Province of Iran
Province in Region 4, Iran
Khuzestan province
(
Persian
:
????? ???????
)
[a]
is one of the 31
provinces of Iran
. Its capital is the city of
Ahvaz
. Located in the southwest of the country, the province borders
Iraq
and the
Persian Gulf
, covering an area of 63,238 square kilometres (24,416 sq mi). Its capital is the city of
Ahvaz
.
[5]
Since 2014, it has been part of Iran's
Region 4
.
[6]
At the time of the 2006 National Census, Khuzestan province had a population of 4,192,598 in 862,491 households.
[7]
The following census in 2011 counted 4,531,720 people in 1,112,664 households.
[8]
At the most recent census conducted in 2016, the province had a population of 4,710,509 in 1,280,645 households.
[2]
Once one of the most important regions of the
Ancient Near East
, Khuzestan comprises much of what historians refer to as ancient
Elam
, whose capital was in
Susa
. The
Achaemenid
Old Persian
term for Elam was
Hujiy?
when they conquered it from the Elamites. This element is present in the modern name. Khuzestan, meaning "the Land of the Khuz", refers to the original inhabitants of this province, the "Susian" people (Old Persian "Huza" or
Huja
, as in the inscription on the tomb of
Darius the Great
at
Naqsh-e Rostam
). They are the Shushan of the Hebrew sources where they are recorded as "Hauja" or "Huja". In
Middle Persian
, the term evolved into "Khuz" and "Kuzi". The pre-Islamic Partho-Sasanian inscriptions give the name of the province as Khwuzestan.
The seat of the province has for most of its history been in the northern reaches of the land, first at Susa (
Shush
) and then at
Shushtar
. During a short spell in the
Sasanian
era, the capital of the province was moved to its geographical center, where the river town of Hormuz-Ardasher, founded over the foundation of the ancient Hoorpahir by
Ardashir I
, the founder of the Sasanian Dynasty in the 3rd century CE. This town is now known as Ahvaz. However, later in the Sasanian time and throughout the Islamic era, the provincial seat returned and stayed at Shushtar, until the late
Qajar
period. With the increase in the international sea commerce, arriving on the shores of Khuzistan, Ahvaz became a more suitable location for the provincial capital. The River
Karun
is navigable all the way to Ahvaz (above which, it flows through rapids). The town was thus refurbished by the order of the Qajar king,
Naser al-Din Shah
and renamed after him, Naseri. Shushtar quickly declined, while Ahvaz/
Naseri
prospered to the present day.
Khuzestan is known for its ethnic diversity; the population of Khuzestan consists of
Lurs
,
Iranian Arabs
,
Qashqai people
,
Afshars
, indigenous
Persians
(
Dezfuli-Shushtari
,
Behbahani
),
Kurds
and
Iranian Armenians
.
[9]
[10]
Khuzestan's population is predominantly
Shia Muslim
, but there are small
Christian
,
Jewish
,
Sunni
and
Mandean
minorities.
[10]
Half of Khuzestan's population is
Lur
.
[11]
Since the early 1920s, tensions on religious and ethnic grounds have often resulted in
separatist violence
, including an
insurgency in 1979
,
unrest in 2005
,
bombings in 2005?06
and
protests in 2011
. The Iranian regime has drawn harsh criticism from international human rights organizations for its repressive measures against the religious and ethnic minorities in the region. However, the internal conflict was brought to a temporary halt in 1980 when Khuzestan was invaded by
Ba'athist Iraq
, leading to the
Iran?Iraq War
where Khuzestanis of all backgrounds fought alongside the Iranian military in resisting the Iraqi offensive. Currently, Khuzestan has 18 representatives in Iran's parliament, the
Majlis
. Meanwhile, it has six representatives in the
Assembly of Experts
, including Ayatollahs
Mousavi Jazayeri
,
Ka'bi
,
Heidari
,
Farhani
,
Shafi'i
, and
Ahmadi
.
Etymology
[
edit
]
The name Khuzestan means "The Land of the Khuzi",
[12]
and refers to the original inhabitants of this province, the "Susian" people (
Old Persian
"Huza",
Middle Persian
"Khuzi" or "Husa"
[13]
(the Shushan of the
Hebrew
sources). The name of the city of
Ahvaz
also has the same origin as the name Khuzestan, being an Arabic
broken plural
from the compound name, "Suq al-Ahvaz" (Market of the Huzis)--the medieval name of the town, that replaced the Sasanian Persian name of the pre-Islamic times.
The entire province was still known as "the Khudhi" or "the Khooji" until the reign of the
Safavid
king
Tahmasp I
(r. 1524?1576) and in general the course of the 16th century. The southern half of the province?south, southwest of the
Ahwaz Ridge
, had come by the 17th century to be known?at least to the imperial Safavid chancery as Arabistan. The contemporaneous history, the
Alam Ara-i Abbasi
by
Iskandar Beg Munshi
, written during the reign of king
Abbas I
(r. 1588?1629), regularly refers to the southern part of Khuzestan as "Arabistan". The northern half continued to be called Khuzestan. In 1925, the entire province regained the old name and the term Arabistan was dropped.
