LGBT rights in the Americas
|
---|
Status of same-sex marriage and other types of same-sex partnerships in the Americas.
Same-sex marriage
1
Other type of registered partnership
1
Limited domestic recognition
1
Foreign marriages recognized for residency only
Unrecognized
Constitution restricts marriage to opposite-sex couples
Unenforced ban on same-sex sexual activity
1
May include recent laws or court decisions which have created legal recognition of same-sex relationships, but which have not entered into effect yet.
|
Status
| Legal in 30 out of 35 states; equal age of consent in 26 out of 35 states
Legal in all 21 territories; equal age of consent in 16 out of 21 territories
|
---|
Gender identity
| Legal in 13 out of 35 states
Legal in 8 out of 21 territories
|
---|
Military
| Allowed to serve openly in 14 out of 29 states that have an army
Allowed in all 21 territories
|
---|
Discrimination protections
| Protected in 22 out of 35 states
Protected in 14 out of 21 territories
|
---|
|
Recognition of relationships
| Recognized in 11 out of 35 states
Recognized in 18 out of 21 territories
|
---|
Restrictions
| Same-sex marriage constitutionally banned in 7 out of 35 states
|
---|
Adoption
| Legal in 7 out of 35 states
Legal in 13 out of 21 territories
|
---|
Laws governing lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights are complex and diverse in the Americas, and acceptance of
LGBT
persons varies widely.
Same-sex marriages are currently legal in
Argentina
,
Brazil
,
Canada
,
Chile
,
Colombia
,
Costa Rica
,
Cuba
,
Ecuador
,
Mexico
,
United States
and
Uruguay
. Free unions that are equivalent to marriage have begun to be recognized in
Bolivia
. Among non-independent states, same-sex marriage is also legal in
Greenland
, the
British Overseas Territories
of the
Falkland Islands
and
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
, all French territories (
Guadeloupe
,
Martinique
,
Saint Barthelemy
,
French Guiana
,
Saint Martin
, and
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
), and in the
Caribbean Netherlands
, while marriages performed in the
Netherlands
are recognised in
Aruba
,
Curacao
and
Sint Maarten
. More than 800 million people live in nations or sub-national entities in the Americas where same-sex marriages are available.
In January 2018, the
Inter-American Court of Human Rights
ruled that the
American Convention on Human Rights
recognizes same-sex marriage as a human right.
[1]
This has theoretically made the legalisation of such unions "mandatory" in
Barbados
,
Bolivia
,
Chile
,
Costa Rica
, the
Dominican Republic
,
Ecuador
,
El Salvador
,
Guatemala
,
Haiti
,
Honduras
,
Mexico
,
Nicaragua
,
Panama
,
Paraguay
,
Peru
and
Suriname
. The Supreme Courts of Honduras,
[2]
Panama,
[3]
Peru
[4]
and Suriname
[5]
have rejected the IACHR ruling, while the Supreme Courts of Costa Rica and Ecuador adhered to it.
Argentina
,
Brazil
,
Colombia
, and
Uruguay
are also under the court's jurisdiction, but already had same-sex marriage before the ruling was handed down.
However, five other nations still have unenforced criminal penalties for "
buggery
" on their statute books.
[6]
These are
Grenada
,
Guyana
,
Jamaica
,
Saint Lucia
, and
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
, of which Guyana is on mainland South America, while the rest are
Caribbean
islands. They are all former parts of the
British West Indies
. In addition, in
Anguilla
,
the Bahamas
,
the Cayman Islands
,
Paraguay
,
Montserrat
,
Suriname
and
the Turks and Caicos Islands
, the age of consent is higher for same-sex sexual relations than for opposite-sex ones, and in
Bermuda
, the age of consent for anal sex is higher than that for other types of sexual activities.
Religion and LGBT acceptance
[
edit
]
The
British
,
French
,
Spanish
and
Portuguese
colonists, who settled most of the Americas, brought
Christianity
from
Europe
. In particular, the
Roman Catholic Church
and the Protestants, both of which oppose legal recognition of homosexual relationships. These were followed by the
Eastern Orthodox
church,
[7]
the
Methodist Church
,
[8]
[9]
and some other
Mainline (Protestant)
denominations, such as the
Reformed Church in America
[10]
and the
American Baptist Church
,
[11]
as well as
conservative evangelical
organizations and churches, such as the
Evangelical Alliance
and the
Southern Baptist Convention
.
[12]
[13]
[14]
Pentecostal
churches, such as the
Assemblies of God
,
[15]
as well as
restorationist
churches (like
Jehovah's Witnesses
and
Mormons
), also take the position that homosexual sexual activity is ‘sinful’.
