Religious movement
The
Latter Day Saint movement
(also called the
LDS movement
,
LDS restorationist movement
, or
Smith?Rigdon movement
)
[1]
is the collection of independent church groups that trace their origins to a Christian
Restorationist
movement founded by
Joseph Smith
in the late 1820s.
Collectively, these churches have over 17 million nominal members, including over 17 million belonging to
the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
(LDS Church),
[2]
[3]
250,000 in the
Community of Christ
,
[4]
and several other denominations with memberships generally ranging in the thousands of members. The predominant theology of the churches in the movement is
Mormonism
, which sees itself as restoring again on Earth the
early Christian church
; their members are most commonly known as
Mormons
, though the LDS Church now rejects the use of that name. An additional doctrine of the church allows for prophets to receive and publish modern-day
revelations
.
A minority of Latter Day Saint adherents, such as members of
Community of Christ
, have been influenced by
Protestant theologies
while maintaining certain distinctive beliefs and practices including
continuing revelation
, an
open canon of scripture
and building
temples
. Other groups include the
Remnant Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
, which supports lineal succession of leadership from Smith's descendants, and the more controversial
Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
, which defends the practice of
polygamy
.
[5]
[6]
[7]
Origins
[
edit
]
The movement began in
western New York
during the
Second Great Awakening
when Smith said that he received visions revealing a new sacred text, the
Book of Mormon
, which he published in 1830 as a complement to the
Bible
. Based on the teachings of this book and other revelations, Smith founded a
Christian primitivist
church, called the
"Church of Christ
". The Book of Mormon attracted hundreds of early followers, who later became known as "
Mormons
", "Latter Day Saints", or just "Saints". In 1831, Smith moved the church headquarters to
Kirtland, Ohio
, and in 1838 changed its name to the "Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints".
[8]
[9]
After the church in Ohio collapsed due to a financial crisis and dissensions, in 1838, Smith and the body of the church moved to Missouri. However, they were persecuted and the Latter Day Saints fled to Illinois. After
Smith was killed
in 1844, a
succession crisis
led to the organization splitting into several groups. The largest of these, the LDS Church, migrated under the leadership of
Brigham Young
to the
Great Basin
(now
Utah
) and became known for its 19th-century practice of
polygamy
. The LDS Church
officially renounced
this practice in 1890 and gradually discontinued it, resulting in
Utah Territory
becoming a
U.S. state
.
[10]
This change resulted in the formation of several small
sects
that sought to maintain polygamy and other 19th-century doctrines and practices, now referred to as "
Mormon fundamentalism
".
[11]
Other groups originating within the Latter Day Saint movement followed different paths in
Missouri
,
Illinois
,
Michigan
, and
Pennsylvania
. For the most part, these groups rejected plural marriage and some of Smith's later teachings. The largest of these, Community of Christ (known previously as the "Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints"), was formed in Illinois in 1860 by several groups uniting around Smith's son,
Joseph Smith III
.
History
[
edit
]
The founder of the Latter Day Saint movement was Joseph Smith, and to a lesser extent, during the movement's first two years,
Oliver Cowdery
.
[
citation needed
]
Throughout his life, Smith told of an experience he had as a boy having
seen God the Father and Jesus Christ
as two separate beings, who told him that the true church of Jesus Christ had been lost and would be restored through him, and that he would be given the authority to organize and lead the true Church of Christ.
[12]
The Latter Day Saint church was formed on April 6, 1830, consisting of a community of believers in the western
New York
towns of
Fayette
,
Manchester
, and
Colesville
. The church was formally organized under the name of the "Church of Christ". By 1834, the church was referred to as the "Church of the Latter Day Saints" in early church publications,
[13]
and in 1838 Smith announced that he had received a revelation from God that officially changed the name to the "Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints".
[14]
[15]
In 1844,
William Law
and several other Latter Day Saints in church leadership positions publicly denounced Smith's secret practice of polygamy in the
Nauvoo Expositor
, and formed
their own church
. The city council of
Nauvoo, Illinois
, led by Smith, subsequently had the printing press of the
Expositor
destroyed. In spite of Smith's later offer to pay damages for destroyed property, critics of Smith and the church considered the destruction heavy-handed. Some called for the Latter Day Saints to be either expelled or destroyed.
[16]
[17]
Joseph Smith and his brother, Hyrum, the
Assistant President of the Church
, were both
killed
by a mob while in a
Carthage, Illinois
jail
, and several individuals within the church claimed to be the senior surviving authority and appointed successors. These various claims resulted in a succession crisis. Many supported Brigham Young, the
president
of the
Quorum of the Twelve Apostles
; others
Sidney Rigdon
, the senior surviving member of the
First Presidency
.
