Cambodian politician and war criminal (born 1931)
Khieu Samphan
(
Khmer
:
??? ????
; born 28 July 1931)
[3]
is a Cambodian former
communist
politician and economist who was the chairman of the state presidium of
Democratic Kampuchea
(
Cambodia
) from 1976 until 1979. As such, he served as Cambodia's
head of state
and was one of the most powerful officials in the
Khmer Rouge
movement, although
Pol Pot
remained the
General Secretary
(highest official) in the party.
Prior to joining the Khmer Rouge, he was a member of
Norodom Sihanouk's
Sangkum
government. After the
1967 leftist rebellion
, Sihanouk ordered the arrest of leftists including Samphan, who fled into hiding until the
Khmer Rouge takeover
in 1975. On 7 August 2014, along with other members of the regime, he was convicted and received a life sentence for
crimes against humanity
during the
Cambodian genocide
, and a further trial found him guilty of genocide in 2018. He is the oldest living former prime minister and the last surviving senior member of the Khmer Rouge following the deaths of
Nuon Chea
in August 2019
[4]
and
Kang Kek Iew (Duch)
in September 2020.
[5]
Biography
[
edit
]
Samphan was born in
Svay Rieng Province
to
Khieu Long
, who served as a judge under the French Protectorate government and his wife Por Kong. Samphan was of
Khmer
-
Chinese
extraction,
[6]
[7]
having inherited his Chinese heritage from his maternal grandfather.
[8]
When Samphan was a young boy, Khieu Long was found guilty of corruption and sentenced to imprisonment, leaving Samphan's mother to take up a living selling fruits and vegetables in
Kampong Cham Province
where he grew up.
[9]
Nevertheless, Samphan managed to earn a seat at the
Lycee Sisowath
and was able to travel to France to pursue his university studies in Economics at the
University of Montpellier
, after which he earned a PhD at the
University of Paris
.
[10]
Samphan became a member of the circle of leftist Khmer intellectuals studying at
the Sorbonne
, Paris, in the 1950s. His 1959 doctoral thesis
Cambodia's Economy and Industrial Development
[11]
advocated national self-reliance and generally sided with
dependency theorists
in blaming the wealthy, industrialized states for the poverty of the
Third World
.
[12]
He was one of the founders of the
Khmer Students' Association
(KSA), out of which grew the left-wing revolutionary movements that would so alter Cambodian history in the 1970s, most notably the Khmer Rouge. Once the KSA was shuttered by French authorities in 1956, he founded yet another student organization, the
Khmer Students' Union
.
[13]
Returning from Paris with his doctorate in 1959, Samphan held a law faculty position at the
University of Phnom Penh
and started
L'Observateur
, a French-language leftist publication that was viewed with hostility by the government.
L'Observateur
was banned by the government in the following year
[10]
and police publicly humiliated Samphan by beating, undressing and photographing him in public.
[14]
Despite this, Samphan was invited to join Prince
Norodom Sihanouk
's
Sangkum
, a 'national movement' that operated as the single political party within Cambodia. Samphan stood as a Sangkum deputy in the 1962, 1964 and 1966 elections, in which the lattermost the rightist elements of the party, led by
Lon Nol
, gained an overwhelming victory. During his tenure, according to Minister of Information
Trinh Hoanh
, he was known as "a modest man of relatively humble origins who, even while minister of economy, refused to be driven in a Government limousine".
[15]
In 1966, he then became a member of a 'Counter-Government' created by Sihanouk to keep the rightists under control.
[10]
However, Samphan's radicalism led to a split in the party and he had to flee to a jungle after an arrest warrant was issued against him. At the time, he was even rumoured to have been murdered by Sihanouk's security forces.
[10]
In the
Cambodian coup of 1970
, the National Assembly voted to remove Prince Sihanouk as head of state, and the
Khmer Republic
was proclaimed later that year. The
Khmer Rouge
, including Samphan, joined forces with the now-deposed Prince Sihanouk in establishing an anti-
Khmer Republic
coalition known as the
National United Front of Kampuchea
(FUNK), and an associated government: the
Royal Government of the National Union of Kampuchea
(GRUNK). In this alliance with his former enemies, Samphan served as deputy prime minister, minister of defence, and commander-in-chief of the Cambodian People's National Liberation Armed Forces, the GRUNK military.
[10]
FUNK defeated the Khmer Republic in April 1975 and took control of all of Kampuchea.
