Metropolitan municipality in Central Anatolia, Turkey
Konya
|
---|
|
|
Emblem of Konya Metropolitan Municipality
|
Location of Konya, Turkey
Show map of Turkey
Konya (Europe)
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Konya (Earth)
Show map of Earth
|
Coordinates:
37°52′N
32°29′E
/
37.867°N 32.483°E
/
37.867; 32.483
|
Country
|
Turkey
|
---|
Region
| Central Anatolia
|
---|
Province
| Konya
|
---|
|
?
Mayor
| U?ur ?brahim Altay (
AKP
)
|
---|
|
?
Metropolitan municipality
| 38,873 km
2
(15,009 sq mi)
|
---|
? Urban
| 6,600 km
2
(2,500 sq mi)
|
---|
? Metro
| 6,600 km
2
(2,500 sq mi)
|
---|
Elevation
| 1,016 m (3,333 ft)
|
---|
|
?
Metropolitan municipality
| 2,277,017
|
---|
? Density
| 59/km
2
(150/sq mi)
|
---|
?
Urban
| 1,390,051
|
---|
? Urban density
| 210/km
2
(550/sq mi)
|
---|
?
Metro
| 1,390,051
|
---|
? Metro density
| 210/km
2
(550/sq mi)
|
---|
|
?
Metropolitan municipality
| TRY
149.229 billion
US$
16.616 billion (2021)
|
---|
? Per capita
| TRY
65,928
US$
7,341 (2021)
|
---|
Time zone
| UTC+3
(
TRT
)
|
---|
Postal code
| 42XXX
|
---|
Area code
| (+90) 332
|
---|
Licence plate
| 42
|
---|
Website
| www
.konya
.bel
.tr
|
---|
Konya
[a]
is a major city in central
Turkey
, on the southwestern edge of the
Central Anatolian Plateau
, and is the capital of
Konya Province
. During antiquity and into Seljuk times it was known as
Iconium
. In 19th-century accounts of the city in English its name is usually spelt
Konia
or
Koniah
. In the late medieval period, Konya was the capital of the
Seljuk Turks
'
Sultanate of Rum
, from where the sultans ruled over Anatolia.
As of 2023, the population of the Metropolitan Province was just over 2.3 million, making it the
sixth most populous city in Turkey
, and second most populous of the
Central Anatolia Region
, after
Ankara
. Konya is served by
TCDD
high-speed train (
YHT
) services from
Istanbul
,
Ankara
and
Karaman
. The local airport (
Konya Havalimanı
, KYA) is served by frequent flights from
Istanbul
whereas flights to and from
Izmir
are offered few times a week.
Name
[
edit
]
Konya is believed to correspond to the
Late Bronze Age
toponym
Ikkuwaniya
known from
Hittite
records.
[3]
[4]
This placename is regarded as
Luwian
in origin.
[5]
During
classical antiquity
and the
medieval period
it was known as
?κ?νιον
(
Ikonion
) in
Greek
(with regular
Medieval Greek
apheresis
Konio(n)
) and as
Iconium
in
Latin
.
[6]
[7]
A
folk etymology
holds that the name
Ikonion
was derived from
ε?κ?ν
('
icon
'), referring to an
ancient Greek
legend
according to which the hero
Perseus
vanquished the native population with an image of the "
Gorgon
Medusa
's head
" before founding the city.
[8]
Konya was known as
Darulmulk
to the
Rum Seljuks
.
[9]
History
[
edit
]
Overview
[
edit
]
The Konya region has been inhabited since the third millennium BC and fell at different times under the rule of
the Hittites
,
the Phrygians
, the
Greeks
, the
Persians
and the
Romans
. In the 11th century the
Seljuk Turks
conquered the area and began ruling over its
Rum
(
Byzantine Greek
) inhabitants, making Konya the capital of their new
Sultanate of Rum
. Under the Seljuks, the city reached the height of its wealth and influence. Following their demise, Konya came under the rule of the
Karamanids
, before being taken over by the
Ottoman Empire
in the 15th century. After the
Turkish War of Independence
the city became part of the modern Republic of Turkey.
