Comune in Abruzzo, Italy
L'Aquila
(
LAK
-wil-?
,
[3]
[4]
Italian:
[?laːkwila]
ⓘ
;
Neapolitan:
[?laːkwiːl?]
) is a city and
comune
in central Italy. It is the capital city of both the
Abruzzo
region and of the
Province of L'Aquila
. As of 2023
[update]
, it has a population of 69,558 inhabitants.
[5]
Laid out within medieval walls on a hill in the wide valley of the
Aterno
river, it is surrounded by the
Apennine Mountains
, with the
Gran Sasso d'Italia
to the north-east.
L'Aquila sits upon a hillside in the middle of a narrow valley; tall snow-capped mountains of the Gran Sasso massif flank the town. A maze of narrow streets, lined with Baroque and Renaissance buildings and churches, open onto elegant piazzas. Home to the
University of L'Aquila
, it is a lively
college town
and, as such, has many cultural institutions: a
repertory theatre
, a symphony orchestra, a fine-arts academy, a state conservatory, a film institute. There are several
ski resorts
in the surrounding province (
Campo Imperatore
,
Ovindoli
,
Pescasseroli
,
Roccaraso
,
Scanno
).
Geography
[
edit
]
Close to the highest of the
Apennine
summits
, L'Aquila is positioned at an elevation of 721 metres (2,365 ft) in the Valley of the
Aterno-Pescara
, situated between four mountain peaks above 2,000 metres (6,600 ft).
The mountains block the city off from warm humid air currents from the
Mediterranean
, and give rise to a climate that is cool in comparison to most of
central Italy
, and dry. It's common to say between locals that the city enjoys each year 11 cold months and one cool one ("Undici misi de friddu e unu de friscu").
L'Aquila is approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) east-northeast of Rome, with which it is connected by an
autostrada
through the mountains.
History
[
edit
]
Middle Ages
[
edit
]
The city's construction was begun by
Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
and King of
Sicily
, out of several already existing villages (ninety-nine, according to local tradition; see
Amiternum
), as a bulwark against the power of the papacy. The name of Aquila means "Eagle" in Italian. Construction was completed in 1254 under Frederick's son,
Conrad IV of Germany
. The name was switched to Aquila degli Abruzzi in 1861, and L'Aquila in 1939. After the death of Conrad, the city was destroyed by his brother
Manfred
in 1259, but soon rebuilt by
Charles I of Anjou
, his successor as king of Sicily. The walls were completed in 1316.
It quickly became the second city of the
Kingdom of Naples
. It was an autonomous city, ruled by a
diarchy
composed of the City Council (which had varying names and composition over the centuries) and the King's Captain. It fell initially under the lordship of Niccolo dell'Isola, appointed by the people as the People's Knight, but he was then killed when he became a tyrant. Later, it fell under Pietro "Lalle" Camponeschi, Count of Montorio, who became the third side of a new triarchy, with the Council and the King's Captain. Camponeschi, who was also Great Chancellor of the kingdom of Naples, became too powerful, and was killed by order of Prince
Louis
of
Taranto
. His descendants fought with the Pretatti family for power for several generations, but never again attained the power of their ancestor. The last, and the one true "lord" of L'Aquila, was Ludovico Franchi, who challenged the power of the pope by giving refuge to
Alfonso I d'Este
, former duke of
Ferrara
, and the children of
Giampaolo Baglioni
, deposed lord of
Perugia
. In the end, however, the Aquilans had him deposed and imprisoned by the
king of Naples
.
Fountain of the 99 Spouts.
The power of L'Aquila was based on the close connection between the city and its mother-villages, which had established the city as a federation, each of them building a borough and considering it as a part of the mother-village. The Fountain of the 99 Spouts (
Fontana delle 99 Cannelle
), was given its name to celebrate the ancient origin of the town. The City Council was originally composed of the Mayors of the villages, and the city had no legal existence until King
Charles II of Naples
appointed a "Camerlengo", responsible for city tributes (previously paid separately by each of its mother-villages). Later, the Camerlengo also took political power, as President of the City Council.
