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Kh-47M2 Kinzhal

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Kh-47M2 Kinzhal
Х-47М2 Кинжал
A Kh-47M2 Kinzhal being carried by a Mikoyan MiG-31 K interceptor
Type Air-launched ballistic missile
Place of origin Russia
Service history
In service 2017?present
Used by Russian Aerospace Forces
Wars Russian invasion of Ukraine
Production history
Designer Believed to be:
Votkinsk Plant State Production Association and
Tactical Missiles Corporation JSC
Unit cost US$10 million [1]
Specifications
Mass 4,300 kg (9,500 lb)
Length 7.2 m (23 ft 7 in) (estimated)
Diameter 1,200 mm (47 in) (estimated)
Wingspan 1.6 m (5 ft 3 in)
Warhead
Engine Solid-propellant rocket motor
Operational
range
2,000 km (1,200 mi) (Including range of launching aircraft)
Maximum speed up to Mach 10 (3,400 m/s; 11,200 ft/s)
Guidance
system
INS , mid-course update
Steering
system
Four cropped delta?fins
Launch
platform
References Janes , [2] CSIS [3]

The Kh-47M2 Kinzhal ( Russian : Х-47М2 Кинжал , lit. ' Dagger '; NATO reporting name : AS-24 Killjoy ) is a Russian hypersonic air-launched ballistic missile . [4] [5] It has an estimated range of 460?480 km (290?300 mi) [6] and a reported top speed of Mach 10. [3] [6] It can carry either conventional or nuclear warheads [7] and can be launched by Tu-22M3 bombers, MiG-31K interceptors, or modified Su-34 fighter-bombers. It is the first hypersonic weapon used. [8]

It has been deployed at airbases in Russia's Southern Military District and Western Military District . [9] [10]

The Kinzhal entered service in December 2017 and was one of the six new Russian strategic weapons unveiled by Russian President Vladimir Putin in March 2018. [11]

Design

The overall design of the missile is shared with the older ground-launched 9K720 Iskander missile, adapted for air launching with a modified guidance section for the Kinzhal. It can reportedly hit both static targets and mobile ones such as aircraft carriers. [12] [13]

The high speed of the Kinzhal gives it better target penetration than lighter, slower cruise missiles. [14]

In Russian media the "hypersonic" feature has been highlighted as a unique feature to create an impression it is a new and advanced design ( hypersonic glide and scramjet ) although the Kinzhal actually uses a standard ballistic missile technology at greater speeds. The "hypersonic" feature is shared with many older designs and does not represent any particular technological breakthrough. [15] [16]

Russian media state the missile's range as 2,000 km (1,200 mi; 1,100 nmi) when carried by the MiG-31K and 3,000 km (1,900 mi; 1,600 nmi) when carried by the Tu-22M3 ; in both cases these figures are arrived at by adding the aircraft's combat radius to the missile's range. [17] Its range once launched from its aircraft has been estimated between 460 and 480 km, similar to that of the Iskander missile upon which its design is reportedly based. [6]

It is claimed that one Kh-47 Kinzhal hypersonic missile costs about US$10 million. [1]

Foreign reactions

U.S. defense officials have concluded that existing radar architectures are insufficient to detect and track hypersonic weapons. [18] [19]

In March 2022, American President Joe Biden confirmed that Russia used hypersonic missiles in Ukraine. "It's almost impossible to stop it," he said: "There's a reason they're using it." [20]

Chinese analysts, after reviewing its performance in Ukraine in 2023, point out that is not really a hypersonic missile since it follows a ballistic trajectory and cannot maneuver at hypersonic speeds. This makes it relatively easy to intercept compared with true hypersonic missiles. They also criticised its accuracy. [21]

Operational history

The Kinzhal entered service in December 2017 and was one of the six new Russian strategic weapons unveiled by Russian President Vladimir Putin on 1 March 2018. [22] [23] The Kinzhal missile has since been deployed on the MiG-31K, [24] the Tu-160M , [25] the Tu-22M3M, [26] and also reportedly the Su-34. [27] In May 2018, ten MiG-31Ks capable of using Kinzhal missiles were on experimental combat duty and ready to be deployed. [28] By December 2018, aircraft armed with Kinzhal missiles had conducted 89 sorties over the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. [29]

By February 2019, crews of the MiG-31K Kinzhal missile carriers had performed more than 380 training sorties with the missile, of which at least 70 have used air-to-air refueling . [13] [30] [31] The weapon made its public debut [ how? ] during the Aviadarts international contest in August 2019. [32]