Ancient history
[
edit
]
Excavations have shown that the region was inhabited during the Late
Copper Age
, around 3000 BC.
[8]
The
Phrygians
established their kingdom in central
Anatolia
in the eighth century BC and
Xenophon
describes Iconium (as the city was originally called) as the last city of Phrygia. The region was overwhelmed by
Cimmerian
invaders c. 690 BC. Later it formed part of the
Persian Empire
, until
Darius III
was defeated by
Alexander the Great
in 333 BC. Alexander's empire broke up shortly after his death and the town came under the rule of
Seleucus I Nicator
.
During the
Hellenistic period
the town was ruled by the kings of
Pergamon
. As
Attalus III
, the last king of Pergamon, was about to die without an heir, he bequeathed his kingdom to the
Roman Republic
. Once incorporated into the
Roman Empire
, under emperor
Claudius
, the city's name was changed to Claudiconium. During the reign of emperor
Hadrianus
it was known as Colonia Aelia Hadriana.
St Paul and Iconium
[
edit
]
According to the
Acts of the Apostles
, the apostles
Paul
and
Barnabas
preached in Iconium during their First
Missionary Journey
in about 47?48 AD,
[10]
[11]
[12]
having been persecuted in
Antioch
. Their visit to the
synagogue
of the Jews in Iconium divided the Jewish and
non-Jewish
communities between those who believed Paul and Barnabas' message and those who did not, provoking a disturbance during which attempts were made to
stone
the apostles. They fled to
Lystra
and
Derbe
in
Lycaonia
. This experience is also mentioned in the
Second Letter to Timothy
,
[13]
and 19th-century American theologian
Albert Barnes
suggested that Timothy had been present with Paul in Iconium, Antioch and Lystra.
[14]
Paul and
Silas
probably visited Konya again during Paul's
Second Missionary Journey
in about 50,
[15]
[16]
[17]
as well as near the beginning of his
Third Missionary Journey
several years later.
[18]
[19]
According to the
apocryphal
Acts of Paul and Thecla
, Iconium was also the birthplace of
Saint Thecla
, who saved the city from attack by the
Isaurians
in 354.
[20]
Byzantine Era
[
edit
]
Under the
Byzantine Empire
, the city became the seat of a bishop, and in c. 370 was raised to the status of a
metropolitan see
for
Lycaonia
, with
Saint Amphilochius
as the first metropolitan bishop.
[20]
In the 7th century it became part of the
Anatolic Theme
and was, together with the nearby (Caballa)
Kaballah Fortress
(
Turkish
:
Gevale Kalesi
) (
location
) a frequent target of
Arab
attacks during the
Arab?Byzantine wars
in the eighth to tenth century,
[20]
being captured by Arabs in 723-4.
[21]
The rebellious general
Andronikos Doukas
used the Kaballah fortress as his base in 905?906.
[22]
During the tenth or eleventh century the church of Saint Amphilochius was constructed inside the citadel of Kaballa, housing the tomb of the saint which the Turks later believed to be the tomb of
Plato
, renaming the church to Eflatun Mescidi (mosque of Plato).
[23]
The monastery of
Saint Chariton
, another local from Iconium, was located a few miles away in
Sylata
.
[24]
The
Seljuk Turks
first raided the area
in 1069
, but a period of chaos overwhelmed Anatolia after the Seljuk victory in the
Battle of Manzikert
in 1071, and the
Norman
mercenary leader
Roussel de Bailleul
rose in revolt at Iconium. The city was finally conquered by the Seljuks in 1084.
[20]
Seljuk and Karamanid eras
[
edit
]
Iconium became the second capital of the
Seljuk
Sultanate of Rum
after the
fall of Nicaea
until 1243.
[25]
It was briefly occupied by the army of the
First Crusade
(August 1097) and
Frederick Barbarossa
(May 18, 1190) after the
Battle of Iconium (1190)
. The area was reoccupied by the Turks after the Crusaders left.