There is also a very old
folk etymology
which maintains the word "khouz" stands for sugar and "Khouzi" for people who make raw sugar. The province has been a cane sugar-producing area since the late
Sassanian
times, such as the sugar cane fields of the
Dez River
side in
Dezful
. Khuzhestan has been the land of Khouzhies who cultivate sugar cane even today in
Haft Tepe
.
The name of the province in
Syriac
is Beth Huzaye.
History
[
edit
]
Antiquity
[
edit
]
The province of Khuzestan is one of the centres of ancient civilization, and one of the most important regions of the
Ancient Near East
, based around
Susa
. The first large scale empire based here was that of the powerful 4th millennium BC
Elamites
.
Archeological ruins verify the entire province of Khuzestan to be home to the
Elamite
civilization, a non-Semitic, and non-Indo-European-speaking kingdom, and
"the earliest civilization of Persia"
.
[14]
The name
Khuzestan
is derived from the Elamite (
??vja
), likely pronounced /xu?a/, later Middle Persian
H?z?g
, Arabic
al-X?z?ya
.
[15]
[16]
In fact, in the words of
Elton L. Daniel
, the Elamites were "the founders of the first 'Iranian' empire in the geographic sense."
[17]
Hence the central geopolitical significance of Khuzestan, the seat of Iran's first empire.
[
citation needed
]
In 640 BC, the Elamites were defeated by
Ashurbanipal
, coming under the rule of the Assyrians who brought destruction upon Susa and Chogha Zanbil. But in 538 BC,
Cyrus the Great
was able to re-conquer the Elamite lands after nearly 80 years of
Median
rule. The city of Susa was then proclaimed as one of the
Achaemenid
capitals.
Darius the Great
then erected a grand palace known as
Apadana
there in 521 BC. But this astonishing period of glory and splendor of the Achaemenian dynasty came to an end by the conquests of
Alexander of Macedon
. The
Susa weddings
was arranged by Alexander in 324 BC in
Susa
, where mass weddings took place between the
Persians
and the
Macedonians
.
[18]
After Alexander, the
Seleucid dynasty
came to rule the area.
As the
Seleucid dynasty
weakened,
Mehrdad I
the
Parthian
(171?137 BC), gained ascendency over the region. During the
Sassanid
dynasty this area thrived tremendously and flourished, and this dynasty was responsible for the many constructions that were erected in Ahvaz,
Shushtar
, and the north of
Andimeshk
.
During the early years of the reign of
Shapur II
(AD 309 or 310?379), Arabs crossed the
Persian Gulf
from
Bahrain
to "Ardashir-Khora" of
Fars
and raided the interior. In retaliation, Shapur II led an expedition through Bahrain, defeated the combined forces of the Arab tribes of "Taghleb", "Bakr bin Wael", and "Abd Al-Qays" and advanced temporarily into Yamama in central
Najd
. The Sassanids resettled these tribes in
Kerman
and
Ahvaz
. Arabs named Shapur II, as "Shabur Dhul-akt?f" after this battle.
[19]
The existence of prominent scientific and cultural centers such as
Academy of Gundishapur
which gathered distinguished medical scientists from
Egypt
, the
Byzantine Empire
, and Rome, shows the importance and prosperity of this region during this era. The
Jondi-Shapur Medical School
was founded by the order of
Shapur I
. It was repaired and restored by Shapur II (a.k.a.
Zol-Aktaf
: "The Possessor of Shoulder Blades") and was completed and expanded during the reign of Anushirvan.
Muslim conquest of Khuzestan
[
edit
]
The Muslim conquest of Khuzestan took place in 639 AD under the command of
Abu Musa al-Ash'ari
from
Basra
, who drove the Persian satrap
Hormuzan
out of
Ahvaz
.
Susa
later fell, so Hormuzan fled to
Shushtar
. There his forces were besieged by Abu Musa for 18 months. Shushtar finally fell in 642 AD; the
Khuzistan Chronicle
records that an unknown Arab, living in the city, befriended a man in the army, and dug tunnels through the wall in return for a third of the spoil. The Basrans purged the Nestorians?the Exegete of the city and the Bishop of Hormizd, and all their students?but kept Hormuzan alive.
[20]
There followed the conquests of
Gundeshapur
and of many other districts along the Tigris. The
Battle of Nah?vand
finally secured Khuzestan for the Muslim armies.
[21]
During the Muslim conquest the
Sassanids
were allied with non-Muslim Arab tribes, which implies that those wars were religious, rather than national. For instance in 633?634,
Khaled ibn Walid
leader of the Muslim Army, defeated a force of the Sassanids' Arab auxiliaries from the tribes of Bakr, 'Ejl, Taghleb and Namer at 'Ayn Al-Tamr.