According to TASS , the first launch of Kinzhal in the Arctic took place mid-November 2019. The launch was reportedly carried out by a MiG-31K from Olenya air base . The missile hit a ground target at Pemboy proving ground, reaching a speed of Mach 10. [33] In June 2021, a Kinzhal missile was launched by a MiG-31K from Khmeimim Air Base on a ground target in Syria. [34] A separate aviation regiment was formed in 2021 which is armed with MiG-31K aircraft with the Kinzhal hypersonic missile. [35]

Rumours in early February 2022 suggested that several MiG-31 interceptors armed with Kinzhal missiles were dispatched from Soltsy Air Base , Novgorod Oblast , to Chernyakhovsk Naval Air Base in Russia's western Kaliningrad exclave . [36] [37] [38] [39] Russia's Aerospace Force launched Kinzhal missiles [ where? ] on 19 February 2022. [40]

Vladimir Putin ordered the Russian Aerospace Forces to begin permanent patrols over the Black Sea region with MiG-31K aircraft armed with Kinzhal missiles on 18 October 2023. [41] Russian sources stated that these missiles have received the capability of mid-flight re-targeting. [42]

Russian invasion of Ukraine

Debris presented by Ukraine in May 2023, claimed to be from a Kinzhal missile

During the Russian invasion of Ukraine , the Russian military claimed to have used Kinzhal missiles to destroy an alleged underground weapons depot of the Ukrainian armed forces in Deliatyn on 18 March 2022, followed by a fuel depot in Konstantinovka the next day. [43] [44] When asked about the use of these missiles, U.S. President Joe Biden noted that it was a significant weapon, but ultimately had the same warhead as any other missile, which is difficult to defend against. [45]

Subsequent reports suggest that the Kinzhal missiles were used again on 11 April, while on 9 May, Russian Tu-22 aircraft launched three Kinzhal-type missiles at targets in the port city of Odesa . [46] In another development, three MiG-31K fighter aircraft equipped with Kinzhal hypersonic missiles were redeployed to the Chkalovsk airfield in the Kaliningrad Region on 18 August 2022. [47]

On 26 January 2023, the Ukrainian Air Force reported that 55 missiles, including a Kh-47 Kinzhal hypersonic missile, and 24 Shahed-136 drones had been fired at targets in Ukraine. [48] The Ukrainian Air Force said that they were able to shoot down all of the drones and 47 of the missiles. [48] One person was killed and two others were injured when an apartment block in the Holosiiv district was hit during the attack. [48]

On 9 March 2023, Ukrainian cities were hit with a barrage of 84 missiles, including 6 Kinzhals?the largest use of these missiles to date. [49]

On 4 May 2023 at about 2:40 AM over Kyiv , [50] one Kh-47M2 missile was said to be shot down by the Ukrainian air defense forces using a MIM-104 Patriot missile defence system. [51] [52] [53] [54] According to CNN , the Patriot system's ability to stop an air-launched hypersonic missile was considered to be only theoretical before the claimed interception. [55] On 9 May 2023, Patrick S. Ryder , a Pentagon spokesman, confirmed that Ukraine downed the hypersonic missile. [56] On 10 May 2023, Vitali Klitschko showed fragments of the alleged downed Kinzhal missile for Bild journalists in Kyiv. [57] Russian media alleged that the fragments closely resembled the concrete-piercing BETAB-500 ShP aerial bomb. [58] [59]

On 16 May 2023, Ukraine said that they had intercepted six Kinzhal missiles fired at Kyiv overnight; Russian defense minister Sergei Shoigu denied the Ukrainian claims, stating that less than six missiles had been launched. [60] The Russian Defense Ministry claimed to have destroyed a US-built Patriot surface-to-air missile defense system with a Kinzhal missile the same night. [61] [62] US officials confirmed that the Patriot system was damaged, but stated that the damage was minimal and that the battery has been fully operational after minor repairs. [63] [64] Neither the US nor Ukrainian officials confirmed whether the damage was due to falling debris or another cause.

The Ukrainian Patriot operator that intercepted the Kinzhal missile launched on 4 May 2023 claimed that the missile travelled only at approximately 1,240 m/s (Mach 3.6), which is about one-third of the maximum speed claimed by Russia and that consequently for the subsequent attack "it was just a matter of getting on with the job". [65]

Operators

  Russia

See also

References

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External links

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