Konya reached the height of its wealth and influence in the second half of the 12th century when the Seljuk sultans of Rum also subdued the
Anatolian beyliks
to their east, especially that of the
Danishmends
, thus establishing their rule over virtually all of eastern
Anatolia
,. They also acquired several port towns along the
Mediterranean
(including
Alanya
) and the
Black Sea
(including
Sinop
) and even gained a brief foothold in
Sudak
,
Crimea
. This golden age lasted until the first decades of the 13th century.
[
citation needed
]
Many
Persians
and
Persianised Turks
from
Persia
and
Central Asia
migrated to Anatolian cities either to flee the
invading Mongols
or to benefit from the opportunities for educated Muslims in a newly established kingdom.
[26]
Following the fall of the
Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate
in 1307, Konya became the capital of the
Karamanids
, a
Turkish beylik
, which lasted until 1322 when the city was captured by the neighbouring
Beylik of Karamano?lu
. In 1420, the Beylik of Karamano?lu fell to the
Ottoman Empire
and, in 1453, Konya was made the provincial capital of the
Karaman Eyalet
.
Ottoman Empire
[
edit
]
Under
Ottoman
rule, Konya was administered by the
Sultan's sons (
?ehzade
)
, starting with ?ehzade Mustafa and
?ehzade Cem
(the sons of Sultan
Mehmed II
), and continuing with the future Sultan
Selim II
.
Between 1483 and 1864, Konya was the administrative capital of the
Karaman Eyalet
. During the reforming
Tanzimat
period, it became the seat of the larger
Vilayet of Konya
which replaced the Karaman Eyalet, as part of the new
vilayet
system introduced in 1864.
In 1832 Anatolia was invaded by
Mehmed Ali Pa?a
of
Kavala
whose son,
?brahim Pa?a
, occupied Konya. Although he was driven out with the help of the European powers, Konya went into a decline after this, as described by the British traveller, William Hamilton, who visited in 1837 and found a scene 'of destruction and decay', as he recorded in his
Researches in Asia Minor, Pontus and Armenia
, published in 1842.
[27]
Konya's textile and mining industries flourished under the Ottomans.
[28]
Turkish Republic
[
edit
]
During the
Turkish War of Independence
(1919?22) Konya was a major
air base
. In 1922, the air force, renamed as the Inspectorate of Air Forces,
[b]
was headquartered in Konya.
[29]
[30]
Before 1923, 4,000 Orthodox, Turkish-speaking and Greek-speaking Christians lived there. The Greek community numbered approximately 2,500 people who maintained, at their own expense, a church, a boys' school and a girls' school.
In 1923 during the
population exchange between Greece and Turkey
, the
Greeks
of the nearby village of Sille were forced to leave as refugees and resettle in
Greece
.
[31]
Government
[
edit
]
The first local administration in Konya was founded in 1830 and converted into a municipality in 1876.
[c]
In March 1989, the municipality became a Metropolitan Municipality. As of that date, Konya had three central district municipalities (Meram, Selcuklu, Karatay) and a Metropolitan Municipality.
Economy
[
edit
]
Home to several industrial parks. The city ranks among the
Anatolian Tigers
.
[32]
[33]
[34]
[35]
In 2012 exports from Konya reached 130 countries.
[35]
A number of Turkish industrial conglomerates, such as Bera (ex Kombassan) Holding, have their headquarters in Konya.
[36]
While agriculture-based industries play a role, the city's economy has evolved into a center for the manufacturing of components for the automotive industry; machinery manufacturing; agricultural tools; casting; plastic paints and chemicals; construction materials; paper and packaging; processed foods; textiles; and leather.
[35]
Turkey's largest
solar farm
is located 20 miles east of the city, near
Karapınar
.
[37]
Geography
[
edit
]
Konya sits in the center of the largest province, in the largest plain (
Konya Plain
), and is the seventh most heavily populated city in Turkey.
