The
Constitutional Declaration
is the current supreme law of
Libya
, introduced due to the overthrow of the
Gaddafi
government in the
Libyan Civil War
. It was finalised on 3 August 2011 by the
National Transitional Council
, and is intended to remain in effect until a permanent constitution is written and ratified in a
referendum
. The document was publicly announced at a press conference of 10 August by
Abdul Hafiz Ghoga
, Vice President and official spokesman of the NTC.
[1]
The document consists of 37 articles in five sections. Articles 1–6 state general provisions regarding Libya as a state. Articles 7–15 specify civil rights and public freedoms. Articles 17–29 specify the operation of the interim government. Articles 30–32 guarantee an independent
judiciary
. Articles 33–37 are "conclusive provisions".
The
Constituent Assembly of Libya
was
elected in 2014
.
[2]
It prepared the
2017 draft Libyan constitution
which it approved by a two-thirds majority in July 2017.
[3]
Declaration of statehood and basic rights
[
edit
]
Article 1 of the Constitutional Declaration describes the Libyan state as follows:
[4]
Article 3 defines the
flag of Libya
.
Article 4 declares the aim of establishing a democratic State based on a
multi-party system
.
Article 6 describes the principle of
rule of law
taking precedence over tribal or personal loyalties, and the principle of non-discrimination and equal rights of all citizens regardless of religion, ethnicity or social status, and the guarantee of the state upholding
women's rights
, granting full participation of women in politics, economy and the social sphere.
[
dubious
–
discuss
]
Provisions for the transitional phase
[
edit
]
Article 30 of the document lays out a process for the drafting of a permanent constitution, with time limits for each section meaning that one should be in place by around December 2013 at the latest. The process has however been subject to several delays such as the postponement of the
General National Congress election
by a month, and the target for appointing a Constituent Assembly was missed due to political wrangling over the post of
Prime Minister
.
[5]
[6]
Article 29, repeated as article 33, contains the provision that no member of the National Transitional Council may nominate a candidate or themselves assume the position of President of the state, of a member of the legislative council, or of a ministerial portfolio.
Amendments
[
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]
As of October 2023, there are 13 amendments to the Libyan interim Constitutional Declaration.
[7]
The tenth amendment divides the country into three voting districts (
Tripolitania
,
Cyrenaica
and
Fezzan
) for the
upcoming referendum
on the
2017 draft constitution
by the
Constituent Assembly
. It was adopted by the
House of Representatives
on 26 November 2018.
[8]
The twelfth amendment creates a 24-member committee divided equally between Libya's three historic regions to draft a new constitution, replacing the 2017 draft constitution. It was approved by the House of Representatives on 10 February 2022 after 126 out of "more than" 147 members present voted for the amendment.
[7]
However, the
High Council of State
rejected the amendment by a vote of 51 out of 60 on 24 February.
[9]
In March 2023, both the
House of Representatives
and the
High Council of State
passed the thirteenth amendment containing thirty-four articles defining a new system of government and the tasks of the elected president and prime minister.
[10]
[11]
Further constitutional steps
[
edit
]
The
Constituent Assembly of Libya
of 20 members from each of
Tripolitania
,
Cyrenaica
and
Fezzan
was elected in February 2014
.
[12]
[13]
The election was organised by the
High National Election Commission
(HNEC).
[2]
In July 2017, the assembly finalised the
2017 draft Libyan constitution
.
[3]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
NTC Announces Constitutional Declaration
Archived
10 March 2012 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
a
b
Elumami, Ahmed (2 March 2014).
"HNEC announces results for Constitutional Committee elections"
.
Libya Herald
.
Archived
from the original on 10 March 2014
. Retrieved
3 March
2014
.
- ^
a
b
al-Ali, Zaid (4 October 2017).
"Libya's final draft constitution: A contextual analysis (introduction)"
.
Constitutionnet
.
Archived
from the original on 7 October 2017
. Retrieved
21 January
2020
.
- ^
"turkishweekly.net"
. Archived from
the original
on 21 September 2012
. Retrieved
30 August
2011
.
- ^
Khan, Umar.
"Election delayed three weeks: official"
.
Libya Herald
. Retrieved
31 December
2012
.
- ^
Grant, George.
"National Congress begins debate on selection of Constitution drafters amidst renewed rumblings in the East"
.
Libya Herald
. Retrieved
31 December
2012
.
- ^
a
b
Zaptia, Sami (10 February 2022).
"HoR approves 12th Constitutional Amendment to create a committee of experts to re-draft the current vexed draft constitution"
.
Libya Herald
. Retrieved
14 February
2022
.
- ^
Zaptia, Sami (26 November 2018).
"HoR passes referendum constitutional amendment and approves PC restructuring"
.
Libya Herald
. Retrieved
23 February
2022
.
- ^
Assad, Abdulkader (24 February 2022).
"Libyan HCS rejects by majority vote Bashagha's appointment, 12th constitutional amendment"
.
Libya Observer
. Retrieved
24 February
2022
.
- ^
Emig, Addison (16 August 2023).
"Libya's Elusive Elections: Will 2023 Be the Year for Elections?"
. Wilson Center.
Archived
from the original on 16 August 2023.
- ^
"High State Council passes 13th amendment ? paving way for Libyan elections?"
.
Libya Herald
. 2 March 2023.
- ^
Elumami, Ahmed (21 February 2014).
"Election re-runs next Wednesday says Elabbar"
.
Libya Herald
.
Archived
from the original on 24 February 2014
. Retrieved
1 April
2014
.
- ^
"Constitutional assembly candidates being registered"
.
Libya Herald
. 21 October 2013.
Archived
from the original on 22 October 2013
. Retrieved
24 December
2013
.
External links
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Constitutions of Africa
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