No.
|
Reign
|
Regnal Name
|
Personal Name
|
Parents
|
Notable Events
|
1
|
750 ? 8 June 754
|
al-Saff??
|
Ab?’l-?Abb?s ?Abd All?h
|
|
|
2
|
10 June 754 ? 775
|
al-Man??r
|
Ab? Ja?far ?Abd All?h
|
|
- Nominated heir by his brother caliph Al-Saffah (the founder of Abbasid dynasty) in 754.
- Al-Mansur was proclaimed Caliph on his way to
Mecca
in the year 753 CE (136 AH) and was inaugurated the following year.
[7]
- Founder of
Baghdad
. He was one of the famous Abbasid caliphs.
- During his reign, a Fugitive
Umayyad
prince
Abd al-Rahman I
founds the
Emirate of Cordoba
in
al-Andalus
(756).
|
3
|
775 ? 4 August 785
|
al-Mahd?
bi-'ll?h
|
Ab? ?Abd All?h Mu?ammad
|
|
- Nominated heir by his father After the death of his father, he succeeded him.
- Al-Mahdi commenced his rule by releasing several political prisoners, expanding and decorating the holy places of Mecca and Medina, and building fountains and lofts for Hajj pilgrims. He expanded the mail service, increased his secret service, fortified cities, and increased judicial appointments. His charitable giving was also impressive.
|
4
|
August 785 ? 14 September 786
|
al-H?d?
|
Ab? Mu?ammad M?s?
|
|
- Nominated first heir by his father Al-Mahdi after the death of his father, he succeeded him
|
5
|
14 September 786 ? 24 March 809
|
H?r?n al-Rash?d
|
H?r?n
|
|
- Nominated second heir by his father al-Mahdi, after the death of his brother Caliph al-Hadi, he succeeded him in 786.
- Abbasids ruled over present-day Morocco until 788, when secessionist
Idrisid dynasty
established in
Morocco
(788).
|
6
|
March 809 ? 24/25 September 813
|
al-Am?n
|
Ab? M?s? Mu?ammad
|
|
- Nominated first heir by his father Harun al-Rashid, after the death of his father in 809, he succeeded him.
- He tried to remove his half-brother
Abdallah al-Ma'mun
from line of succession. In 811, a Civil war of the
Fourth Fitna
began. Al-Amin was deposed and killed at the
Siege of Baghdad
.
|
7
|
September 813 ? 9 August 833
|
al-Ma?m?n
|
Ab?'l-?Abb?s ?Abd All?h
|
|
- Nominated second heir by his father. His half-brother al-Amin tried to remove him as heir. He overthrow al-Amin and succeeded his half-brother al-Amin after a civil war in 813. Victor of the civil war.
- Launch of the
Translation Movement
, major revamp of the
House of Wisdom
, and systematic support of scholars for the gathering and translation of knowledge from various civilizations.
- During his reign, Caliphate expanded its rule in
Mediterranean Islands
especially with Establishment of the
Emirate of Crete
(824/827) and Start of the
Muslim conquest of Sicily
(827)
- By the end of al-Ma'mun's reign in 833,
Ibn Abi Du'ad
had become a close associate of the caliph, and on his deathbed al-Ma'mun recommended to his brother and successor al-Mu'tasim that he admit Ibn Abi Du'ad to his circle of advisors.
[9]
|
8
|
9 August 833 ? 5 January 842
|
al-Mu?ta?im
bi-’ll?h
|
Ab? Is??q Mu?ammad
|
|
- His brother, Al-Ma'mun had made no official provisions for his succession. According to the account of al-Tabari, on his deathbed al-Ma'mun dictated a letter nominating his brother, rather than his son al-Abbas, as his successor.
- Establishment of the
Turkish
ghilman
in positions of power. Militarization and centralization of the administration.
- The start of official support for
Mu'tazilism
, institution of the
mihna
from in 833. under Abbasid official
Ahmad ibn Abi Du'ad
.
- Founder of
Samarra
city. He moved the
capital to Samarra
in 836.
|
9
|
5 January 842 ? 10 August 847
|
al-W?thiq
bi-'ll?h
|
Ab? Ja?far H?r?n
|
|
- When his father, al-Mu'tasim took care for his son and heir to acquire experience in governance.
- Nominated heir by his father. Al-Wathiq succeeded his father and ruled as Caliph for six years.