[22]
The Muslim settlements by military garrisons in southern Iran was soon followed by other types of expansion. Some families, for example, took the opportunity to gain control of private estates.
[23]
Like the rest of Iran, the Muslim conquest thus brought Khuzestan under the rule of the Arabs of the
Umayyad
and
Abbasid
Caliphates, until
Ya'qub bin Laith as-Saffar
, from southeastern Iran, raised the flag of independence once more, and ultimately regained control over Khuzestan, among other parts of Iran, founding the short-lived
Saffarid
dynasty. From that point on, Iranian
dynasties
would continue to rule the region in succession as an important part of Iran.
In the
Umayyad
period, large groups of nomads from the
Hanifa
,
Banu Tamim
, and
Abd al-Qays
tribes crossed the
Persian Gulf
and occupied some of the richest
Basran
territories around
Ahvaz
and in
Fars
during the
Second Fitna
in 661?665 / 680?684 AD.
[24]
During the
Abbasid
period, in the second half of the 10th century, the
Assad
tribe, taking advantage of quarrels under the
Buwayhids
, penetrated into Khuzestan, where a group of
Tamim
had been living since pre-Islamic times.
[
citation needed
]
However, following the fall of the
Abbasid
dynasty, the flow of Arab immigrants into
Persia
gradually diminished, but it nonetheless continued. In the latter part of the 16th century, the
Bani Kaab
(pronounced Chaub in the local Gulf dialect), from
Kuwait
, settled in Khuzestan.
[25]
And during the succeeding centuries, more Arab tribes moved from southern Iraq to Khuzestan.
[26]
[27]
Qajar period
[
edit
]
According to
C.E. Bosworth
in
Encyclopædia Iranica
, under the
Qajar dynasty
"the province was known, as in
Safavid
times, as Arabistan, and during the Qajar period was administratively a governor-generalate."
Half of Khuzestan was not known as Arabistan. Khuzestan's northern, more populous parts, with the capital at
Shushtar
, retained the old name, but also occasionally was incorporated into the district of the
Greater Lur
due to the large
Bakhtiari
population in half of Khuzestan.
In 1856, in the course of the
Anglo-Persian War
over the city of
Herat
, the British naval forces sailed up the
Karun
river all the way to
Ahvaz
. However, in the settlement that followed, they evacuated the province. Some tribal forces, such as those led by
Sheikh Jabir al-Kaabi
, the Sheikh of
Mohammerah
, fared better in opposing the invading British forces than those dispatched by the central government, which was quite feeble. But, the point of the invasion of the province and other coastal regions of southern
Persia
/
Iran
were to force the evacuation of
Herat
by the
Persians
and not the permanent occupation of these regions.
Pahlavi era
[
edit
]
In the two decades before 1925, although nominally part of Persian territory, the western part of Khuzestan functioned for many years effectively as an autonomous emirate known as "Arabistan". The eastern part of Khuzestan was governed by
Bakhtiari
khans. Following Sheikh Khazal's
rebellion
, the western part of Khuzestan's emirate was dissolved by
Reza Shah
government in 1925, along with other autonomous regions of
Persia
, in a bid to centralize the state. In response Sheikh Khaz'al of Muhammerah initiated a
rebellion
, which was quickly crushed by the newly installed Pahlavi dynasty with minimal casualties. A low level
conflict
between the central Iranian government and the Arab nationalists of the province continued since.
The name of 'Khuzistan' came to be applied to the entire territory by 1936.
[28]
Over the next decades of the Pahlavi rule, the province of Khuzestan remained relatively quiet, gaining to hold an important economic and defensive strategic position.
Islamic Republic
[
edit
]
After the revolution
[
edit
]
With the Iranian Revolution taking place in early 1979, local rebellions swept the country, with Khuzestan being no exception. In April 1979, an
uprising
broke out in the province, led by the Arab separatist group Arab Political and Cultural Organisation (APCO), seeking to gain independence from the new theocratic rule.
[29]
The
Iranian Embassy siege
of 1980 in London was initiated by an Arab separatist group as an aftermath response to the regional crackdown in Khuzestan, after the
1979 uprising
. Initially it emerged the terrorists wanted autonomy for Khuzestan; later they demanded the release of 91 of their comrades held in Iranian jails.
[30]
[31]
The group which claimed responsibility for the siege
the Arab Popular Movement in Arabistan
(See
Arab separatism in Khuzestan
) gave a number of press conferences in the following months, referring to what it described as "the racist rule of Khomeini". It threatened further international action as part of its campaign to gain self-rule for Khuzestan. But its links with
Baghdad
served to undermine its argument that it was a purely
Iranian
opposition group; there were allegations that it was backed by Iran's regional rival,
Iraq
. Their leader ("Salim" - Awn Ali Mohammed) along with four other members of the group were killed and the fifth member, Fowzi Badavi Nejad, was sentenced to life imprisonment.