Emma Hale Smith
failed to persuade
William Marks
, the president of the
Presiding High Council
and a Rigdon supporter, to assume leadership and the surviving members of Smith's immediate family remained unaffiliated with any larger body until 1860, when they formed the
Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
with Joseph's eldest son
Joseph Smith III
as prophet. These various groups are sometimes referred to under two geographical headings: "Prairie Saints" (those that remained in the
Midwest United States
); and "Rocky Mountain Saints" (those who followed Young to what would later become the state of Utah).
[18]
Today, the vast majority (over 98 percent) of Latter Day Saints belong to the LDS Church, which reports over 16 million members worldwide.
[19]
The second-largest denomination is the Missouri-based Community of Christ, which reports 252,000 members.
[20]
Small denominations that trace their origins to Rigdon,
James Strang
, or other associates of Smith's still exist, and several
fundamentalist
sects which separated from the LDS Church after it
rejected plural marriage
in 1890 claim tens of thousands of members.
[21]
Beliefs
[
edit
]
Most members of Latter Day Saint churches are adherents to
Mormonism
, a theology based on Joseph Smith's later teachings and further developed by Brigham Young, James Strang and others who claimed to be Smith's successors. The
term
Mormon
derives from the
Book of Mormon
, and most of these adherents refer to themselves as Latter Day Saints or Mormons. Mormonism and Christianity have a complex theological, historical, and sociological relationship. Mormons express the doctrines of Mormonism using standard biblical terminology, and claim to have similar views about the nature of
Jesus
'
atonement
,
resurrection
, and
Second Coming
as traditional
Christianity
. Nevertheless, Mormons agree with non-Mormons that
their view of God
is significantly different from the trinitarian view of the
Nicene Creed
of the 4th century.
[22]
Mormons consider the Bible as scripture and have also adopted additional scriptures. These include the
Book of Mormon
,
Doctrine and Covenants
, and
Pearl of Great Price (Mormonism)
,
[23]
although not all denominations use all books as part of their scriptures. Mormons not only practice
baptism
and celebrate the
eucharist
but also participate in
religious rituals
not practiced in traditional Christianity.
[24]
Focusing on differences, some Christians consider Mormonism "non-Christian"; members of the LDS Church, focusing on similarities, are offended at being so characterized.
[25]
Mormons do not accept non-Mormon baptism. Mormons regularly
proselytize
individuals actually or nominally within the Christian tradition, and some Christians, especially
evangelicals
, proselytize Mormons.
[26]
The LDS Church has a formal missionary program with nearly 70,000 missionaries, with 15 training centers and 407 missions worldwide.
[27]
A prominent scholarly view is that Mormonism is a form of Christianity, but is distinct enough from traditional Christianity so as to form a new religious tradition, much as Christianity has roots in but is a distinct religion from Judaism.
[28]
The Mormonism that originated with Smith in the 1820s shared strong similarities with some elements of 19th-century
Protestant Christianity
including the necessity of baptism, emphasis on family, and central doctrine on Christ as a means to salvation. However, beginning with his accounts of the
First Vision
in the 1830s and 1840s, Smith?who said that Christ had told him not to join any existing church?departed significantly from traditional Christianity, claiming all churches of his day were part of a Great Apostasy that had lost the authority to direct Christ's church. Mormonism does not characterize itself as a Protestant religion, as Smith taught that he had received revelation direct from Christ to restore his original church. Mormons believe that God, through Smith and his successors, restored these truths and doctrinal clarifications, and, initiating a new heavenly dispensation, restored the original church and Christianity taught by Jesus. For example, Smith rejected the
Nicene
doctrine of the
Trinity
as of one body and substance, with no "body, parts, or passions", and instead taught that the
Godhead
included God, the Eternal Father, also known as
Elohim
; his only-begotten son in the flesh, Jesus Christ, also known as
Jehovah
, the savior and redeemer of the world; and the Holy Ghost or Holy Spirit, an individual personage of spirit whose influence can be felt in many places at once. Further, Smith taught that the essence of all humans is co-eternal with God and that humans, as the spirit offspring of God the Father, have the potential to become like God. The LDS Church, the largest Mormon denomination, while acknowledging its differences with mainstream Christianity, often focuses on its commonalities, which are many, the most important of which is that Christ is the savior of the world and that he suffered for the world's sins so that the penitent can return to live in heaven.