From its beginnings the city constituted an important market for the surrounding countryside, which provided it with a regular supply of food: from the fertile valleys came the precious saffron; the surrounding mountain pastures provided summer grazing for numerous
transhumant
flocks of sheep, which in turn supplied abundant raw materials for export and, to a lesser extent, small local industries, which in time brought craftsmen and merchants from outside the area.
Within a few decades L'Aquila became a crossroads in communications between cities within and beyond the Kingdom, thanks to the so-called "via degli Abruzzi", which ran from
Florence
to Naples by way of
Perugia
, Rieti, L'Aquila, Sulmona, Isernia, Venafro, Teano and
Capua
.
Church of
Santa Maria di Collemaggio
.
Negotiations for the succession of Edmund, son of
Henry III of England
, to the throne of the
Kingdom of Sicily
involved L'Aquila in the web of interests linking the
Roman Curia
to the
English court
. On December 23, 1256,
Pope Alexander IV
elevated the churches of Saints Massimo and Giorgio to the status of cathedrals as a reward to the citizens of L'Aquila for their opposition to King Manfred who, in July 1259, had the city razed to the ground in an attempt to destroy the negotiations. On August 29, 1294, the
hermit
Pietro del Morrone was consecrated as
pope Celestine V
in the church of
Santa Maria di Collemaggio
, in commemoration of which the new pope decreed the annual religious rite of the Pardon (nowadays known as
Celestinian Forgiveness
,
Perdonanza Celestiniana
), still observed today in the city on August 28 and 29: it is the immediate ancestor of the
Jubilee Year
.
The pontificate of Celestine V gave a new impulse to building development, as can be seen from the city statutes. In 1311, moreover, King
Robert of Anjou
granted privileges which had a decisive influence on the development of trade. These privileges protected all activities related to sheep-farming, exempting them from customs duties on imports and exports. This was the period in which merchants from
Tuscany
(Scale, Bonaccorsi) and Rieti purchased houses in the city. Hence the conditions for radical political renewal: in 1355 the trade guilds of leather-workers, metal-workers, merchants and learned men were brought into the government of the city, and these together with the Camerario and the Cinque constituted the new Camera Aquilana. Eleven years earlier, in 1344, the King had granted the city its own mint.
In the middle of the 14th century the city was struck by plague epidemics (1348, 1363) and earthquakes (1349). Reconstruction began soon, however. In the 14th?15th century Jewish families came to live in the city, while the generals of the
Franciscan
Order chose the city as the seat of the Order's general chapters (1376, 1408, 1411, 1450, 1452, 1495).
Bernardino of Siena
, of the
Franciscan
order of the Observance, visited L'Aquila twice, the first time to preach in the presence of King
Rene of Naples
, and in 1444, on his second visit, he died in the city. In 1481
Adam of Rottweil
, a pupil and collaborator of
Johann Gutenberg
, obtained permission to establish a
printing press
in L'Aquila.
The Osservanti branch of the Franciscan order had a decisive influence on L'Aquila. As a result of initiatives by Friar
Giovanni da Capistrano
and Friar Giacomo della Marca, Lombard masters undertook, in the relatively underdeveloped north-east of the city, an imposing series of buildings centring on the hospital of Saint Salvatore (1446) and the convent and the
Basilica of San Bernardino
. The
construction work
was long and difficult, mainly because of the earthquake of 1461, which caused the buildings to collapse, and the translation of the body of San Bernardino did not take place until May 14, 1472. The whole city suffered serious damage on the occasion of the earthquake, and two years went by before repairs on the churches and convents began.
In a strategy finalised to increasing their political and economic autonomy, the Aquilani took a series of political gambles, siding sometimes with the Roman
Papacy
, sometimes with the Kingdom of Naples. When the Pope excommunicated
Joanna II
, Queen of Naples, appointing
Louis III of Anjou
as heir to the crown in her stead, L'Aquila sided with the Angevines. Joanna hired the
condottiero
Braccio da Montone
. In exchange for his services, Braccio obtained the lordship of Teramo, as well as the
fiefdoms
of Capua and Foggia: he started a
13-month-long siege
of L'Aquila, that resisted bravely. Facing Braccio, at the head of the
Angevine
army was
Muzio Attendolo Sforza
and his son
Francesco
. The final clash between the two contenders was just below the walls of Aquila, near the hamlet today called Bazzano. In the battle fought on June 2, 1424, Braccio, mortally wounded in the neck, was made prisoner and transported to Aquila, where he died three days later, on June 5, 1424. The Pope had him buried in deconsecrated earth. The citizens of L'Aquila honoured the bravery of their enemy Braccio by dedicating one of the main streets of the city to his name.