[16]
During the years of Communist
Democratic Kampuchea
(1975?1979), Samphan remained near the top of the movement, assuming the post of president of the central presidium in 1976. His faithfulness to
Pol Pot
meant that he survived the purges in the later years of the Khmer Rouge rule. His roles within the party suggest he was well entrenched in the upper echelons of the
Communist Party of Kampuchea
, and a leading figure in the ruling elite.
[17]
In 1985, he officially succeeded Pol Pot as leader of the Khmer Rouge, and served in this position until 1998.
[10]
In December 1998, Samphan and former Pol Pot deputy
Nuon Chea
surrendered to the Royal Cambodian Government.
[18]
Prime Minister
Hun Sen
, however, defied international pressure and Samphan was not arrested or prosecuted at the time of his surrender.
[19]
Arrest and trial
[
edit
]
Khieu Samphan at a public hearing before the Pre-Trial
Chamber in the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
on 28 June 2011
On 13 November 2007, the 76-year-old Samphan reportedly suffered a stroke. This occurred one day after the former Khmer Rouge Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister
Ieng Sary
and his wife were arrested for war crimes committed while they were in power.
[20]
At about the same time, a book by Samphan,
Reflection on Cambodian History Up to the Era of Democratic Kampuchea
, was published; in the book, he wrote that he had worked for social justice and the defence of national sovereignty, while attributing responsibility for all of the group's policies to Pol Pot.
[21]
According to Samphan, under the Khmer Rouge, "there was no policy of starving people. Nor was there any direction set out for carrying out mass killings", and "there was always close consideration of the people's well-being". He acknowledged the use of coercion to produce food due to shortages. Samphan also strongly criticized the current government in the book, blaming it for corruption and social ills.
[21]
Historian
Ben Kiernan
stated that Samphan's protestations (such as he regarded the collectivization of agriculture as a surprise, and his expressions of sympathy for
Hu Nim
, a fellow member of the CPK hierarchy tortured and killed at
Tuol Sleng
) betrayed the fundamental "moral cowardice" of a man mesmerized by power but lacking any nerve.
[22]
After he left a Phnom Penh hospital where he was treated following his stroke, Samphan was arrested
[23]
[24]
by the
Cambodia Tribunal
and charged with crimes against humanity and war crimes.
[24]
In April 2008, Samphan made his first appearance at Cambodia's genocide tribunal. His lawyers,
Jacques Verges
and
Say Bory
, used the defence that while Samphan has never denied that many people in Cambodia were killed, as head of state, he was never directly responsible for any crimes.
[25]
On 7 August 2014, he and
Nuon Chea
received life sentences for crimes against humanity.
[26]
His lawyer immediately announced the conviction would be appealed.
[27]
The tribunal continued with a trial on his genocide charges as a separate process.
[28]
The tribunal found him guilty on 16 November 2018 of the crime of genocide against the
Vietnamese people
, but he was cleared of involvement in the genocidal extermination of the
Chams
. The judgment also emphasised that Samphan "encouraged, incited and legitimised" the criminal policies that led to the deaths of civilians "on a massive scale" including the millions forced into labour camps to build dams and bridges and the mass extermination of Vietnamese.
[29]
On 16 August 2021, Samphan appeared before a court in Phnom Penh to appeal against his conviction, in an attempt to overturn it.
[30]
The appeal was rejected on 22 September 2022, with the guilty verdicts of genocide, crimes against humanity, and grave breaches of the
Geneva Convention
affirmed.
[31]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
Chiefs of State and Cabinet members of foreign governments ... 1978:Jan.-Mar.. - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
. 2003.
hdl
:
2027/uiug.30112083082609
.
- ^
"Mrs. SO Socheat"
. eccc.gov.kh
. Retrieved
21 March
2014
.
- ^
"KHIEU Samphan"
. Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
. Retrieved
17 April
2014
.
- ^
"Nuon Chea, ideologue of Cambodia's Khmer Rouge, dies at 93"
.
Bangkok Post
. 4 August 2019
. Retrieved
4 August
2019
.
- ^
"Comrade Duch, Khmer Rouge chief executioner, dies in Cambodia"
.
The Guardian
. 2 September 2020
. Retrieved
2 September
2020
.
- ^
Bora, Touch (February 2005).
"Debating Genocide"
.
The Phnom Penh Post
. Archived from
the original
on 25 November 2007
. Retrieved
19 November
2007
.
- ^
Bora, Touch.
"Jurisdictional and Definitional Issues"
.
Khmer Institute
. Archived from
the original
on 6 November 2018
. Retrieved
19 November
2007
.