[24]
A small fraction of Latter Day Saints, most notably those within Community of Christ, the second largest Latter Day Saint denomination, follow a traditional Protestant theology. Community of Christ views God in trinitarian terms, and reject the distinctive theological developments they believe to have been developed later in Mormonism.
[29]
Saint
-designation of members
[
edit
]
The beliefs within the LDS Church with regard to saints are similar but not quite the same as the Protestant tradition. In the
New Testament
, saints are all those who have entered into the Christian covenant of baptism. The qualification "latter-day" refers to the doctrine that members are living in the "latter days", before the
Second Coming of Christ
, and is used to distinguish the members of the church, which considers itself the restoration of the ancient Christian church.
[30]
Members are therefore often referred to as "
Latter-day Saints
" or "LDS", and among themselves, "saints".
[31]
Restoration
[
edit
]
The Latter Day Saint movement classifies itself within Christianity, but as a distinct restored
dispensation
. Latter Day Saints hold that a
Great Apostasy
began in Christianity not long after the
ascension of Jesus
,
[32]
marked with the corruption of Christian doctrine by
Greek
and other philosophies,
[33]
and followers dividing into different ideological groups.
[34]
Additionally, Latter Day Saints claim the martyrdom of the
apostles
led to a loss of
priesthood authority
to administer the church and its
ordinances
.
[35]
[36]
According to Latter Day Saint churches, God re-established the
early Christian
church as found in the New Testament through Joseph Smith.
[37]
In particular, Latter Day Saints believe that angels such as
Peter
,
James
,
John
, and
John the Baptist
appeared to Smith and others and bestowed various priesthood authorities on them.
[38]
Thus, Smith and his successors are considered modern
prophets
who receive
revelation
from God to guide the church.
[24]
Denominations
[
edit
]
|
---|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | |
—
(I.) Major two
*
—
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
17.0 million (2022), about 98-99% of Latter Day Saint movement – Utah-based
| | Russell M. Nelson
presided 2018–present
| | Thomas S. Monson
presided 2008–2018
| | John Taylor
presided 1877–1887
| | Brigham Young
presided 1844–1877
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Joseph Smith Jr.
presided 1830–1844
[a]
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | Community of Christ
252,000 (2019), about 1-2% of Latter Day Saint movement – Missouri-based
| | Steven M. Veazey
presided 2005–present
| | Wallace B. Smith
presided 1978–1966
| | | | | | Joseph Smith III
presided 1860–1914
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | —
(II.) With membership in the thousands
*
—
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)
19,029 members (Dec. 31, 2012) – Pennsylvania-based
| | Joel Gehly
presided 2018–present
| | | | | | William Bickerton
presided 1862–1880
| | Sidney Rigdon
presided 1844–1847
[b]
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | Church of Christ With the Elijah Message
over 12,000 members (1998) – Missouri-based
| | William Draves
presided 1943–1994
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | Apostolic United Brethren
approximately 10,000 members (1998)– Utah-based
| | Mormon fundamentalism
John Woolley
/
Lorin Woolley
Council of Friends
(
Short Creek Community
)
presided 1918–1928 / 1928–1934
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
approximately 10,000 members (2011) – Utah-based
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | See fundamentalist denominations in addition to the pair above.
|
---|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | Restoration branches
movement
which have created the
Joint Conference of Restoration Branches
6,000?7,000 members
[c]
(2010) – Missouri-based
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | See Restoration branches movement groupings in addition to one above.
|
---|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | Fellowships of the Remnant
About 5,000-10,000 participants (2017). Organized 2013 worldwide by
adherents of a self-subscribed neo-
LDS fundamentalist
and neo-"Reorganized Latter Day Saint" and
Reorganization
-like
Restorationism
revealed through
Denver Snuffer
(excommunicated from LDS Church under Monson)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | Church of Christ (Fettingite)
2,000 members (1988); Missouri-based
| | | Otto Fetting
presided 1927–1933
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | Church of Christ (Temple Lot)
7,310 members (2013) – Missouri-based
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Granville Hedrick
presided 1863–1881
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | See Temple Lot – derived denominations in addition to pair above.
|
---|
- ^
While not considered a schism of the Church of Christ (Fettingite) and its founder Otto Fetting, the Church of Christ at Halley's Bluff accepted Fetting's revelations, but it did not immediately break with the Fettingites in 1929. Nerren and Long instead formed a separate sect in 1932, which was later joined by five other former Temple Lot congregations by 1941.