L'Aquila in 1703.
Modern era
[
edit
]
This period of freedom and prosperity ended in the 16th century, when Spanish viceroy
Philibert van Oranje
partially destroyed L'Aquila and established Spanish
feudalism
in its countryside. The city, separated from its roots, never developed again. Ancient privileges were revoked. L'Aquila was again destroyed by an
earthquake
in 1703. Successive earthquakes have repeatedly damaged the city's large
cathedral
, and destroyed the original dome of the
Basilica of San Bernardino
, designed along the lines of the dome of
Santa Maria del Fiore
in Florence. The city was also sacked two times by
French troops
in 1799.
L'Aquila, like so much of Italy, is a city of political contrasts. In the 1970s a novel by
Alberto Moravia
was seized because it was considered obscene, a local Catholic Archbishop protested the nudity of a centuries-old statue of a young man, and a group of local reactionaries even asked for the seizure of the £50 coin because it showed a naked man. In October 2003, however, a liberal judge in l'Aquila ordered the small town of
Ofena
to remove a crucifix from its elementary school so as to not to offend the religious sensibilities of two young
Muslim
students. After a national outcry, the judge's decision was overturned. In May 2007
Massimo Cialente
, a physician and medical researcher, was
elected mayor
of L'Aquila with a
centre-left
coalition.
Earthquakes
[
edit
]
The local
prefecture
(a government office) damaged by the earthquake.
Leaders pose for a group photo on the first day of the G8 Summit.
Earthquakes mark the history of L'Aquila, as the city is partly built on an ancient lake-bed which amplifies seismic activity.
[6]
[7]
On December 3, 1315, the city was struck by an earthquake which seriously damaged the
San Francesco
Church. Another earthquake struck on
September 9, 1349
,
[8]
killing about 800 people. Other earthquakes struck in 1452, then on
November 26, 1461
, and again in 1501 and 1646. On February 3, 1703, a
major earthquake
struck the town. More than 3,000 people died and almost all the churches collapsed;
Rocca Calascio
, the highest fortress in Europe was also ruined by this event, yet the town survived. L'Aquila was then repopulated by decision of
Pope Clement XI
. The town was rocked by earthquake
again in 1706
. On June 26, 1958, an earthquake of 5.0
magnitude
struck the town.
On April 6, 2009, at 01:32 GMT (03:32 CEST) an
earthquake
of 6.3
magnitude
struck central Italy with its epicentre near L'Aquila, at
42°25′22″N
13°23′40″E
/
42.4228°N 13.3945°E
/
42.4228; 13.3945
(
Earthquake April 6, 2009
)
.
[9]
Initial reports said the earthquake caused damage to between 3,000 and 10,000 buildings in L'Aquila.
[10]
Several buildings also collapsed. 308 people were killed by the earthquake, and approximately 1,500 people were injured. Twenty of the victims were children.
[11]
Around 65,000 people were made homeless.
[12]
There were many students trapped in a partially collapsed dormitory.
[13]
The April 6 earthquake was felt throughout
Abruzzo
; as far away as Rome, other parts of
Lazio
, Marche,
Molise
, Umbria, and
Campania
.
G8 summit
[
edit
]
Because of the 2009 earthquake, the
Berlusconi
government decided to move that year's
G8 summit
from its scheduled Sardinian host of
La Maddalena
to L'Aquila, so that disaster funds would be distributed to the affected region and to show solidarity with the city's inhabitants.
[14]
World leaders converged on L'Aquila on July 8 and many of them were given tours of the devastated city by the host Prime Minister.
[15]
Climate
[
edit
]
L'Aquila has an
oceanic climate
(
Koppen climate classification
:
Cfb
), influenced by its high altitude.
