Form of poetry
"Limericks" redirects here. For the city in Ireland, see
Limerick
. For the vaccine, see
LYMErix
.
A
limerick
(
LIM
-?r-ik
)
[1]
is a form of verse that appeared in England in the early years of the 18th century.
[2]
In combination with a
refrain
, it forms a
limerick song
, a traditional humorous
drinking song
often with obscene verses. It is written in five-line, predominantly
and
amphibrach
[3]
trimeter
with a strict
rhyme scheme
of AABBA, in which the first, second and fifth line rhyme, while the third and fourth lines are shorter and share a different rhyme.
[4]
It was popularized by
Edward Lear
in the 19th century,
[5]
although he did not use the term. From a
folkloric
point of view, the form is essentially transgressive; violation of
taboo
is part of its function. According to
Gershon Legman
, who compiled the largest and most scholarly anthology, this folk form is always
obscene
[6]
and the exchange of limericks is almost exclusive to comparatively well-educated men. Women are figuring in limericks almost exclusively as "villains or victims". Legman dismissed the "clean" limerick as a "periodic fad and object of magazine contests, rarely rising above mediocrity". Its humour is not in the "punch line" ending but rather in the tension between meaning and its lack.
[7]
The following example is a limerick of unknown origin:
The limerick packs
laughs anatomical
Into space that is quite economical.
But the good ones I've seen
So seldom are clean
And the clean ones so seldom are comical.
[8]
Form
[
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]
The standard form of a limerick is a stanza of five lines, with the first, second and fifth rhyming with one another and having three
feet
of three
syllables
each; and the shorter third and fourth lines also rhyming with each other, but having only two feet of three syllables. The third and fourth lines are usually
anapaestic
, or one
iamb
followed by one anapaest. The first, second and fifth are usually either anapaests or
amphibrachs
.
[9]
The first line traditionally introduces a person and a place, with the place appearing at the end of the first line and establishing the rhyme scheme for the second and fifth lines. In early limericks, the last line was often essentially a repeat of the first line, although this is no longer customary.
Within the genre, ordinary speech stress is often distorted in the first line, and may be regarded as a feature of the form: "There
was
a young
man
from the
coast
"; "There
once
was a
girl
from De
troit
..." Legman takes this as a convention whereby
prosody
is violated simultaneously with propriety.
[10]
Exploitation of
geographical names
, especially exotic ones, is also common, and has been seen as invoking memories of geography lessons in order to subvert the decorum taught in the schoolroom.
The most prized limericks incorporate a kind of twist, which may be revealed in the final line or lie in the way the rhymes are often intentionally tortured, or both. Many limericks show some form of
internal rhyme
,
alliteration
or
assonance
, or some element of
word play
. Verses in limerick form are sometimes combined with a
refrain
to form a
limerick song
, a traditional humorous
drinking song
often with obscene verses.
David Abercrombie
, a phonetician, takes a different view of the limerick.
[11]
It is this: Lines one, two, and five have three feet, that is to say three stressed syllables, while lines three and four have two stressed syllables. The number and placement of the unstressed syllables is rather flexible. There is at least one unstressed syllable between the stresses but there may be more ? as long as there are not so many as to make it impossible to keep the equal spacing of the stresses.
Etymology
[
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]
The origin of the name
limerick
for this type of poem is debated. The name is generally taken to be a reference to the
City
or
County of Limerick
in Ireland
[12]
[13]
sometimes particularly to the
Maigue Poets
, and may derive from an earlier form of
nonsense verse
parlour game
that traditionally included a refrain that included "Will [or won't] you come (up) to Limerick?"
[14]
Although the
New English Dictionary
records the first usage of the word limerick for this type of poem in England in 1898 and in the United States in 1902, in recent years several earlier examples have been documented, the earliest being an 1880 reference, in a
Saint John, New Brunswick
newspaper, to an apparently well-known tune,
[15]
There was a young rustic named Mallory,
who drew but a very small salary.
When he went to the show,
his purse made him go
to a seat in the uppermost gallery.
Tune: Won't you come to Limerick.
[16]
Edward Lear
[
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]
The limerick form was popularized by
Edward Lear
in his first
A Book of Nonsense
(1846) and a later work,
More Nonsense Pictures, Rhymes, Botany, etc.
(1872). Lear wrote 212 limericks, mostly considered
nonsense literature
. It was customary at the time for limericks to accompany an absurd illustration of the same subject, and for the final line of the limerick to be a variant of the first line ending in the same word, but with slight differences that create a nonsensical, circular effect. The humour is not in the "punch line" ending but rather in the tension between meaning and its lack.
[17]
The following is an example of one of Edward Lear's limericks.
There was a Young Person of
Smyrna
Whose grandmother threatened to burn her.
But she seized on the cat,
and said 'Granny, burn that!
You incongruous old woman of Smyrna!'
Lear's limericks were often typeset in three or four lines, according to the space available under the accompanying picture.
Variations
[
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]
The limerick form is so well known that it has been parodied in many ways. The following example is of unknown origin:
There was a young man from Japan
Whose limericks never would scan.
And when they asked why,
He said "I do try!
But when I get to the last line I try to fit in as many words as I can."
Other parodies deliberately break the rhyme scheme, like the following example, attributed to
W.S. Gilbert
:
There was an old man of
St. Bees
,
Who was stung in the arm by a wasp,
When asked, "Does it hurt?"
He replied, "No, it doesn't,
I'm so glad it wasn't a hornet."