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | —
(III.) Minuscule, founded in the 19th century
*
†
—
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)
300 members (1998) – Wisconsin-based
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | James Strang
presided 1844–1856
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | Church of Jesus Christ (Cutlerite)
"one branch" (as of 2023)
[39]
– Missouri-based
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Alpheus Cutler
presided 1853–1864
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
*
^
Membership worldwide; generally church-reported; with an occasional exception
†
^
Once larger
- ^
Organized the
Church of Christ
, the Latter Day Saint movement's original organization, of which multiple denominations currently believe themselves the true successor
- ^
See
Rigdonite
.
- ^
Members consider themselves as remaining adherents of the (historical)
Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
. (As of 2011, litigation by the Community of Christ against Restoration Branch individuals and entities generally established CofC's right to both the full and abbreviated
RLDS
name.)
- ^
Shields, Steven L. (2012). "Proposing an Academic Name for the Movement".
Restoration Studies
.
13
: 47?60.
ISBN
9781934901830
.
- ^
Noyce, David (1 April 2023).
"Global LDS membership reaches a new high. See how it got a post-COVID boost"
.
Salt Lake Tribune
. Retrieved
2023-06-28
.
- ^
Taylor, Scott (November 1, 2023).
"With full-time missionary numbers exceeding 72,000, Church to create 36 new missions worldwide"
.
Church News
. Retrieved
4 December
2023
.
- ^
"Community of Christ and Consolidated Affiliates Consolidated Financial Report"
(PDF)
. December 31, 2020.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on April 7, 2022
. Retrieved
April 6,
2022
.
- ^
Russell, William D. (Winter 2005).
"An RLDS Schismatic Group Finds a Prophet of Joseph's Seed"
(PDF)
.
Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought
.
38
(3).
- ^
Adams, Brooke (August 9, 2005),
"LDS Splinter Groups Growing"
,
The Salt Lake Tribune
, retrieved
2014-01-08
- ^
Handy, Grace (2024-02-27).
"The twisted world of Warren Jeffs: Former FLDS members speak out"
.
ABC News
. Retrieved
2024-05-27
.
- ^
Manuscript History of the Church
, LDS Church Archives, book A-1, p. 37; reproduced in
Dean C. Jessee
(comp.) (1989).
The Papers of Joseph Smith: Autobiographical and Historical Writings
(Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book)
1
:302?303.
- ^
H. Michael Marquardt
and
Wesley P. Walters
(1994). Inventing Mormonism: Tradition and the Historical Record (Salt Lake City, Utah: Signature Books) p. 160.
- ^
"Polygamy and the Church: A History"
.
PBS
. 2019-03-07
. Retrieved
2024-05-27
.
- ^
Hales, Brian C. (2006).
Modern Polygamy and Mormon Fundamentalism: The Generations After the Manifesto
. Greg Kofford Books.
ISBN
978-1-58958-035-0
.
- ^
"Saints, THE STORY OF THE CHURCH OF JESUS CHRIST IN THE LATTER DAYS, Volume 1"
.
ChurchofJesusChrist.org
. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Salt Lake City, Utah. 2018. p. 14
. Retrieved
2018-10-17
.
- ^
See, e.g., Joseph Smith (ed),
Doctrine and Covenants of the Church of the Latter Day Saints
(Kirtland, Ohio: F. G. Williams & Co., 1835).
- ^
Manuscript History of the Church
, LDS Church Archives, book A-1, p. 37; reproduced in
Dean C. Jessee
(comp.) (1989).
The Papers of Joseph Smith: Autobiographical and Historical Writings
(Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book)
1
:302?303.
- ^
H. Michael Marquardt and Wesley P. Walters (1994).
Inventing Mormonism: Tradition and the Historical Record
(Salt Lake City, Utah: Signature Books) p. 160.
- ^
"History, 1838?1856, volume F-1 [1 May 1844?8 August 1844]"
.
The Joseph Smith Papers
. Retrieved
16 January
2023
.
- ^
Oaks, Dallin H; Hill, Marvin S (May 1979).
Carthage Conspiracy: The Trial of the Accused Assassins of Joseph Smith
. University of Illinois Press. p. 15.
- ^
May, Dean L. (June 1994).
"Dissent and Authority in Two Latter-day Saint Traditions"
(PDF)
.
Sunstone
(95): 16?19
. Retrieved
14 January
2023
.
- ^
"LDS Statistics and Church Facts | Total Church Membership"
.
mormonnewsroom.org
. Retrieved
2018-10-17
.
- ^
Saturday/Sunday Bulletin World Conference 2019
. Community of Christ. 2019. pp. 15?16.