Climate data for Stazione Meteo L'Aquila
42°22′N
13°21′E
/
42.367°N 13.350°E
/
42.367; 13.350
|
Month
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
Year
|
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
|
6.4
(43.5)
|
8.5
(47.3)
|
12.3
(54.1)
|
16.3
(61.3)
|
20.9
(69.6)
|
25.3
(77.5)
|
29.0
(84.2)
|
29.1
(84.4)
|
24.7
(76.5)
|
18.4
(65.1)
|
12.2
(54.0)
|
7.4
(45.3)
|
17.5
(63.6)
|
Daily mean °C (°F)
|
2.3
(36.1)
|
3.8
(38.8)
|
7.0
(44.6)
|
10.7
(51.3)
|
14.9
(58.8)
|
18.7
(65.7)
|
21.6
(70.9)
|
21.6
(70.9)
|
18.1
(64.6)
|
12.8
(55.0)
|
7.8
(46.0)
|
3.7
(38.7)
|
11.9
(53.5)
|
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
|
?1.8
(28.8)
|
?1.0
(30.2)
|
1.7
(35.1)
|
5.0
(41.0)
|
8.8
(47.8)
|
12.2
(54.0)
|
14.2
(57.6)
|
14.1
(57.4)
|
11.4
(52.5)
|
7.2
(45.0)
|
3.3
(37.9)
|
?0.1
(31.8)
|
6.3
(43.3)
|
Average rainfall mm (inches)
|
66.1
(2.60)
|
64.5
(2.54)
|
51.2
(2.02)
|
56.6
(2.23)
|
51.0
(2.01)
|
46.1
(1.81)
|
34.7
(1.37)
|
37.7
(1.48)
|
52.8
(2.08)
|
66.3
(2.61)
|
91.3
(3.59)
|
83.7
(3.30)
|
702
(27.64)
|
Average snowfall cm (inches)
|
27
(11)
|
19.8
(7.8)
|
7.2
(2.8)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
13.8
(5.4)
|
67.8
(27)
|
Average rainy days
|
8
|
8
|
8
|
9
|
8
|
6
|
5
|
5
|
6
|
8
|
10
|
10
|
91
|
Average snowy days
|
3
|
2.2
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1.6
|
7.8
|
Source:
[16]
|
Main sights
[
edit
]
The Spanish fort.
Basilica of San Bernardino
Although less than an hour-and-a-half drive from Rome, and popular with Romans for summer hiking and winter skiing in surrounding mountains, the city is sparsely visited by tourists. Among the sights are:
Religious buildings
[
edit
]
- L'Aquila Cathedral
: main church dedicated to Saint
Maximus of Aveia
(San Massimo), was built in the 13th century, but razed after the 1703 earthquake. The most recent facade dated from the 19th century, but the earthquake of 2009 and subsequent aftershocks collapsed parts of the
transept
and possibly more of the cathedral.
- Basilica of San Bernardino
(1472): church has a fine
Renaissance
facade by
Nicola Filotesio
(commonly called Cola dell'Amatrice), and contains the monumental tomb of the saint (1480), decorated with sculptures, and executed by Silvestro Ariscola.
- Santa Maria di Collemaggio
: church just outside the town, has a very fine, but simple, Romanesque facade (1270?1280) in red and white marble, with three decorated portals and a rose-window above each. The two side doors are also fine. The interior contains the mausoleum of
Pope Celestine V
erected in 1517.
- Santa Giusta
: Romanesque facade with Gothic rose window
- San Silvestro
: 14th-century Romanesque facade with Gothic rose window
- Chiesa dei Santi Marciano e Nicandro
: a 13th century church
Secular buildings
[
edit
]
Also nearby are several
ski resorts
like
Gran Sasso d'Italia
, the highest of the
Apennines
where in its valley the movie
The Name of the Rose
was filmed in the end of the 1980s. The town also contains some fine palaces: the municipality has a museum, with a collection of Roman inscriptions and some illuminated service books. The Palazzi Dragonetti and Persichetti contain private collections of pictures.