[16]
[17]
However, other denominations have become more accepting of LGBT people in recent decades, including the
Episcopalian church
in the United States, the
Evangelical Lutheran Church
(also in America), the
Evangelical Lutheran Church of Canada
, the
Anglican Church of Canada
, the
United Church of Canada
, the
United Church of Christ
, the
Unitarian Universalist Association
, and the
Society of Friends (Quakers)
, as well as some congregations of the
Presbyterian Church
in America. Most of these denominations now perform same-sex weddings or blessings. Furthermore, many churches in the United Methodist Church (in the US) are choosing to officiate and bless same-sex marriage despite denomination-wide restrictions.
[18]
In addition, in the United States,
conservative Judaism
,
reform Judaism
, and
reconstructionist Judaism
now welcome LGBT worshippers and perform same-sex weddings.
Indicates the country/territory has legalized same-sex adoption nationwide
Indicates that same-sex adoption is legal in certain parts of the country
Indicates that the country has step-child adoption or partner-guardianship
|
|
|
Legislation by country or territory
North America
[
edit
]
LGBT rights in:
|
Same-sex sexual activity
|
Recognition of same-sex unions
|
Same-sex marriage
|
Adoption by same-sex couples
|
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military
|
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
|
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
|
Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws
|
Bermuda
(
Overseas Territory
of the
United Kingdom
)
|
Legal since 1994; equal age of consent since 2019
+ UN decl. sign.
[6]
|
Domestic partnerships
since 2018
[23]
|
Was legal between November 2018 and March 2022 and between May 2017 and June 2018
|
Legal since 2015
[24]
|
UK responsible for defence
|
Bans
all
anti-gay discrimination
[25]
|
|
|
Canada
|
Legal since 1969; equal age of consent since 1987
+ UN decl. sign.
[6]
[26]
|
Domestic partnerships in
Nova Scotia
(2001);
[27]
Civil unions in Quebec
(2002);
[28]
Adult interdependent relationships in
Alberta
(2003);
[29]
Common-law relationships in Manitoba
(2004)
[30]
|
Legal in some provinces and territories since 2003, nationwide since 2005
[31]
|
Legal in some provinces and territories since 1996, nationwide since 2011
[32]
|
Since 1992
[33]
; Includes transgender people
[34]
|
Bans
all
anti-gay discrimination.
Ban on conversion therapy since 2022 nationwide
|
Transgender people can change their gender and name without
completion of medical intervention
and human rights protections explicitly include gender identity or expression within all of Canada since 2017
[35]
[36]
[37]
[38]
|
[39]
[40]
|
Greenland
(Autonomous Territory within the
Kingdom of Denmark
)
|
Legal since 1933; equal age of consent since 1977
+ UN decl. sign.
[6]
|
Registered partnerships between 1996 and 2016 (Existing partnerships are still recognised.)
[41]
|
Legal since 2016
|
Stepchild adoption since 2009;
[42]
joint adoption since 2016
[43]
|
The
Kingdom of Denmark
responsible for defence
|
Bans some anti-gay discrimination
[6]
|
Legal gender change and recognition possible without surgery or hormone therapy
[44]
[45]
|
|
Mexico
|
Legal since 1871
+ UN decl. sign.
[6]
|
/
Civil unions
in
Mexico City
(2007),
Coahuila
(2007),
[46]
Colima
(between 2013 and 2016),
[47]
Campeche
(2013),
[48]
Jalisco
(between 2014 and 2018),
[49]
Michoacan
(2015),
Tlaxcala
(2017), and
Veracruz
(2020)
|
Starting in 2010; nationwide since 2022
|
/
Legal in Mexico City (2010),
[50]
Coahuila (2014), Chihuahua (2015), Jalisco (2016), Michoacan (2016), Colima (2016), Morelos (2016), Campeche (2016), Veracruz (2016), Baja California (2017), Queretaro (2017), Chiapas (2017), Puebla (2017), Aguascalientes (2018), San Luis Potosi (2019), Hidalgo (2019), Yucatan (2021), Nayarit (2022), Quintana Roo (2022), Baja California Sur (2022), Tabasco (2024), Durango, Tamaulipas, and Nuevo Leon (the latter three never had adoption bans)
[51]
[52]
|
(ambiguous)
|
Bans
all
anti-gay discrimination
[53]
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation
by mental health professionals illegal in Mexico City (2020), Mexico (2020), Baja California Sur (2020), Colima (2021), Tlaxcala (2021), Oaxaca (2021), Yucatan (2021), Zacatecas (2021), Baja California (2022), Hidalgo (2022), Jalisco (2022), Puebla (2022), Sonora (2022), Nuevo Leon (2022), Queretaro (2023), Sinaloa (2023), Quintana Roo (2023), Morelos (2023), Guerrero (2024).
|
/
Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name in Mexico City (2008),
[54]
Michoacan (2017), Nayarit (2017), Coahuila (2018), Hidalgo (2019), San Luis Potosi (2019), Colima (2019), Baja California (2019), Oaxaca (2019), Tlaxcala (2019), Chihuahua (2019), Sonora (2020), Jalisco (2020), Quintana Roo (2020), Puebla (2021), Baja California Sur (2021), Mexico (2021), Morelos (2021), Sinaloa (2022), Zacatecas (2022), Durango (2023), and Yucatan (2024)
[55]
|
|
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
(Overseas collectivity of
France
)
|
Legal since 1791
+ UN decl. sign.
