucatec Maya dzonot or ts'onot [175] meaning "well". [176]
Cheechako (definition)
from Chinook Jargon chee + chako , "new come". Chee comes from Lower Chinook ?xi , "straightaway", and for chako c.f. Nuuchahnulth ?okwaa , "come!" [177]
Chicha
via Spanish from Kuna chichab , " maize " or from Nahuatl chichiatl , "fermented water."
Chinook (definition)
from Lower Chehalis ts?inuk , the name of a village, [178] [179] via Chinook Trade Jargon .
Chuckwalla (definition)
from Cahuilla ?axwal . [180]
Coho (definition)
from Halkomelem k????x??θ ( [k???x??θ] ). [38] [181] [182]
Coontie (definition)
from Creek conti hetaka.
Coypu (definition)
from Mapudungun coipu , via American Spanish coipu . [183]
Degu (definition)
from Mapudungun deun , via Spanish.
Divi-divi (definition)
from Cumanagoto .
Dory (definition)
from Miskito dori, duri.
Eulachon (definition)
from a Cree adaptation of Chinook Trade Jargon ulakan , [184] itself a borrowing of Clatsap u-tlalxw?(n) , "brook trout". [185]
Gaucho (definition)
via Spanish, probably from a South American indigenous language, cf. Araucanian cauchu 'wanderer'. [186]
Geoduck (definition)
from Lushootseed (Nisqually) g?id?q . [187] [188]
Guan (definition)
from Kuna kwama . [189]
High muckamuck (definition)
from Chinook Jargon [?m?k?m?k] , "eat, food, drink", of unknown origin. [190]
Hogan (definition)
from Navajo hooghan . [191]
Hooch (definition)
a shortening of "Hoochinoo", the name of a Tlingit village, from Tlingit xutsnuuwu , "brown bear fort". [192] [193]
Kachina (definition)
from Hopi katsina , "spirit being". [194]
Jojoba (definition)
via Spanish, from some Uto-Aztecan language, cf. O'odham hohowai and Yaqui hohoovam . [195]
Kiva (definition)
from Hopi kiva (containing ki- , "house"). [196]
Kokanee (definition)
perhaps from Twana k?kn?xw. [197]
Manatee (definition)
via Spanish manati , from a word in a Cariban language meaning "(woman's) breast". [198] [199] [200]
Ohunka
from Lakota "false", "untrue". [201]
Peccary (definition)
from Galilbi Carib pakira .
Piki (definition)
from Hopi .
Pogonip (definition)
from Shoshone /pak?napp?/ ( [pa???napp??] ), "fog". [202]
Poncho (definition)
from Mapudungun pontho "woolen fabric", via Spanish. [203] [204]
Potlatch (definition)
from Nuuchahnulth (Nootka) p?a?p?a? ( [p?at?p?at??] , reduplication of p?a , "to make ceremonial gifts in potlatch", with the iterative suffix -? ) via Chinook Jargon . [205]
Salal (definition)
from Chinook Trade Jargon [s??læl] , from Lower Chinook salal . [206]
Saguaro (definition)
via Spanish , from some indigenous language, possibly Opata . [207]
Sasquatch (definition)
From Halkomelem [?sæsq??ts] . [208]
Sego (definition)
from Ute-Southern Paiute /si?ku?a/ ( [si??u?a] ). [209]
Sequoia (definition)
from a Cherokee personal name, <Sikwayi>, with no further known etymology. [210]
Sockeye (definition)
from Halkomelem /?sθ?q??j/ . [211]
Skookum (definition)
from Chinook Jargon [?skuk?m] , "powerful, supernaturally dangerous", from Lower Chehalis sk??k???m , "devil, anything evil, spirit monster". [212] [213]
Tamarin (definition)
from a Cariban language , via French . [214]
Tipi (definition)
from Lakota thipi , "house". [67]
Tupelo (definition)
Perhaps from Creek ’topilwa , "swamp-tree", from ito , "tree" + opilwa , "swamp". [215]
Wapatoo (definition)
from Chinook Jargon [?wapato] , "arrowroot, wild potato", from Upper Chinook [wa]- , a noun prefix + [pato] , which comes from Kalapuyan [pdo?] , "wild potato". [216]
Wakinyan (definition)
from Lakota wa , "people/things" + kiŋyaŋ , "to fly". [217]
Yaupon (definition)
from Catawba y?p? , from y? , "wood/tree" + p? , "leaf". [218]

See also [ edit ]

References [ edit ]

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  208. ^ Bright (2004:422)
  209. ^ Bright (2004:429)
  210. ^ Bright (2004:432)
  211. ^ Bright (2004:455)
  212. ^ Bright (2004:452)
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  214. ^ RHD (1987:1939)
  215. ^ RHD (1987:2036)
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Bibliography [ edit ]

  • Bright, William (2004). Native American Place Names of the United States . Norman: University of Oklahoma Press
  • Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America . Oxford: Oxford University Press
  • Flexner, Stuart Berg and Leonore Crary Hauck, eds. (1987). The Random House Dictionary of the English Language [RHD], 2nd ed. (unabridged). New York: Random House.
  • Siebert, Frank T. (1975). "Resurrecting Virginia Algonquian from the Dead: The Reconstituted and Historical Phonology of Powhatan". In Studies in Southeastern Indian Languages , ed. James M. Crawford, pp. 285?453. Athens: University of Georgia Press

External links [ edit ]

Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_English_words_from_Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas&oldid=1226453241 "