[18]
[19]
Comedian
John Clarke
also parodied Lear's style:
There was an old man with a beard,
A funny old man with a beard
He had a big beard
A great big old beard
That amusing old man with a beard.
[20]
The American film reviewer Ezra Haber Glenn has blended the limerick form with reviews of popular films, creating so-called "filmericks".
[21]
For example, on
Vittorio De Sica
's
Italian neorealist
Bicycle Thieves
:
De Sica shoots Rome neo-real,
The poor have been dealt a raw deal.
A bike is required
Or Ricci gets fired:
All men must eventually steal.
[22]
The British wordplay and recreational mathematics expert
Leigh Mercer
(1893?1977) devised the following mathematical limerick:
12 + 144 + 20 + 3
√
4
/
7
+ (5 × 11) = 9
2
+ 0
This is read as follows:
A
dozen
, a
gross
, and a
score
Plus three times the square root of four
Divided by seven
Plus five times eleven
Is nine squared and not a bit more.
[23]
See also
[
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]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"LIMERICK | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary"
.
dictionary.cambridge.org
. Retrieved
2019-12-12
.
- ^
An interesting and highly esoteric verse in limerick form is found in the diary of the Rev.
John Thomlinson
(1692?1761):
1717. Sept. 17th. One Dr. Bainbridge went from Cambridge to Oxon [Oxford] to be astronomy professor, and reading a lecture happened to say
de Polis et Axis,
instead of
Axibus.
Upon which one said, Dr. Bainbridge was sent from Cambridge,?to read lectures
de Polis et Axis;
but lett them that brought him hither, return him thither, and teach him his rules of syntaxis.
From
Six North Country Diaries
, Publications of the
Surtees Society
, Vol. CXVIII for the year MCMX, p. 78. Andrews & Co., Durham, etc. 1910.
- ^
Cuddon, J.A. (1999).
The Penguin dictionary of literary terms and literary theory
(4. ed.). London [u.a.]: Penguin Books. p.
458
.
ISBN
978-0140513639
.
- ^
Vaughn, Stanton (1904).
Limerick Lyrics
. Retrieved
6 October
2014
.
- ^
Brandreth, page 108
- ^
Legman 1988, pp. x-xi.
- ^
Tigges, Wim. "The Limerick: The Sonnet of Nonsense?".
Explorations in the Field of Nonsense
. ed. Wim Tigges. 1987. page 117
- ^
Feinberg, Leonard.
The Secret of Humor
. Rodopi, 1978.
ISBN
9789062033706
. p102
- ^
"Limerick"
.
Poetry Forms
. 23 February 2013
. Retrieved
31 May
2020
.
- ^
Legman 1988, p. xliv.
- ^
Abercrombie, David,
Studies in Phonetics and Linguistics
1965 Oxford University Press: Chapter 3
A Phonetician's View of Verse Structure
.
- ^
Loomis 1963, pp. 153?157.
- ^
"Siar sna 70idi 1973 Lios Tuathail - John B Keane, Limericks, Skinheads"
.
YouTube
. Archived from
the original
on 2013-02-20
. Retrieved
6 October
2014
.
- ^
The phrase "come to Limerick" is known in American Slang since the Civil War, as documented in the
Historical Dictionary of American Slang
and subsequent posts on the American Dialect Society List. One meaning for the phrase, proposed by Stephen Goranson on ADS-list, would be a reference to the Treaty of Limerick, and mean
surrender
,
settle
,
get to the point
,
get with the program
.
- ^
reported by Stephen Goranson on the ADS-list and in comments at the Oxford Etymologist blog
- ^
Saint John Daily News
, Saint John, New Brunswick
Edward Willis, Proprietor
Tuesday Nov 30, 1880
Vol. XLII, no. 281
page 4, column 5 [headline:] Wise and Otherwise
- ^
Tigges, Wim. "The Limerick: The Sonnet of Nonsense?".
Explorations in the Field of Nonsense
. ed. Wim Tigges. 1987. page 117
- ^
Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature
. Merriam-Webster. 1995.
ISBN
9780877790426
. Retrieved
6 October
2014
.
- ^
Wells 1903, pp. xix-xxxiii.
- ^
"Craig Brown: The Lost Diaries"
.
The Guardian
. October 2010
. Retrieved
6 October
2014
.
- ^
"Filmericks from the City in Film"
.
UrbanFilm
. 26 February 2014
. Retrieved
19 February
2021
.
- ^
"Bicycle Thieves: The Filmerick"
.
UrbanFilm
. 4 March 2014
. Retrieved
19 February
2021
.
- ^
"Math Mayhem"
. lockhaven.edu. Archived from
the original
on 2021-05-26
. Retrieved
2019-05-29
.
Bibliography
[
edit
]
- Baring-Gould, William Stuart
and Ceil Baring-Gould (1988).
The Annotated Mother Goose
, New York: Random House.
- Brandreth, Gyles (1986).
Everyman's Word Games
- Cohen, Gerald (compiler) (October?November 2010). "Stephen Goranson's research into _limerick_: a preliminary report".
Comments on Etymology
vol. 40, no. 1?2. pp. 2?11.
- Legman, Gershon
(1964).
The Horn Book
, University Press.
- Legman, Gershon
(1988).
The Limerick
, New York:Random House.
- Loomis, C. Grant (July, 1963).
Western Folklore
, Vol. 22, No. 3
- Wells, Carolyn (1903).
A Nonsense Anthology
, Charles Scribner's Sons.
External links
[
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]
Limerick bibliographies
[
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]