- Al-Wathiq died as the result of
dropsy
, while being seated in an oven in an attempt to cure it.
|
10
|
10 August 847 ? 11 December 861
|
al-Mutawakkil
?al? 'll?h
|
Ja?far
|
|
- As a young prince, he was appointed as
Amir al-hajj
by his brother Al-Wathiq in 842 and he remained a Courtier under his brother's reign.
- End of official support for
Mu'tazilism
, abolition of the
mi?nah
(848/851). Return to traditional orthodoxy.
- Al-Mutawakkil was the last great Abbasid caliph; after his death the dynasty would fall into a decline. He was Assassinated by his guards with support of his son
al-Muntasir
.
|
11
|
861 ? 7 or 8 June 862
|
al-Munta?ir
bi-'ll?h
|
Ab? Ja?far Mu?ammad
|
|
- Reigned during the
Anarchy at Samarra
- Caliph al-Mutawakkil (847?861) had created a plan of succession that would allow his sons to inherit the caliphate after his death; he would be succeeded first by his eldest son,
al-Muntasir
, then by
al-Mu'tazz
and third by al-Mu'ayyad.
[12]
However, Al-Muntasir tried to change it and he almost succeeded in it.
- Decline of the Abbasid Caliphate
- Just like most Abbasid caliphs, He provided endowments to his kins
Banu Hashim
.
|
12
|
862 ? 866
|
al-Musta??n
bi-?ll?h
|
A?mad
|
|
|
13
|
866 ? 869
|
al-Mu?tazz
bi-?ll?h
|
Ab? ?Abd All?h Mu?ammad
|
|
- Reigned during the
Anarchy at Samarra
.
- Al-Mu'tazz's reign (866?869) marks the apogee of the decline of the Caliphate's central authority, and the climax of centrifugal tendencies, expressed through the emergence of the autonomous dynasties.
- Deposed by the Turkic military officers.
|
14
|
869 ? 21 June 870
|
al-Muhtad?
bi-'ll?h
|
Ab? Is??q Mu?ammad
|
|
- Reigned during the
Anarchy at Samarra
.
- As a ruler, al-Muhtadi sought to emulate the Umayyad caliph
Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz
,
widely considered a model Islamic ruler.
- Assassinated by the Turkish military. End of Anarchy at Samarra.
|
15
|
21 June 870 ? 15 October 892
|
al-Mu?tamid
?al? ’ll?h
|
Ab?'l-?Abb?s A?mad
|
|
- Al-Mu'tamid's reign marks the end of the "Anarchy at Samarra" and the start of the Abbasid restoration. His brother was Commander-in-chief al-Muwaffaq, who held the loyalty of the military and had great influence over him.
- Start of the "Abbasid revival". Repulse of the
Saffarids
rebellion and subjugation of the
Zanj Revolt
.
- Establishment of the autonomous
Tulunid dynasty
in Egypt, Gradual decline of Abbasid rule in
Transoxiana
, Persia,
Sind and Punjab
, North Africa,
Middle East
and
Arabia
.
|
16
|
October 892 ? 5 April 902
|
al-Mu?ta?id
bi-'ll?h
|
Ab?'l-?Abb?s A?mad
|
- Al-Muwaffaq
, Abbasid prince and Commander-in-chief
- Dirar (Hariz),
Greek
concubine
|
- He was the nephew of
Al-Mu'tamid
, He added his name in line of succession and removed his cousin as heir. After his uncle death his succeeded him.
- Al-Mu'tadid had inherited his father's gifts as a ruler and was distinguished alike for his economy and his military ability, becoming "one of the greatest of the Abbasids in spite of his strictness.
- Height of the "Abbasid revival". Recovery of
Jazira
,
Thughur
,
Jibal
.
- Return of the capital to Baghdad and start of the
Qarmatian
missionary activity and raids.
|
17
|
5 April 902 ? 13 August 908
|
al-Muktaf?
bi-'ll?h
|
Ab? Mu?ammad ?Al?
|
|
- Nominated heir by his father, Caliph Al-Mu'tadid.
- Al-Mu'tadid took care to prepare Ali al-Muktafi, his oldest son and heir, for the succession by appointing him as a provincial governor: first in Rayy, Qazvin, Qum and Hamadan.