[38]
The city is in the southern part of the
Central Anatolia Region
with the southernmost side of the province hemmed in by the
Taurus Mountains
.
Climate
[
edit
]
Konya has a cold
semi-arid climate
(BSk) under the
Koppen
classification
[39]
and a temperate
continental
(
Dc
) climate under the
Trewartha
classification.
Summer daytime temperatures average 30 °C (86 °F), although summer nights are cool. The highest temperature recorded in Konya was 40.9 °C (106 °F) on 14 August 2023, closely beating the former record of 40.6 °C (105 °F) on 30 July 2000. Winters average ?4.2 °C (24 °F), and the lowest temperature recorded was ?26.5 °C (?16 °F) on 6 February 1972. Precipitation levels are low and happen mainly in winter and spring.
Climate data for Konya (1991?2020, extremes 1929?2023)
|
Month
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
Year
|
Record high °C (°F)
|
19.3
(66.7)
|
23.8
(74.8)
|
28.9
(84.0)
|
34.6
(94.3)
|
34.4
(93.9)
|
36.7
(98.1)
|
40.6
(105.1)
|
40.9
(105.6)
|
38.8
(101.8)
|
32.3
(90.1)
|
25.4
(77.7)
|
21.8
(71.2)
|
40.9
(105.6)
|
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
|
4.6
(40.3)
|
6.9
(44.4)
|
12.5
(54.5)
|
17.6
(63.7)
|
22.8
(73.0)
|
27.4
(81.3)
|
31.0
(87.8)
|
30.9
(87.6)
|
26.7
(80.1)
|
20.4
(68.7)
|
12.7
(54.9)
|
6.3
(43.3)
|
18.3
(64.9)
|
Daily mean °C (°F)
|
?0.3
(31.5)
|
1.3
(34.3)
|
6.0
(42.8)
|
10.9
(51.6)
|
15.9
(60.6)
|
20.5
(68.9)
|
24.1
(75.4)
|
24.0
(75.2)
|
19.4
(66.9)
|
13.4
(56.1)
|
6.2
(43.2)
|
1.5
(34.7)
|
11.9
(53.4)
|
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
|
?3.9
(25.0)
|
?3.3
(26.1)
|
0.2
(32.4)
|
4.4
(39.9)
|
9.0
(48.2)
|
13.6
(56.5)
|
17.1
(62.8)
|
17.2
(63.0)
|
12.3
(54.1)
|
7.0
(44.6)
|
0.8
(33.4)
|
?2.2
(28.0)
|
6.0
(42.8)
|
Record low °C (°F)
|
?28.2
(?18.8)
|
?26.5
(?15.7)
|
?16.4
(2.5)
|
?8.6
(16.5)
|
?1.2
(29.8)
|
1.8
(35.2)
|
6.0
(42.8)
|
5.3
(41.5)
|
?3.0
(26.6)
|
?8.4
(16.9)
|
?20.0
(?4.0)
|
?26.0
(?14.8)
|
?28.2
(?18.8)
|
Average
precipitation
mm (inches)
|
35.9
(1.41)
|
23.1
(0.91)
|
27.4
(1.08)
|
34.2
(1.35)
|
38.2
(1.50)
|
27.8
(1.09)
|
6.5
(0.26)
|
6.5
(0.26)
|
15.9
(0.63)
|
29.7
(1.17)
|
34.5
(1.36)
|
45.6
(1.80)
|
325.3
(12.81)
|
Average precipitation days
|
10.53
|
8.97
|
9.80
|
10.83
|
12.47
|
8.10
|
3.00
|
2.63
|
4.40
|
7.27
|
7.13
|
10.10
|
95.2
|
Average
relative humidity
(%)
|
79.8
|
73.3
|
63.4
|
58.7
|
56.1
|
47.5
|
38.9
|
39.4
|
44.2
|
57.6
|
70.1
|
79.9
|
59.0
|
Mean monthly
sunshine hours
|
105.4
|
138.4
|
195.3
|
216.0
|
269.7
|
309.0
|
344.1
|
334.8
|
291.0
|
235.6
|
159.0
|
102.3
|
2,700.6
|
Mean daily
sunshine hours
|
3.4
|
4.9
|
6.3
|
7.2
|
8.7
|
10.3
|
11.1
|
10.8
|
9.7
|
7.6
|
5.3
|
3.3
|
7.4
|
Source 1:
Turkish State Meteorological Service
[40]
|
Source 2:
NOAA
(humidity)
[41]
|
Culture
[
edit
]
Konya has a reputation for being one of the more religiously conservative metropolitan centres in Turkey.