[31]
Iran?Iraq war
[
edit
]
During the
Iran?Iraq War
, Khuzestan was the focus of the Iraqi invasion of Iran, leading to the flight of thousands of the province's residents. As a result, Khuzestan suffered the heaviest damage of all Iranian provinces during the war. Iraq's President
Saddam Hussein
felt confident that the Arab population of the Khuzestan would react enthusiastically to the prospect of union with Iraq. However, resistance to the invasion was fierce, stalling the Iraqi military's advance, and ultimately opening a window of opportunity for an Iranian counter-offensive.
What used to be Iran's largest refinery at
Abadan
was destroyed, never to fully recover. Many of the famous
nakhlestans
(palm groves) were annihilated, cities were destroyed, historical sites were demolished, and nearly half the province captured by the invading Iraqi army.
[32]
This created a mass exodus into other provinces that did not have the logistical capability of taking in such a large number of refugees.
However, by 1982, Iranian forces
managed to push Iraqi forces out of Iran
. The
Battle of Khorramshahr
(one of Khuzestan's largest cities and the most important Iranian port prior to the war) was a turning point in the war, and is officially celebrated every year in Iran.
The city of
Khorramshahr
was almost completely destroyed as a result of the
scorched earth
policy ordered by Iraq's leader, Saddam Hussein. However, Iranian forces were able to prevent the Iraqis from attempting to spread the execution of this policy to other major urban centres.
2005?present
[
edit
]
In 2005, Ahvaz witnessed a number of
terrorist attacks
, which came following the violent
Ahvaz riots
. The first
bombing
came ahead of the presidential election on 12 June 2005. In 2011, another
wave of protests
by Arab tribes occurred mostly in the urban area of Ahvaz. Before the
Iran?Iraq War
of the 1980s, the Arabs of Khuzestan mostly resided in the rural regions along the Karkhe and Karun rivers in the southwest of the province and the number living in cities was very limited because the Arab tribes were still following a nomadic lifestyle.
[
citation needed
]
But after the end of the war, most of the refuged Arabs were relocated by the government to the urban centres and smaller towns. This conversion of lifestyle directly from nomadic to city life caused many problems and conflicts in the structure of their societies and ultimately has led to some unrest. An unfinished building collapsed in Khuzestan province in June 2022. It was reported that thirteen people were arrested over the collapse. The incident also caused demonstrations in the region.
[33]
[34]
[35]
Geography and climate
[
edit
]
The province of Khuzestan can be basically divided into two regions; the rolling hills and mountainous regions north of the
Ahwaz Ridge
, and the plains and marsh lands to its south. The area is irrigated by the
Karoun
,
Karkheh
,
Jarahi
and
Maroun
rivers. The northern section maintains a non-Persian
Bakhtiari
minority, while the southern section always had diverse minority groups known as Khuzis. Since the 1940s, a flood of job seekers from all over Iran to the oil and commerce centers on the Persian Gulf Coast has made the region more Persian-speaking. Presently, Khuzestan still maintains its diverse group, but does have Arabs, Persians, Bakhtiari and ethnic Qashqais and Lors.
Khuzestan has great potential for
agricultural expansion
, which is almost unrivaled by the country's other provinces. Large and permanent rivers flow over the entire territory contributing to the fertility of the land.
Karun
, Iran's most effluent river, 850 kilometers long, flows into the Persian Gulf through this province. The agricultural potential of most of these rivers, however, and particularly in their lower reaches, is hampered by the fact that their waters carry
salt
, the amount of which increases as the rivers flow away from the source mountains and hills. In case of the Karun, a single tributary river,
Rud-i Shur
("Salty River") that flows into the Karun above
Shushtar
contributes most of the salt that the river carries. As such, the freshness of the Karun waters could be greatly enhanced if the Rud-i Shur could be diverted away from the Karun. The same applies to the
Jarahi
and
Karkheh
in their lower reaches. Only the
Marun
is exempt from this.
The climate of Khuzestan is generally very hot and occasionally humid, particularly in the south, while winters can be cold and dry. Summertime temperatures routinely exceed 45 °C (113 °F) almost daily and in the winter it can drop below freezing, with occasional
snowfall
in mountains. Khuzestan is possibly one of the hottest places on earth with maximum temperature in summer soaring up to 55 °C (131 °F) degrees Celsius at 2 metres height. Satellite imagery has shown that in spite of this fact it is still not the hottest place in Iran, which lies to the east and can be found in Dasht-e Lut. Reliable measurements in the city range from ?5 to 53 °C (23 to 127 °F).
Khuzestan has desert conditions and experiences many sandstorms.
Administrative divisions
[
edit
]
The population history and structural changes of Khuzestan province's administrative divisions over three consecutive censuses are shown in the following table.