- During his reign Abbasids completely recovered Egypt and Syria from the
Tulunids
. End of the "Abbasid revival".
|
18
|
13 August 908 ? 929
|
al-Muqtadir
bi-'ll?h
|
Ab?'l-Fa?l Ja?far
|
|
|
19
|
929
|
al-Q?hir
bi-'ll?h
|
Ab? al-Man??r Mu?ammad
|
|
|
(18)
|
929 ? 31 October 932
|
al-Muqtadir
bi-'ll?h
|
Ab?'l-Fa?l Ja?far
|
|
|
(19)
|
31 October 932 ? 934
|
al-Q?hir
bi-'ll?h
|
Ab? al-Man??r Mu?ammad
|
|
- Second reign
- After his brother was killed, he succeeded him as Caliph.
- In 31 October 932 he was deposed.
|
20
|
934 ? 23 December 940
|
al-R???
bi-'ll?h
|
Ab?'l-?Abb?s A?mad/Mu?ammad
|
|
- Originally nominated heir by his father Al-Muqtadir. After the death of his uncle Al-Qahir he succeeded him.
- Al-Radi is commonly spoken of as the last of the real Caliphs: the last to deliver orations at the Friday service, to hold assemblies with philosophers to discuss the questions of the day, or to take counsel on the affairs of State; the last to distribute largess among the needy, or to interpose to temper the severity of cruel officers.
|
21
|
940 ? 944
|
al-Muttaq?
li-'ll?h
|
Ab? Is??q Ibr?h?m
|
|
- Beginning of the later Abbasid period.
- He was chosen by Military officers after the death of his brother Caliph Al-Radi.
- Overthrown and blinded by the
am?r al-umar??
Tuzun
.
|
22
|
September 944 ? 29 January 946
|
al-Mustakf?
bi-?ll?h
|
?Abd All?h
|
|
|
23
|
29 January 946 ? 974
|
al-Mu???
li-?ll?h
|
Ab?'l-Q?sim al-Fa?l
|
|
- He succeeded his cousin Al-Mustakfi, during his reign Buyids influence grew.
- Installed by the
Buyid
Amir
Mu'izz al-Dawla
.
- During the last years of his reign, Abbasids completely lost Egypt, Palestine and Hejaz.
- Increasingly incapacitated by a partial paralysis that had begun following a stroke in 970, al-Muti was now induced to abdicate with his health as a pretext, and was replaced by his son Abd al-Karim, as al-Ta'i (r. 974?991), on 5 August.
|
24
|
974 ? 991
|
al-???i?
li-amri ?ll?h
|
Abd al-Kar?m
|
|
- He was nominated heir by his father Al-Muti and his father Abdicated for his son became of partial paralysis that had begun following a stroke in 970.
- During his reign, Syria was torn by contending factions ? Fatimid and Carmathian; while the Buy?ds was split up into parties that were fighting among themselves. To top this all off, the Byzantine Emperor John Tzimisces stormed the east in a victorious campaign in 975. After holding the office for seventeen years, a?-?a?i? was deposed in 991.
- Deposed by the Buyid
Amir
Baha' al-Dawla
.
|
25
|
1 November 991 ? 29 November 1031
|
al-Q?dir
bi-'ll?h
|
A?mad
|
|
- He succeeded his cousin, Caliph Al-Ta'i.
- Installed by the
Buyid
Amir
Baha' al-Dawla
.
- During his reign, he granted the title Sultan to Muslim rulers. The sultans were religious deputy of the all later Abbasid Caliphs.
- Upholding of Sunni orthodoxy; publication of the
Baghdad Manifesto
.
|
26
|
29 November 1031 ? 2 April 1075
|
al-Q??im
bi-amri 'll?h
|
Abu Ja'far Abdallah
|
|
|
27
|
2 April 1075 ? February 1094
|
al-Muqtad?
bi-amri ’ll?h
|
Ab?'l-Q?sim ?Abd All?h
|
|
- He was born to Abbasid prince
Muhammad Dhakirat
and an
Armenian
Umm walad.
[16]
- He was honored by the Seljuk sultan Malik-Shah I, during whose reign the Caliphate was recognized throughout the extending range of Seljuk Sultanate. Hejaz, with the Holy Cities, now recovered from the Fatimids, acknowledged again the spiritual jurisdiction of the Abbasids.
|
28
|
February 1094 ? 6 August 1118
|
al-Musta?hir
bi-'ll?h
|
Ab? l-?Abb?s A?mad
|
|
- He succeeded his father as Caliph. He was the notable Caliph of the later Abbasid Era.
- The appearance of the
First Crusade
in Syria. He his known for contributing to
Mawdud
's struggling against crusades to reconquer Muslim lands of Levant coastline.
|
29
|
6 August 1118 ? 29 August 1135
|
al-Mustarshid
bi-'ll?h
|
Ab?'l-Man??r al-Fa?l
|
|
- He succeeded his father as Caliph. He was a notable Caliph of Later Abbasid Era and he was also an Arabic poet.