Culture
[
edit
]
Tommaso Fattori Stadium
Cinematographic activities
[
edit
]
The first step of L'Aquila in the
cinematographic
activities was the Cineforum Primo Piano founded by Gabriele Lucci in the middle of the 1970s. As a work of Lucci, in 1981 saw the establishment of l'Istituto Cinematografico dell'Aquila, an institute for the production and diffusion of the cinematographic culture in Italia and abroad.
The
Teatro Stabile d'Abruzzo
is based in the city and was formed in 2000.
Sport
[
edit
]
The city is the home of five-time Italian champions
L'Aquila Rugby
. The football squad,
L'Aquila Calcio
, played 3 times in
serie B
.
Frazioni
[
edit
]
The following is a list of the
frazioni
in the
comune
of L'Aquila: Aquilio,
Aragno
,
Arischia
,
Assergi
,
Bagno
, Bazzano,
Camarda
, Cansatessa, Casaline, Cermone, Cese di
Preturo
, Civita di Bagno, Colle di Preturo, Colle di Sassa, Colle Roio ? Poggio di Roio, Collebrincioni, Collefracido di Sassa, Collemare di Sassa, Coppito, Filetto, Foce di Sassa, Forcelle, Genzano di Sassa, Gignano,
Monticchio
,
Onna
,
Paganica
, Pagliare di Sassa, Pescomaggiore, Pettino,
Pianola
, Pile, Pizzutillo, Poggio di Roio,
Poggio Santa Maria
, Pozza di Preturo, Pratelle,
Preturo
, Ripa,
Roio Piano
, San Giacomo Alto, San Giuliano,
San Gregorio
, San Leonardo, San Marco Di Preturo, San Martino di Sassa, Santa Rufina di Roio, Sant'Angelo,
Sant'Elia
, Santi,
San Vittorino
,
Sassa
, Tempera, Torretta, Vallesindola, Vasche.
International relations
[
edit
]
L'Aquila is
twinned
with:
Baalbek
,
Lebanon
Bernalda
,
Italy
Bistri?a
,
Romania
Cuenca
,
Spain
Foggia
,
Italy
Haining
,
China
Hobart
,
Australia
Rottweil
,
Germany
San Carlos de Bariloche
,
Argentina
[18]
Sant'Angelo d'Alife
,
Italy
[19]
Siena
,
Italy
[20]
Washington
,
United States
York, Toronto
,
Canada
Zielona Gora
,
Poland
[21]
Transport
[
edit
]
L'Aquila railway station
, on the
Terni?Sulmona railway
, is the main train station of the city, with trains to
Terni
,
Rieti
and
Sulmona
.
Notable people
[
edit
]
- Mariangelo Accorso
, (Aquila, 1489 ? Aquila, 1546), Humanist
- Amico Agnifili
, (
Rocca di Mezzo
, 1398 ? Aquila, 1476), Cardinal
- Antonia of Florence
(1402?1472), saint
- Corrado Bafile
(1903?2005), Cardinal
- Bernardino da Siena
, (
Massa Marittima
, 1380 ? Aquila, 1444), saint.
- Braccio da Montone
, (
Perugia
, 1368 ? Aquila, 1424),
condottiero
- Giovanbattista Branconio dell'Aquila
, (Aquila, 1473 ? 1522), papal protonotary, friend of
Raphael
- Buccio di Ranallo
, (Aquila 1294 ? Aquila 1363), epic poet, historian, Count of Pettino
- Raffaele Cappelli
(1848?1921)
- John of Capistrano
, (
Capestrano
, 1386 ?
Ilok
, 1456), saint
- Celestine V
, (?, 1215 ?
Fumone
, 1296), saint
- Pompeo Cesura
, (Aquila, ? ? Rome, 1571), painter
- Appius Claudius Caecus
, (
Amiternum
,
350 a.C.
? ?,
271 a.C.
), Roman Politician
- Marco Dall'Aquila
(c.1480-after 1538), lutenist and composer
- Nazzareno De Angelis
(1881?1962), opera singer
- Nicola Di Francia
(born 1985), footballer
- Carlo Franchi
(1938?2021), racing driver
- Nestore Leoni
(1862?1947), painter
- Mario Magnotta
(1942?2009), janitor and internet phenomena
- Lorenzo Natali
, (Florence, 1922 ? Rome, 1989), vice-president of the
European Commission
.