Khuzestan Province
Counties
|
2006
[7]
|
2011
[8]
|
2016
[2]
|
Abadan
|
275,126
|
271,484
|
298,090
|
Aghajari
[b]
|
?
|
?
|
17,654
|
Ahvaz
|
1,317,377
|
1,395,184
|
1,302,591
|
Andika
[c]
|
?
|
50,797
|
47,629
|
Andimeshk
|
154,081
|
167,126
|
171,412
|
Bagh-e Malek
|
103,217
|
107,450
|
105,384
|
Bavi
[d]
|
?
|
89,160
|
96,484
|
Behbahan
|
172,597
|
179,703
|
180,593
|
Dasht-e Azadegan
|
126,865
|
99,831
|
107,989
|
Dezful
|
384,851
|
423,552
|
443,971
|
Dezpart
[e]
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
Gotvand
|
58,311
|
64,951
|
65,468
|
Haftkel
[f]
|
?
|
22,391
|
22,119
|
Hamidiyeh
[g]
|
?
|
?
|
53,762
|
Hendijan
|
35,932
|
37,440
|
38,762
|
Hoveyzeh
[h]
|
?
|
34,312
|
38,886
|
Izeh
|
193,510
|
203,621
|
198,871
|
Karkheh
[i]
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
Karun
[j]
|
?
|
?
|
105,872
|
Khorramshahr
|
155,224
|
163,701
|
170,976
|
Lali
|
35,549
|
37,381
|
37,963
|
Mahshahr
|
247,804
|
278,037
|
296,271
|
Masjed Soleyman
|
167,226
|
113,257
|
113,419
|
Omidiyeh
|
85,195
|
90,420
|
92,335
|
Ramhormoz
|
120,194
|
105,418
|
113,776
|
Ramshir
|
49,238
|
48,943
|
54,004
|
Seydun
[k]
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
Shadegan
|
138,226
|
153,355
|
138,480
|
Shush
|
189,793
|
202,762
|
205,720
|
Shushtar
|
182,282
|
191,444
|
192,028
|
Total
|
4,192,598
|
4,531,720
|
4,710,509
|
Cities
[
edit
]
According to the 2016 census, 3,554,205 people (over 75% of the population of Khuzestan province) live in the following cities:
[2]
City
|
Population
|
Abadan
|
231,476
|
Abezhdan
|
1,673
|
Abu Homeyzeh
|
5,506
|
Aghajari
|
11,912
|
Ahvaz
|
1,184,788
|
Alvan
|
6,860
|
Andimeshk
|
135,116
|
Arvandkenar
|
11,173
|
Azadi
|
4,957
|
Bagh-e Malek
|
26,343
|
Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni
|
78,353
|
Bandar-e Mahshahr
|
162,797
|
Behbahan
|
122,604
|
Bidrubeh
|
2,386
|
Bostan
|
8,476
|
Cham Golak
|
5,446
|
Chamran
|
33,505
|
Chavibdeh
|
7,906
|
Choghamish
|
2,013
|
Darkhoveyn
|
5,655
|
Dehdez
|
5,490
|
Dezful
|
264,709
|
Elhayi
|
7,651
|
Fath Olmobin
|
2,973
|
Golgir
|
1,089
|
Gotvand
|
24,216
|
Guriyeh
|
2,890
|
Haftkel
|
15,802
|
Hamidiyeh
|
22,057
|
Hamzeh
|
6,091
|
Hendijan
|
29,015
|
Horr
|
9,177
|
Hoseyniyeh
|
1,821
|
Hosseinabad
|
8,833
|
Hoveyzeh
|
19,481
|
Izeh
|
119,399
|
Jannat Makan
|
5,360
|
Jayezan
|
2,357
|
Khanafereh
|
3,853
|
Khorramshahr
|
133,097
|
Kut-e Abdollah
|
56,252
|
Kut-e Seyyed Naim
|
4,541
|
Lali
|
18,473
|
Mansuriyeh
|
5,441
|
Masjed Soleyman
|
100,497
|
Meydavud
|
3,513
|
Mianrud
|
10,110
|
Minushahr
|
2,231
|
Mollasani
|
17,337
|
Moshrageh
|
2,095
|
Omidiyeh
|
67,427
|
Qaleh Tall
|
10,698
|
Qaleh-ye Khvajeh
|
2,408
|
Rafi
|
3,797
|
Ramhormoz
|
74,285
|
Ramshir
|
25,009
|
Safiabad
|
9,879
|
Saland
|
2,560
|
Saleh Shahr
|
7,309
|
Sardarabad
|
5,240
|
Sardasht
|
6,912
|
Seydun
|
7,650
|
Shadegan
|
41,733
|
Shahr-e Emam
|
11,393
|
Shamsabad
|
10,858
|
Sharaft
|
11,757
|
Sheyban
|
36,374
|
Shush
|
77,148
|
Shushtar
|
101,878
|
Siah Mansur
|
5,406
|
Somaleh
|
1,784
|
Susangerd
|
51,431
|
Tashan
|
4,281
|
Torkalaki
|
5,688
|
Veys
|
15,312
|
Zahreh
|
1,192
|
Politics
[
edit
]
Khuzestan is ethnically diverse, home to many different ethnic groups.