- Al-Mustarshid deposed and imprisoned his vizier Amid al-dawla Jalal al-Din Hasan ibn Ali. One year later he also deposed
Ahmad ibn Nizam al-Mulk
as his vizier.
- Foundation of the
Almohad Empire
in the
Maghreb
(1121). The Almohads were anti-Abbasids.
|
30
|
29 August 1135 ? 1136
|
al-R?shid
bi-'ll?h
|
Abu Ja?far al-Man??r
|
|
- Nominated heir by his father, After the assassination of his father he succeeded him.
- Deposed by the Seljuk Sultan
Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud
.
- Al-Rashid Billah was deposed by seljuks and he fled to
Isfahan
where he was assassinated by a team of four Shia
Nizari Ismailis (Assassins)
in June 1138. This was celebrated in
Alamut
for a week.
[17]
|
31
|
1136 ? 12 March 1160
|
al-Muqtaf?
li-?amri ’ll?h
|
Ab? ?Abd All?h Mu?ammad
|
|
- He was the brother of caliph
Al-Mustarshid
and uncle of
Al-Rashid Billah
.
- Al-Muqtafi successfully established an army during the later Abbasid era. (Previously Caliphs were militarily dependent on
Seljuks
.
- Siege of Baghdad (1157)
by the Seljuks fails. Restoration of the Caliph's political and military influence of Later Abbasids.
|
32
|
12 March 1160 ? 20 December 1170
|
al-Mustanjid
bi-'ll?h
|
Ab?'l-Mu?affar Y?suf
|
|
- He succeeded his father Al-Muqtafi.
|
33
|
20 December 1170 ? 30 March 1180
|
al-Musta???
bi-amri ?ll?h
|
al-?asan
|
|
- Al-Mustadi succeeded his father Caliph Al-Mustanjid.
- He enjoys nothing but what he earns by the labor of his own hands, and therefore manufactures coverlets, which he stamps with his seal, and which his officers sell in the public market.
- His political and religious authority was recognized throughout Middle East especially by Saladin ruler of Egypt. Caliph Al-Mustadi granted Saladin the title Sultan. Also gave him authority over holy cities;
Mecca
,
Medina
and
Jerusalem
.
- End of the
Fatimid Caliphate
in 1171, restoration of Abbasid authority in Egypt under
Saladin
.
|
34
|
2 March 1180 ? 4 October 1225
|
al-N??ir
li-D?n All?h
|
Abu'l-?Abb?s A?mad
|
|
- Recovery of Jerusalem
from the Crusaders (1187) by
Saladin
.
- Al-Nasir was the influential Caliph of the Later Abbasid era.
- According to historian Angelika Hartmann, Al-Nasir was the last effective Abbasid caliph
[18]
of Later Abbasid Caliphate.
- His political and religious authority was recognized throughout
Middle East
especially in territory of
Ayyubid dynasty
of
Saladin
.
|
35
|
5 October 1225 ? 11 July 1226
|
al-??hir
bi-amri’ll?h
|
Abu Nasr Mu?ammad
|
|
- He was nominated as heir in 1189. He succeeded his father.
- In his short reign, he lowered the taxes, and built a strong army to resist invasions. He died on 10 July 1226, nine months after his accession.
- During his short reign he saw disastrous Mongol Invasion in parts of Eastern Islamic World.
|
36
|
11 July 1226 ? 2 December 1242
|
al-Mustan?ir
bi-'ll?h
|
Ab? Ja?far al-Man??r
|
|
- He succeeded his father caliph Al-Zahir.
- Al-Mustansir was the penultimate Caliph of the later Abbasid era.
- During his reign Eastern Islamic World was invaded by Mongols. The great cities like
Bukhara
,
Samarkand
were destroyed and millions of Muslims were killed.
|
37
|
2 December 1242 ? 20 February 1258
|
al-Musta??im
bi-'ll?h
|
?Abd All?h
|
|
- Last Abbasid caliph of Later Abbasid Era
- End of the
Abbasid dynasty
. Al-Musta'sim was the last known recognised Muslim caliph. His death marked the complete end of the Caliphate as a political and religious entity in the Middle East.
- Executed after the
Mongol sack of Baghdad
, he ruled for a period of 15 years 2 months and 15 days.
|