[42]
Konya was the final home of
Rumi
(Mevlana), whose turquoise-domed tomb in the city is its primary tourist attraction. In 1273, Rumi's followers established the
Mevlevi
Sufi
order of
Islam
and became known as the
Whirling Dervishes
.
Every Saturday, there are Whirling Dervish performances (
semas
) at the Mevlana Cultural Centre. Unlike some of the commercial performances staged in cities like Istanbul, these are genuinely spiritual sessions.
Expensive, richly patterned Konya
carpets
were exported to Europe during the
Renaissance
[43]
and were draped over furniture to show off the wealth and status of their owners. They often crop up in
contemporary oil paintings
as symbols of the wealth of the painter's clients.
[44]
Attractions
[
edit
]
Food
[
edit
]
One of the city's best-known dishes,
etli ekmek
consists of slices of lamb served on flaps of soft white bread.
[48]
Konya is also known for unfeasibly long
pides
(Turkish pizzas) intended to be shared, and
tirit
, a traditional rice dish made from meat and assorted vegetables.
Konya is also known for its sweets, including
cezerye
, an old Turkish sweet made from carrots, and
pi?maniye
, which is similar to American cotton candy.
Sports
[
edit
]
The city's football team
Konyaspor
is part of the
Turkish Professional Football League
. On May 31, 2017, they won their first national trophy, beating
?stanbul Ba?ak?ehir
to the
Turkiye Kupası
in a penalty shootout. They repeated this success on August 6, 2017, defeating
Be?ikta?
to win the
Turkiye Super Kupası
(Turkish Super Bowl).
Konya Metropolitan Stadium
(Konya Buyuk?ehir Stadyumu) is in the Selcuklu neighbourhood and can seat up to 42,000 spectators.
The city hosted the
2022 Islamic Solidarity Games
in August 2022.
Education
[
edit
]
Founded in 1975,
Selcuk University
had the largest number of students (76,080) of any public university in Turkey during the 2008?09 academic year.
[49]
[
better source needed
]
The other public university,
Necmettin Erbakan University
, was established in Konya in 2010.
[50]
[
better source needed
]
Private colleges in Konya include the KTO Karatay University.
[51]
[
better source needed
]
Konya hosts the
Anatolian Eagle
Tactical Training Centre for training NATO Allies and friendly Air Forces.
[52]
[
better source needed
]
Transportation
[
edit
]
Intercity buses
[
edit
]
The central bus station has connections to a range of destinations, including
Istanbul
,
Ankara
and
?zmir
. It is connected to the town centre by a tram.
Inner-city public transport
[
edit
]
The
Konya Tram
network is 41 km (25 mi) long and has two lines with 41 stations. Opened in 1992, it was expanded in 1996 and 2015. The
Konya Tram
uses
?koda 28 T
vehicles.
[53]
Work began on building a
Konya Metro
in 2020 and is expected to be completed in 2024 and will have 22 stations.
[54]
Konya also has an extensive inner-city bus network.
Railway
[
edit
]
Konya is connected to
Ankara
,
Eski?ehir
,
Istanbul
and
Karaman
via the
high-speed railway services
of the
Turkish State Railways
.