[10]
This has a bearing on Khuzestan's electoral politics, with ethnic minority rights playing a significant role in the province's political culture. The province's geographical location bordering Iraq and its oil resources also make it a politically sensitive region, particularly given its history of foreign intervention, notably the Iraqi invasion of 1980.
Some ethnic groups complain over the distribution of the revenue generated by oil resources with claims that the central government is failing to invest profits from the oil industry in employment generation, post-war reconstruction and welfare projects. Low human development indicators among local Khuzestanis are contrasted with the wealth generation of the local oil industry. Minority rights are frequently identified with strategic concerns, with ethnic unrest perceived by the Iranian government as being generated by foreign governments to undermine the country's oil industry and its internal stability. The politics of Khuzestan therefore have international significance and go beyond the realm of electoral politics.
According to
Jane's Information Group
, "Most Iranian Arabs seek their constitutionally guaranteed rights and do not have a separatist agenda. ... While it may be true that some Arab activists are separatists, most see themselves as Iranians first and declare their commitment to the state's territorial integrity."
[46]
People and culture
[
edit
]
According to the 1996 census, the province had an estimated population of 3.7 million people, of which approximately 62.5% were in the urban centres, 36.5% were rural dwellers and the remaining 1% were non-residents. According to the most recent census taken in 2016, the province had 4,710,509 inhabitants.
[2]
Khuzestan is inhabited by many different ethnic groups;
[10]
the population of Khuzestan consists of
Persians
,
Arabs
,
Bakhtiaris
,
Lurs
,
Qashqai people
of the
Afshar tribe
,
Mandaeans
and
Armenians
.
[10]
[11]
[47]
During a research that was commissioned by the General Culture Council in 2010 and based on a field survey and a statistical community among the residents of 288 cities and about 1400 villages across the country, the percentage of ethnic groups that were sampled in this survey in this province was as follows. Arabs was 33.6%, Persians 31.9%, Lurs 30%, Turkish speakers 2.5%,
Kurds
1%, Other 0.7%.
[48]
In literature
[
edit
]
Khuzestan has long been the subject of many a writer and poet of Persia, banking on its ample sugar production to use the term as allegory for sweetness. Some popular verses are:
"Her lips aflow with sweet sugar,
The sweet sugar that aflows in Khuzestan."
Nizami
"Your graceful figure like the
cypress in Kashmar
,
Your sweet lips like the sugar of Khuzestan."
Nizari Qohistani
"So S?m hath not need ride afar
from
Ahvaz
up to
Qandehar
."
Ferdosi
Languages
[
edit
]
Apart from
Persian
, other languages and dialects are also spoken in Khuzestan. For instance, a portion of Khuzestan's populace speaks
Arabic
(
Khuzestani Arabic
).
[49]
[50]
Another part of Khuzestanis speak in
Bakhtiari dialect
.
[51]
[52]
[53]
[54]
Neo-Mandaic
is spoken by no more than a few dozen elderly
Mandaeans
.
[55]
Traditions and religion
[
edit
]
The people of Khuzestan are predominantly
Shia Muslims
, with small
Sunni Muslim
,
Jewish
,
Christian
, and
Mandaean
minorities. Khuzestanis are also very well regarded for their hospitality and generosity.
[10]
[11]
Cuisine
[
edit
]
Seafood
is the most important part of Khuzestani
cuisine
, but many other dishes are also featured. The most popular Khuzestani dish is
Ghalyeh Mahi
, a fish dish that is prepared with heavy spices, onions and cilantro. The fish used in the dish is locally known as
mahi soboor
(
shad
fish), a species of
fish
found in the Persian Gulf. Other provincial specialties include
Ghalyeh Meygu
("shrimp casserole"),
ashe-mohshala
(a
Khorramshahri
breakfast stew),
sær shir
(a
Dezfuli
breakfast of heavy cream),
hælim
(a
Shushtari
breakfast of wheatmeal with shredded lamb), and
kohbbeh
(a deep-fried rice cake with ground beef filling and other spices of Arabic origin, a variant on
Levantine
kibbeh
).
[56]
Historical figures
[
edit
]
Many scientists, philosophers, and poets have come from Khuzestan, including
Abu Nuwas
,
Abdollah ibn-Meymun Ahvazi
, the astronomer
Nowbækht-e Ahvazi
and his sons as well as
Jorjis
, the son of
Bakhtshua Gondishapuri
,
Ibn Sakit
,
Da'bal-e Khazai
and
Sheikh Mortedha Ansari
, a prominent Shi'a scholar from
Dezful
.
Economy
[
edit
]
Khuzestan is the major oil-producing region of
Iran
, and as such is one of the wealthiest provinces in Iran. Khuzestan ranks third among Iran's provinces in GDP.
