Line of ancestors and descendants of a person
In
anthropology
, a
lineage
is a
unilineal descent
group that traces its
ancestry
to a demonstrably
shared ancestor
, known as the
apical ancestor
.
[1]
[2]
[3]
Lineages are formed through
relationships
traced either exclusively through the maternal line (
matrilineage
), paternal line (
patrilineage
), or some combination of both (
ambilineal
).
[4]
The cultural significance of matrilineal or patrilineal descent varies greatly, shaping
social structures
,
inheritance patterns
, and even rituals across
societies
.
[5]
Characteristics
[
edit
]
A lineage is a
descent group
characterized by
unilineal descent
.
[1]
This means that lineage membership is determined by tracing
ancestry
through either a single line (
unilineal
), either
maternal
or
paternal
,
[3]
or through a combination of both lines (
ambilineal
).
[4]
This differentiates lineages from other
descent groups
like
clans
, which may have a
shared ancestor
but lack the demonstrably documented or traditionally accepted
apical ancestor
from whom all members descend.
[6]
There are three forms of lineage,
matrilineage
,
patrilineage
, and
ambilineal
.
[4]
In
matrilineage
, descent is traced exclusively through the
maternal line
.
[7]
Children inherit lineage membership from their mother, and the lineage consists of a mother, her children, and her children's children who are all
matrilineally related
. The
Minangkabau people
of
Indonesia
, being a
Jew
in the
Jewish religion
,
[8]
and the
Khasi people
of
India
are well-known examples of societies with prominent matrilineal structures.
[9]
In
patrilineage
, descent is traced exclusively through the
paternal line
.
[10]
Children inherit lineage membership from their father, and the lineage consists of a father, his children, and his children's children who are all
patrilineally related
.
[11]
Patrilineages
are more common globally, with examples found in many cultures, such as much of
South East Asia
.
[12]
[13]
In
ambilineal
lineage, descent is traced through either the
maternal
and/or the
paternal lines
, usually meaning that the individuals choose whether to affiliate with their
mother or their father's group
, or both.
[14]
[15]
Ambilineal lineage can be
bilineal
or
bilateral
.
[16]
[17]
[18]
Ambilineal
lineages are relatively rare in more under-developed societies, such as
South East Asia
,
[4]
and very common in modernized societies, such as the
United States
and
Western Europe
.
[19]
In
Bilineal
lineage (also known as double descent), children are part of both their
mother and their father's groups
.
[20]
[21]
[17]
This results in many more people in a lineage.
[22]
Examples of
bilineal lineage
include the
Yako people
of
Nigeria
.
[23]
[21]
Lineages play a large role in
social organization
across
cultures
.
[24]
They influence
inheritance
patterns, with
property
and titles often passed down within the lineage.
[25]
In addition, lineages often have religious significance, with one's
ancestorial history
often determining one's
religion
and position in that religion.
[26]
The structure of lineages also leads to stability,
[3]
social obligations
, and
reciprocity
among members, providing support networks and a sense of shared identity.
[27]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
"Definition of LINEAGE"
.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
. 2024-04-16
. Retrieved
2024-04-26
.
- ^
"Yinhawangka People"
. Paraburdoo, Western Australia: Yinhawangka Aboriginal Corporation
. Retrieved
2024-04-26
.
- ^
a
b
c
"Lineage | Family History, Kinship & Descent"
.
Encyclopedia Britannica
. Retrieved
2024-04-26
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
"The Nature of Kinship: Descent Principles (Part 1)"
. San Marcos, California: Palomar Community College
. Retrieved
2024-04-26
.
- ^
"
"Maternal" vs. "Paternal" ? What's The Difference?"
.
Choice DNA
. 2023-05-15
. Retrieved
2024-04-26
.
- ^
"Clans and Lineages"
.
Between Two Worlds
. St. Olaf College
. Retrieved
2024-04-26
.
- ^
"Definition of Matrilineage"
.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
. Retrieved
2024-04-26
.
- ^
Paz RY (2021-09-29).
"The Stubborn Subversiveness of Judaism's Matrilineal Principle"
.
Verfassungsblog
.
- ^
"Matrilineal society | Definition, Examples, & Facts"
.
Encyclopedia Britannia
. Retrieved
2024-04-26
.
- ^
"Definition of Patrilineage"
.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
. Retrieved
2024-04-26
.
- ^
Strassmann BI, Kurapati NT (June 2016).
"What Explains Patrilineal Cooperation?"
.
Current Anthropology
.
57
(S13): S118?S130.
doi
:
10.1086/685762
.
ISSN
0011-3204
.
- ^
Shenk MK, Begley RO, Nolin DA, Swiatek A (September 2019).
"When does matriliny fail? The frequencies and causes of transitions to and from matriliny estimated from a de novo coding of a cross-cultural sample"
.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
.
374
(1780): 20190006.
doi
:
10.1098/rstb.2019.0006
.
PMC
6664135
.
PMID
31303165
.
- ^
"Patrilineage | sociology | Britannica"
.
www.britannica.com
. Retrieved
2024-05-01
.
- ^
Coult AD (February 1964). "Role allocation, position structuring, and ambilineal descent".
American Anthropologist
.
66
(1): 29?40.
doi
:
10.1525/aa.1964.66.1.02a00030
.
- ^
"Ambilineal Descent Definition & Explanation"
.
Sociology Plus
. 2022-12-05
. Retrieved
2024-04-26
.
- ^
"The Nature of Kinship: Glossary of Terms"
.
www.palomar.edu
. Retrieved
2024-05-01
.
- ^
a
b
"The Nature of Kinship: Glossary of Terms"
.
www.palomar.edu
. Retrieved
2024-05-01
.
- ^
"The Nature of Kinship: Glossary of Terms"
.
www.palomar.edu
. Retrieved
2024-05-01
.
- ^
Matresse C.
"Reading: Lines of Descent and Family Stages | Sociology"
. Lumen Learning
. Retrieved
2024-04-26
.
- ^
Bell K (2014-12-24).
"bilineal descent definition"
.
Open Education Sociology Dictionary
.
- ^
a
b
"10.6: Kinship"
.
Social Sci LibreTexts
. 2018-04-28
. Retrieved
2024-05-01
.
- ^
"Types of Descent: Patrilineal, Matrilineal, and Bilateral Systems"
.
Testbook
. Retrieved
2024-05-01
.
- ^
"Meaning of Double Descent in Anthropology | Anthroholic"
. 2023-07-13
. Retrieved
2024-05-01
.
- ^
"What is Lineage in Anthropology?"
.
Anthroholic
. 2023-05-28
. Retrieved
2024-04-28
.
- ^
"Heirs' Property Landowners"
.
Farmers.gov
. 2020-11-13
. Retrieved
2024-04-28
.
- ^
"Links between childhood religious upbringing and current religious identity"
.
Pew Research Center
.
- ^
"Tracing Roots: The Significance of Family Trees in Traditional Societies"
.
The Intergovernmental College of Arms and Traditional Cultures (ICATS)
. Euclid University
. Retrieved
2024-04-28
.
Further reading
[
edit
]
External links
[
edit
]