[6]
|
Civil solidarity pact
since 1999
[56]
|
Legal since 2013
[57]
|
Legal since 2013
[58]
|
|
Bans
all
anti-gay discrimination
[59]
|
Under French law
[60]
|
|
United States
|
Legal in some states since 1962, nationwide since 2003
+ UN decl. sign.
[6]
|
Domestic partnerships
in
California
(1999), the
District of Columbia
(2002),
Maine
(2004),
Washington
(2007),
Maryland
(2008),
Oregon
(2008),
Nevada
(2009) and
Wisconsin
(2009).
Civil unions
in
Vermont
(2000),
Connecticut
(2005),
New Jersey
(2007),
New Hampshire
(2008),
Illinois
(2011),
Rhode Island
(2011),
Delaware
(2012),
Hawaii
(2012) and
Colorado
(2013).
|
Legal in some states since 2004, nationwide since 2015
|
Legal in some states since 1993, nationwide since 2016
|
/
Lesbians, gays, and bisexuals have been allowed to serve openly in the
U.S. military
since 2011, following the
repeal
of the
Don't Ask, Don't Tell
policy.
Transgender people have been allowed to serve openly since 2021.
[61]
"Transvestites" are currently banned from the military since
2012
.
[62]
Most openly
Intersex
people may be banned from the military under the Armed Forces ban of "
hermaphrodites
".
[62]
|
/
Employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is
prohibited nationwide since 2020
.
More extensive protections exist in
23 states
, DC, and some municipalities.
Conversion therapy
for minors is
banned in 22 states, DC, and some municipalities
.
Sexual orientation is
covered by the federal hate crime law since 2009
.
|
/
Since April 11, 2022 by legal self determination - gender X became available and recognized formally on
US passports
.
[63]
Gender change is legal on
birth certificates
(under varying conditions by state),
in 48 states + DC
.
Nonbinary gender markers are available, under varying circumstances,
in 25 states + DC
.
Employment discrimination on the basis of gender identity is
prohibited nationwide since 2020
.
More extensive protections exist in
22 states
, DC, and some municipalities.
Gender identity is
covered by the federal hate crime law since 2009
.
|
Federally
/
Status varies state to state
|
Central America
[
edit
]
LGBT rights in:
|
Same-sex sexual activity
|
Recognition of same-sex unions
|
Same-sex marriage
|
Adoption by same-sex couples
|
LGB people allowed to serve openly in military
|
Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation
|
Laws concerning gender identity/expression
|
Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws
|
Belize
|
Legal since 2016
[64]
|
|
|
|
|
Bans
all
anti-gay discrimination
[65]
[66]
[67]
|
[68]
|
|
Costa Rica
|
Legal since 1971
+ UN decl. sign.
[6]
|
Unregistered cohabitation since 2014
[69]
[70]
|
Legal since May 2020
|
Legal since May 2020
[71]
|
Has no military
|
Bans
all
anti-gay discrimination
[6]
|
/
Transgender persons can change their legal name without surgeries or judicial permission since 2018. Legal gender cannot be changed. Sex indicator removed from all ID cards issued since May 2018
[72]
[73]
[74]
One-time sex change allowed for passports.
[75]
|
[39]
[40]
|
El Salvador
|
Legal since 1822
+ UN decl. sign.
[6]
|
|
|
|
[76]
[77]
|
Bans
all
anti-gay discrimination
[76]
|
[78]
Bans discrimination based on gender identity.
|
|
Guatemala
|
Legal since 1871
+ UN decl. sign.
[6]
|
Pending
|
|
|
|
Bans some anti-gay discrimination
|
[79]
|
|
Honduras
|
Legal since 1899
+ UN decl. sign.
[6]
|
Constitutional ban on de facto unions since 2005
|
Constitutional ban since 2005;
[80]
[81]
court decision pending
|
Constitutional ban since 2005
|
|
Bans
all
anti-gay discrimination
[82]
|
|
|
Nicaragua
|
Legal since 2008
+ UN decl. sign.
[6]
|
|
|
|
|
Bans some anti-gay discrimination
[6]
|
|
|
Panama
|
Legal since 2008
+ UN decl. sign.