[57]
In 2005, Iran's government announced it was planning the country's second nuclear reactor to be built in Khuzestan province.
[58]
The 360 MW reactor will be a
light water
PWR Reactor
.
[59]
Khuzestan is also home to the
Arvand Free Trade Zone
.
[60]
It is one of six economic Free Trade Zones in Iran,
[61]
including the PETZONE (Petrochemical Special Economic Zone in
Mahshahr
).
Shipping
[
edit
]
The
Karun River
is the only navigable river in Iran. The British, up until recent decades, after the discovery by
Austen Henry Layard
, transported their merchandise via Karun's waterways, passing through Ahvaz all the way up to
Langar near Shushtar
, and then sent by road to
Masjed Soleimanthe
site of their first oil wells in the Naftoon oil field. Karoun is capable of the sailing of fairly large ships as far up as
Shushtar
.
Karkheh, Jarrahi, Arvandrood, Handian, Shavoor, Bahmanshir (Bahman-Ardeshir), Maroon-Alaa', Dez, and many other rivers and water sources in the form of
Khurs
, lagoons, ponds, and marshes demonstrate the vastness of water resources in this region, and are the main reason for the variety of agricultural products developed in the area.
Agriculture
[
edit
]
The abundance of water and the fertility of the soil have made this region a rich and well-endowed land. The variety of agricultural products such as
wheat
,
barley
,
oilseeds
,
rice
,
eucalyptus
, medicinal herbs; the existence of many palm and
citrus
farms; the proximity of mountains suitable for raising
olives
, and of course
sugar cane
?from which Khuzestan takes its name?all show the great potential of this fertile region. In 2005, 51,000 hectares of land were planted with sugar canes, producing 350,000 tons of
sugar
.
[62]
The abundance of water supplies, rivers, and dams, also have an influence on the fishery industries, which are prevalent in the area.
The Abadan island is an important area for the production of
datepalms
, but it has suffered from the invasion of the Iraqi army during the
Iran?Iraq War
. The palm groves are irrigated by
tidal irrigation
.
[63]
At high
tide
, the waterlevel in the rivers is set up and the river flow enters the irrigation canals that have been dug from the river towards the inland plantations. At low tide, the canals drain the unused part of the water back to the river.
Industry
[
edit
]
There are several
cane sugar mills
in Khuzestan province, among them
Haft Tepe
and
Karun Agro Industry
near
Shushtar
.
The
Karun 3
and 4, and Karkheh Dam, as well as the petroleum reserves provide Iran with national sources of revenue and energy. The petrochemical and steel industries, pipe making, the power stations that feed the national electricity grid, the chemical plants, and the large refineries are some of Iran's major industrial facilities.
The province is also home to
Yadavaran Field
, which is a major oil field in itself and part of the disputed
Al-Fakkah Field
. Khuzestan holds 80% of Iran's onshore oil reserves, and thus 57% of Iran's total oil reserves, making it indispensable to the Iranian economy.
[64]
From 22 September 1980 to the last day of the Iran-Iraq war, this province was always the scene of Iran's various operations to recapture the areas occupied by the Iraqi army forces. At the beginning of the war, cities such as
Abadan
,
Susangerd
,
Bostan
,
Dezful
,
Andimeshk
,
Khorramshahr
, and
Ahvaz
, which were the capital of the province, were regularly targeted by Iraqi army rocket and artillery attacks.
[65]
[66]
Khuzestan is one of the provinces that suffered a lot of damage during the Iran-Iraq war. The long-term occupation of some areas of the province, constant bombardment of some cities and air and ground attacks on the cities of Dezful, Bostan,
Hoizeh
, Susangerd, Ahvaz,
Shush
,
Shushtar
,
Shadegan
,
Andimeshk
and many other areas by the Iraqi army have caused great damage to natural and human capital of the province.
[67]
[68]
[69]
[70]
After war
[
edit
]
After the end of the war, the speed of growth and development of this province has been very slow. Khuzestan province, despite benefiting from abundant natural resources, including oil, has many economic, environmental, social, construction, etc. problems. High unemployment rate, water crisis, dust problems, lack of civil infrastructure are among the factors that have caused the dissatisfaction of the people of this province.
[71]
[72]
[73]
[74]
Dissatisfaction that has shown itself in various protest rallies.
[75]
[68]
[76]
[77]
[78]
[79]
Higher education
[
edit
]
Attractions of Khuzestan
[
edit
]
Iran National Heritage Organization
lists 140 sites of historical and cultural significance in Khuzestan, reflecting the fact that the province was once the seat of Iran's most ancient empire.
Some of the more popular sites of attraction include:
- Choqa Zanbil
: The seat of the
Elamite Empire
, this
ziggurat
is a magnificent five-story temple that is one of the greatest ancient monuments in the Middle-East today. The monolith, with its labyrinthine walls made of thousands of large bricks with Elamite inscription, manifest the sheer antiquity of the shrine. The temple was religiously sacred and built in the honor of
Inshushinak
, the protector deity of the city of
Susa
.