- Paul Piccone
(1940?2004), founder and editor of TELOS.
- Roberto Ruscitti
(b. 1941), composer
- Sallustius
(4th century), historian
- Karl Heinrich Ulrichs
(1825?1895), writer
- Trebisonda Valla
, (Bologna 1916 ? L'Aquila 2006), Olympic gold medal
- Amleto Vespa
(1888?1940), spy for Japan
- Bruno Vespa
(b. 1944), journalist
- Claudia Romani
(b. 1982), modelu
- Ferdinando Bologna
(1925?2019), Art historian
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011"
. Italian National Institute of Statistics
. Retrieved
March 16,
2019
.
- ^
Population data from
Istat
- ^
"L'Aquila"
.
Collins English Dictionary
.
HarperCollins
. Retrieved
April 6,
2019
.
- ^
"L'Aquila"
(US) and
"L'Aquila"
.
Lexico
UK English Dictionary
.
Oxford University Press
. Archived from
the original
on March 22, 2020.
- ^
"Abruzzo (Italy): Provinces, Major Cities & Communes - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information"
.
www.citypopulation.de
. Retrieved
June 26,
2023
.
- ^
"L'Aquila, prov. of L'Aquila, Abruzzo"
. Abruzzo2000.com. Archived from
the original
on January 7, 2009
. Retrieved
April 6,
2009
.
- ^
Earth-prints.org
- ^
Aquila, il terremoto del 9 settembre 1349: 665 anni dopo, il racconto
News Town
- ^
USGS.gov
- ^
"Powerful Italian quake kills many"
.
BBC News
. London. April 6, 2009.
- ^
"TG1 ed. 08.00 08.04 integrale"
(in Italian).
TG1
. April 8, 2009. Archived from
the original
on April 7, 2014
. Retrieved
April 9,
2009
.
- ^
Hooper, John (April 28, 2009).
"Pope visits Italian village hit hardest by earthquake"
.
The Guardian
. London.
- ^
RAI One news. Live reports from L'Aquila, retrieved April 6, 2009, =9:26 CET
- ^
"G8: Italy Wants to Move Summit to L'Aquila"
[
permanent dead link
]
- ^
"Obama inspects quake damage in L'Aquila"
. EuroNews. July 9, 2009. Archived from
the original
on June 5, 2011
. Retrieved
July 9,
2009
.
- ^
"Il clima dell'Aquila"
. CETEMPS. Archived from
the original
on November 21, 2011
. Retrieved
September 26,
2011
.
- ^
"L'Aquila, il ricordo di Karl Heinrich Ulrichs"
.
Il Capoluogo
(in Italian). August 23, 2019
. Retrieved
November 18,
2020
.
- ^
"Gemellaggi: cooperazione L'Aquila-San Carlo de Bariloche"
[Twinning: L'Aquila-San Carlo de Bariloche cooperation].
Consolato Generale d'Italia
(in Italian). April 24, 2014
. Retrieved
July 17,
2019
.
- ^
Adele Console (August 28, 2018).
"Sant'Angelo D'Alife, il gemellaggio con l'Aquila compie dieci anni: Amministrazione in terra d' Abruzzo"
[Sant'Angelo D'Alife, the twinning with L'Aquila turns ten: Administration in the Abruzzo region].
CasertaWeb
(in Italian)
. Retrieved
July 17,
2019
.
- ^
"Panathlon, confermato gemellaggio tra L'Aquila e Siena"
[Panathlon, confirmed twinning between L'Aquila and Siena].
IlCapoluogo.it
(in Italian). June 22, 2014
. Retrieved
July 17,
2019
.
- ^
"Venti anni di gemellaggio con Zielona Gora: due giorni di incontri e iniziative"
[Twenty years of twinning with Zielona Gora: two days of meetings and initiatives].
Citta Dell'Aquila
(in Italian). March 17, 2017. Archived from
the original
on September 2, 2018
. Retrieved
July 17,
2019
.
Sources
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External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to
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42°21′0″N
13°24′0″E
/
42.35000°N 13.40000°E
/
42.35000; 13.40000