[6]
|
Court decision pending
|
Court decision pending
|
Court decision pending
|
Has no military
|
Bans some anti-gay discrimination
[83]
[84]
|
Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name after
completion of medical intervention
since 2006
[85]
[86]
|
/
|
Caribbean
[
edit
]
South America
[
edit
]
Public opinion
[
edit
]
Same-sex marriage
[
edit
]
Indicates the country/territory has legalized same-sex marriage nationwide
Indicates that same-sex marriage is legal in certain parts of the country
Indicates that the country has civil unions or registered partnerships
Indicates that same-sex sexual activity is illegal
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
Also comprises: Don't know; No answer; Other; Refused.
- ^
a
b
c
[+ more urban/educated than representative]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Malta, Monica; Cardoso, Reynaldo; Montenegro, Luiz; De Jesus, Jaqueline Gomes; Seixas, Michele; Benevides, Bruna; Das Dores Silva, Maria; Legrand, Sara; Whetten, Kathryn (6 November 2019).
"Sexual and gender minorities rights in Latin America and the Caribbean: a multi-country evaluation"
(PDF)
.
Monica Malta
.
19
(1): 31.
doi
:
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.
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26 April
2022
.
- ^
Vallecillo, Luis (21 January 2022).
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.
The Washington Blade
(in Spanish).
- ^
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(in Spanish). 24 May 2023
. Retrieved
24 December
2023
.
- ^
de 2022, Por Alonso Gurmendi Dunkelberg15 de Junio.
"Por que la mas reciente decision en Peru contra el matrimonio igualitario es un desproposito legal"
.
infobae
(in European Spanish)
. Retrieved
9 July
2022
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link
)
- ^
"LGBTQIA-gemeenschap krijgt bittere pil te slikken"
[LGBTQIA community has a bitter pill to swallow].
de Ware Tijd
(in Dutch). 1 February 2023. Archived from
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on 3 February 2023
. Retrieved
8 February
2023
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
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t
u
v
w
x
y
z
aa
ab
ac
ad
ae
af
ag
ah
ai
aj
ak
al
am
an
ao
ap
aq
ar
as
at
au
av
aw
ax
ay
az
ba
bb
bc
bd
be
bf
bg
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(PDF)
.
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19 May
2016
.
- ^
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.
- ^
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16 May
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.
- ^
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. Retrieved
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2007
.
- ^
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. Reformed Church in America. Archived from
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2009
.
- ^
"We Are American Baptists"
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. Retrieved
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2009
.
- ^
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. Archived from
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on 3 October 2013
. Retrieved
29 June
2015
.
- ^
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.
Fellowship Alliance Church
. Archived from
the original
on 25 August 2011
. Retrieved
15 May
2024
.
- ^
"EPC"
. Archived from
the original
on 21 September 2010
. Retrieved
29 June
2015
.
- ^
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(PDF)
. Archived from
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(PDF)
on 23 November 2011.
- ^
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.
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- ^
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"
.
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. Retrieved
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.
- ^
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. Retrieved
13 July
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.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
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(PDF)
. Retrieved
18 October
2023
.
- ^
"Estudio 456 Encuesta Plaza Publica Primera Semana de Octubre"
(PDF)
.
cadem.cl
(in Spanish)
. Retrieved
3 November
2022
.
- ^
"Actitudes y creencias de la poblacion uruguaya hacia la poblacion Trans, hombres que tienen sexo con hombres, y personas que viven con VIH"
(in Spanish)
. Retrieved
21 November
2021
.
- ^
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- ^
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.
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. Retrieved
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- ^
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.
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. Retrieved
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.
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- ^
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.
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.
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.
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.
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.
web2.gov.mb.ca
.
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(PDF)
.
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- ^
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.
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. Retrieved
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.
- ^
a
b
Sweijs, Tim.
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.
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.
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.
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.
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. Retrieved
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.
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.
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.
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.
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.
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a
b
c
d
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d
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.
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.
- ^
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(PDF)
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.
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(in Danish). Archived from
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. Retrieved
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(PDF)
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2020
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(in Spanish)
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[
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Further reading
[
edit
]
- Corrales, J. (2021).
The Politics of LGBT Rights Expansion in Latin America and the Caribbean
.
Cambridge University Press.
- Diez, Jordi.
The politics of gay marriage in Latin America: Argentina, Chile, and Mexico
(Cambridge University Press, 2015).
- Dion, Michelle L., and Jordi Diez. "Democratic values, religiosity, and support for same-sex marriage in Latin America."
Latin American Politics and Society
59.4 (2017): 75?98.
- Encarnacion, Omar G. "Latin America's gay rights revolution."
Journal of Democracy
22.2 (2011): 104?118.
- Encarnacion, Omar Guillermo.
Out in the periphery: Latin America's gay rights revolution
(Oxford University Press, 2016).
- Navarro, Maria Camila, et al. "Tolerance of Homosexuality in South American Countries: A Multilevel Analysis of Related Individual and Sociocultural Factors."
International Journal of Sexual Health
(2019): 1?12.