- Shush-Daniel
: Burial site of the Jewish prophet
Daniel
. He is said to have died in
Susa
on his way to
Jerusalem
upon the order of Darius. The grave of
Ya'qub bin Laith as-Saffar
, who rose against the oppression of the
Umayyad
Caliphate, is also located nearby.
- Dezful
(
Dezh-pol
), whose name is taken from a bridge (
pol
) over the
Dez river
having 12 spans built by the order of
Shapur I
. This is the same bridge that was called "Andamesh Bridge" by historians such as
Istakhri
who says the city of
Andimeshk
takes its name from this bridge.
Muqaddasi
called it "The City of the Bridge."
- Shushtar
, Home to the famous Shushtar Watermills and one of the oldest fortress cities in Iran, known as the "City of Forty Elders" in local dialect. In and around Shushtar, there are many displays of ancient hydraulic engineering. There are also the Band Mizan and Band Qeysar, 2000-year-old dams on the Karoun river and the famous Shadervan Bridge which is over 2000 years old. The Friday Mosque of Shushtar was built by the
Abbasids
. The mosque, which features "Roman" arches, has 54 pillars and balconies.
- Izeh
, or
Izaj
, was one of the main targets of the invading Islamic army in their conquest of Persia.
Kharezad Bridge
, one of the strangest bridges of the world, was situated in this city and was named after Ardeshir Babakan's mother. It is built over cast pillars of lead each 104 meters high.
Ibn Battuta
, who visited the city in the 14th century, refers to many monasteries,
caravanserais
,
aqueducts
, schools, and fortresses in the town. The brass statue of
The Parthian Man
, kept at the
National Museum of Iran
, is from here.
- Masjed Soleiman
, another ancient town, has ancient fire altars and temples such as
Sar-masjed
and
Bard-neshondeh
. It is also the winter's resting area of the
Bakhtiari
tribe, and where
William Knox D'Arcy
dug Iran's first oil well.
- Abadan
is said to be where the tomb of
Elijah
, the long lived
Hebrew
prophet is.
- Iwan
of
Hermes
, and
Iwan of Karkheh
, two enigmatic ruins north of
Susa
.
Prominent people
[
edit
]
- Antiochus III the Great
, 6th ruler of the
Seleucid Empire
- Ayatollah Haj Muhammad-Hassan Jazayeri
, religious leader
- Mohammad Ali Mousavi Jazayeri
, previous Wali-Faqih representative, Ahwaz Friday Imam
- Siavash Shams
, famous Persian pop singer, songwriter and record producer
- Mehrangiz Kar
, feminist lawyer and human rights activist
- Ezzat Negahban
, Patriarch of the Iranian modern
archaeology
- Siavash Ghomeyshi
, singer, songwriter and composer
- Kaiser Aminpour
, famous poet
- Hamid Dabashi
, intellectual historian, cultural and literary critic
- Patrick Monahan
, Irish comedian
- Parviz Abnar
, sound recordist
- Saeed Abdevali
, wrestler
- Nasser Taghvaee
, director, photographer
- Parviz Dehdari
, well-known footballer
- Mohsen Chavoshi
, pop singer
- Bizhan Emkanian
, actor
- Hamed Haddadi
, NBA athlete
- Ali Shamkhani
, Iran's minister of defense (1997?2005), Secretary of the
Supreme National Security Council
- Masoud Shojaei
, national football star
- Hossein Kaebi
, national football star
- Jalal Kameli Mofrad
, national football player
- Iman Mobali
, national football star
- Ahmad Mahmoud
, novelist
- Mohammad Reza Eskandari
, Iran's minister of agriculture (2017?2021)
- Mohsen Rezaee
, Secretary of Iran's powerful
Expediency Discernment Council
until 2021
- Abu Nuwas
, a well-known poet
- Majusi
, famous physician
- Naubakht
, astronomer
- Seyyed Nematollah Jazayeri
, Shia Islam scholar
- Ali Hashemi
, commander in the Iran?Iraq War
Bibliography
[
edit
]
- Ahmady, Kameel
(2023).
From Border to Border
. Moldova: Scholars’ Press publishes.
ISBN
9786206769538
.
- The Iran-Iraq War (Revised & Expanded Edition): Volume 1 - The Battle For Khuzestan, September 1980-May 1982. by E.R. Hooton (Author), Tom Cooper (Author), Farzin Nadimi (Author)
See also
[
edit
]
Iran portal
Notes
[
edit
]
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[
edit
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??? ????? ? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???? (???????? ???????){?????}:????? ???????/?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ? ????? ????? ?????:????? ?????? ????:???? ????????? ???? ???? -????:?-??-????-???-??? *????? ???:?????-????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? *????? ?????:??? ?:???? (??? ????)? ?????? (??? ????)
[
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External links
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Places adjacent to Khuzestan province
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