- ^
The term
Mormon fundamentalist
appears to have been coined in the 1940s by
apostle
Mark E. Petersen
: Ken Driggs, "'This Will Someday Be the Head and Not the Tail of the Church': A History of the Mormon Fundamentalists at Short Creek",
Journal of Church and State
43
:49 (2001) at p. 51.
- ^
Shipps (1985
, pp. 148?49) (arguing that "Mormonism differs from traditional Christianity in much the same fashion that traditional Christianity ... came to differ from Judaism.").
- ^
"Scriptures"
.
churchofjesuschrist.org
. Retrieved
2023-02-10
.
- ^
a
b
c
Mason, Patrick Q.
(3 September 2015).
"Mormonism"
.
Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion
.
Oxford
:
Oxford University Press
.
doi
:
10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.75
.
ISBN
9780199340378
.
Archived
from the original on 30 November 2018
. Retrieved
15 January
2023
.
- ^
Stark & Neilson (2005
, p. 14).
- ^
There are a number of books by evangelical Christians that explain how evangelicals can approach witnessing to Mormons: e.g., David L. Rowe (2005).
I Love Mormons: A New Way to Share Christ with Latter-day Saints
(Baker Books,
ISBN
978-0-8010-6522-4
); Ron Rhodes (2001).
The 10 Most Important Things You Can Say to a Mormon
(Harvest House,
ISBN
978-0-7369-0534-3
); Mark J. Cares (1998).
Speaking the Truth in Love to Mormons
(Wels Outreach Resources,
ISBN
978-1-893702-06-6
).
- ^
"LDS News | Mormon News ? Official Newsroom of the Church"
.
mormonnewsroom.org
. Retrieved
2018-10-17
.
- ^
Shipps (2000
, p. 338).
- ^
Stack, Peggy Fletcher (14 November 2021).
"Here are some Community of Christ theological stances that differ from those of Latter-day Saints"
.
The Salt Lake Tribune
. Retrieved
16 January
2023
.
- ^
Smith, Joseph Jr
.
"Pearl of Great Price"
. Archived from
the original
on 2000-08-17.
- ^
M. Russell Ballard,
"Faith, Family, Facts, and Fruits"
,
Ensign
, Nov 2007, 25?27
- ^
Missionary Department of the LDS Church
(2004).
Preach My Gospel
(PDF)
.
LDS Church
, Inc. p. 35.
ISBN
0-402-36617-4
. Retrieved
2011-10-07
.
(see also: 2 Thessalonians 2:3)
- ^
Talmage, James E.
(1909).
The Great Apostasy
. The Deseret News. pp. 64?65.
ISBN
0-87579-843-8
.
- ^
Richards, LeGrand
(1976).
A Marvelous Work and a Wonder
. Deseret Book Company. p. 24.
ISBN
0-87747-161-4
.
- ^
Talmage, James E.
(1909).
The Great Apostasy
. The Deseret News. p. 68.
ISBN
0-87579-843-8
.
- ^
Eyring, Henry B.
(May 2008),
"The True and Living Church"
,
Ensign
, LDS Church: 20?24
- ^
Smith's restoration was slightly different from other
restorationists
of the era (for instance, that of Alexander Campbell). Instead of analyzing the Bible, Smith claimed to write and interpret scripture as the biblical prophets did.
Bushman (2008
, p. 5)
- ^
See
Joseph Smith?History
1:69, 72
and
Doctrine and Covenants
84:19?21
- ^
Cutlerite.org. N.D. Accessed December 15, 2023.
|
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
Sources
[
edit
]
- Bushman, Richard Lyman
(2008),
Mormonism: A Very Short Introduction
, New York: Oxford University Press,
ISBN
978-0-19-531030-6
.
- Danny L. Jorgensen
,
"Dissent and Schism in the Early Church: Explaining Mormon Fissiparousness"
,
Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought
, vol. 28, no. 3 (Fall 1993) pp. 15?39.
- Shipps, Jan (1985),
Mormonism: The Story of a New Religious Tradition
, Chicago: University of Illinois Press,
ISBN
0-252-01417-0
.
- Shipps, Jan (2000),
Sojourner in the promised land: forty years among the Mormons
, Chicago: University of Illinois Press,
ISBN
0-252-02590-3
.
- Stark, Rodney; Neilson, Reid Larkin (2005),
The rise of Mormonism
, Columbia University Press,
ISBN
9780231136341
.
- Steven L. Shields,
Divergent Paths of the Restoration: A History of the Latter Day Saint Movement
Los Angeles: 1990.
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