- ^
Esterline (1990), p. 94
- ^
Barron, Paul (1977), p. 46
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
Bartrop, Paul R. (2012). "KHIEU SAMPHAN (B. 1931)".
A Biographical Encyclopedia of Contemporary Genocide: Portraits of Evil and Good
. ABC-CLIO.
ISBN
978-0313386794
.
- ^
"Indochina Chronicle 51-52; Sept.- Nov. 1976 "Underdevelopment in Cambodia" : Khieu Samphan 1931- : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive"
. Berkeley, Calif.; Indochina Resource Center. 10 March 2001
. Retrieved
26 July
2012
.
- ^
Becker, Elizabeth (10 November 1998).
"The Birth of Modern Cambodia"
.
When the War Was Over: Cambodia and the Khmer Rouge Revolution
. PublicAffairs. p. 63.
ISBN
9780786725861
.
- ^
Frey, Rebecca Joyce (2009).
Genocide and International Justice
. Infobase Publishing. pp. 266, 267.
ISBN
978-0816073108
.
- ^
Shawcross, William,
Sideshow
, Isaacs, Hardy, & Brown, pgs. 92?100, 106?112.
- ^
Markham, James M. (30 April 1974).
"Cambodian Economist May Upstage Sihanouk as Head of the Insurgency"
.
The New York Times
.
ISSN
0362-4331
. Retrieved
1 September
2022
.
- ^
"From the archive, 18 April 1975: Khmer Rouge take over Cambodia"
.
The Guardian
. 18 April 1975.
- ^
"Top Khmer Rouge leader charged"
.
BBC News
. 19 November 2007.
- ^
"Khmer Rouge leaders surrender"
.
BBC News
. 26 December 1998
. Retrieved
7 August
2014
.
- ^
"CAMBODIAN LEADER RESISTS PUNISHING TOP KHMER ROUGE"
.
The New York Times
. 29 December 1998
. Retrieved
7 August
2014
.
- ^
Cheang, Sopheng (13 November 2007).
"Khmer Rouge Ex-Head of State Has Stroke"
. [[Associated Press[]]. Archived from
the original
on 24 November 2007
. Retrieved
13 November
2007
.
- ^
a
b
"Former Khmer Rouge head of state praises Pol Pot in his new book"
.
The International Herald Tribune (The Associated Press)
. 18 November 2007. Archived from
the original
on 13 June 2008
. Retrieved
19 November
2007
.
- ^
Kiernan, B., "Don't Blame Me, It Was my Prime Minister", in
The Long Term View
, VI, 4, p.36
- ^
Cheang, Sopheng (19 November 2007).
"Ex-Khmer Rouge Head of State Arrested"
. Associated Press. Archived from
the original
on 24 November 2007
. Retrieved
19 November
2007
.
- ^
a
b
Ker, Munthit (19 November 2007).
"Ex-Khmer Rouge Head of State Charged"
. Associated Press. Archived from
the original
on 23 November 2007
. Retrieved
19 November
2007
.
- ^
"Khmer Rouge leader seeks release"
.
BBC News
. 23 April 2008
. Retrieved
23 April
2008
.
- ^
McKirdy, Euan (7 August 2014).
"Top Khmer Rouge leaders found guilty of crimes against humanity, sentenced to life in prison"
. CNN
. Retrieved
7 August
2014
.
- ^
"Cambodian court sentences two former Khmer Rouge leaders to life term"
. The Cambodia News.Net
. Retrieved
8 August
2014
.
- ^
"Top Khmer Rouge leaders guilty of crimes against humanity"
.
BBC News
. 7 August 2014
. Retrieved
8 August
2014
.
- ^
"Khmer Rouge leaders found guilty of Cambodia genocide"
.
BBC News
. 16 November 2018.
- ^
"Cambodia: Khmer Rouge official appeals genocide conviction"
.
Deutsche Welle
. 16 August 2021
. Retrieved
16 August
2021
.
- ^
"Khmer Rouge head of state's genocide conviction appeal rejected by Cambodia's UN-backed tribunal"
.
The_Independent
. 22 September 2022
. Retrieved
22 September
2022
.
References
[
edit
]
- Barron, John and Paul, Anthony;
Murder of a gentle land: the untold story of a Communist genocide in Cambodia
,
Reader's Digest Press
, 1977,
ISBN
088349129X
- Esterline, John H. and Mae H.,
"How the dominoes fell": Southeast Asia in perspective
, University Press of America, 1990,
ISBN
081917971X
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