[55]
[56]
Airport and airbase
[
edit
]
Konya Airport
(KYA) is a public
airport
but also a military
airbase
used by
NATO
. The Third Air Wing
[d]
of the 1st Air Force Command
[e]
is based at the
Konya Air Base
. The wing controls the four
Boeing 737 AEW&C
Peace Eagle aircraft of the
Turkish Air Force
.
[57]
[58]
Notable people
[
edit
]
Twin towns ? sister cities
[
edit
]
Konya is
twinned
with:
- Barlad
, Romania
- Ganja
, Azerbaijan
- Nishapur
, Iran
[64]
- Al Qadarif
, Sudan
- Berlin
, Germany
- Sheki
, Azerbaijan
- Sylhet
, Bangladesh
- Multan
, Pakistan
- Kyoto
, Japan
- Tetovo
, North Macedonia
[65]
- Xi'an
, China
- Rackeve
, Hungary
- Kirkuk
, Iraq
[66]
[67]
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
Turkish pronunciation:
[?ko?.ja]
- ^
Turkic:Kuva-yı Havaiye Mufetti?li?i
- ^
"?htisab Agalıgi" (Islamic-Ottoman office for public regularity)
- ^
Ana Jet Ussu or AJU
- ^
Hava Kuvvet Komutanlı?ı
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"Turkey: Administrative Division (Provinces and Districts) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map"
.
- ^
"Statistics by Theme > National Accounts > Regional Accounts"
.
www.turkstat.gov.tr
. Retrieved
11 May
2023
.
- ^
Forlanini, Massimo (2017). "South Central: The Lower Land and Tar?unta??a". In Weeden, Mark; Ullmann, Lee (eds.).
Hittite Landscape and Geography
. Brill. p. 244.
doi
:
10.1163/9789004349391_022
.
- ^
Bryce, Trevor (2006).
The Trojans and their neighbours
. London: Routledge. p. 81.
ISBN
9780415349550
.
- ^
Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (2017).
Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics
.
de Gruyter
. p. 239.
ISBN
978-3-11-026128-8
.
- ^
Bryce, Trevor (2006).
The Trojans and their neighbours
. London: Routledge. p. 81.
ISBN
9780415349550
.
- ^
Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (2017).
Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics
.
de Gruyter
. p. 239.
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General
Further reading
[
edit
]
Published in the 19th century
Published in the 20th century
Published in the 21st century
- C. Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Konya".
Historic Cities of the Islamic World
. Leiden:
Koninklijke Brill
.
- "Konya".
Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture
. Oxford University Press. 2009.
External links
[
edit
]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Konya
.
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Districts
| | |
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|
|
|
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First journey
| |
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Second journey
| |
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Third journey
| |
---|
Largest cities or towns in Turkey
TU?K
's address-based calculation from 31 December 2023 published at 7th of February 2024.
|
---|
|
Rank
|
Name
|
Municipal pop.
|
Rank
|
Name
|
Pop.
|
|
Istanbul
Ankara
|
1
|
Istanbul
|
15,655,924
|
11
|
Mersin
|
1,938,389
|
?zmir
Bursa
|
2
|
Ankara
|
5,803,482
|
12
|
Diyarbakır
|
1,818,133
|
3
|
?zmir
|
4,479,525
|
13
|
Hatay
|
1,544,640
|
4
|
Bursa
|
3,214,571
|
14
|
Manisa
|
1,475,716
|
5
|
Antalya
|
2,696,249
|
15
|
Kayseri
|
1,445,683
|
6
|
Konya
|
2,320,241
|
16
|
Samsun
|
1,377,546
|
7
|
Adana
|
2,270,298
|
17
|
Balıkesir
|
1,273,519
|
8
|
?anlıurfa
|
2,213,964
|
18
|
Tekirda?
|
1,167,059
|
9
|
Gaziantep
|
2,164,134
|
19
|
Aydın
|
1,161,702
|
10
|
Kocaeli
|
2,102,907
|
20
|
Van
|
1,127,612
|
|
|
---|
International
| |
---|
National
| |
---|
Academics
| |
---|
Other
| |
---|