Prussian field marshal (1796-1884)
Karl Eberhard Herwarth von Bittenfeld
(4 September 1796 ? 2 September 1884) was a Prussian
Generalfeldmarschall
. He served in many military conflicts throughout the 19th century and was given major commands throughout each conflict.
Origin
[
edit
]
Eberhard came from the old Augsburg noble family
Herwarth von Bittenfeld
, which was established in 1246. He was the son of the Prussian Major General
Eberhard Herwarth von Bittenfeld der Altere
[
de
]
(1753-1833) and his wife Johanna Friedericke Auguste, nee von Arnstedt (1765-1851). Two of his brothers also rose to become generals in the Prussian army:
Hans Paulus Herwarth von Bittenfeld
[
de
]
(1800?1881) and
Friedrich Herwarth von Bittenfeld
(1802?1884).
[1]
His education took place initially in his parents' home until the age of 15 when he enrolled in grammar school in
Brandenburg an der Havel
.
[2]
Military Career
[
edit
]
Herwarth von Bittenfeld entered the infantry with the 2nd Guards Regiment in 1811, and served through the
War of Liberation
(1813?15) of the
Napoleonic Wars
, distinguishing himself at
Lutzen
and
Paris
as a second lieutenant.
[3]
During the years of peace he rose slowly to high command. In 1816, Bittenfeld became Premier Leutnant and in 1821, he was promoted to Hauptmann. He married Karoline Schulze in 1823 but she died in 1828. His second marriage was in 1831 with Sophie von Scholten. His second wife died in 1868. In the
Berlin revolution of 1848
, he was on duty at the royal palace as Colonel of the
1st Foot Guards Regiment
.
Bittenfeld was promoted to Major-general (German:
Generalmajor
) in 1852 and became the commander of the
Fortress of Mainz
. He was promoted to lieutenant-general (German:
Generalleutnant
) in 1856 and became the commander of the
7th Division
. He reached the rank of General of Infantry and the command of the
VII Corps
in 1860.
In the
Second Schleswig War
in 1864, Herwarth von Bittenfeld succeeded to the command of the Prussians when
Prince Friedrich Karl
became commander-in-chief of the allies, and it was under his leadership that the Prussians forced the passage into
Als
following the victory over General Steinmann on 29 June, ending the war soon after.
Bittenfeld was appointed commander of the
VIII Corps
that autumn. On 29 June he also received the prestigious
Pour le Merite
.
In the
Austro-Prussian War
, Herwarth commanded the Army of the Elbe which overran
Saxony
and invaded
Bohemia
by the valley of the
Elbe
. His troops won the actions of
Huhnerwasser
and
Munchengratz
, and at
Koniggratz
formed the right wing of the Prussian army. During the
Battle of Koniggratz
, Herwarth was not able to order heavy attacks against the Austrians since the artillery that
Oberst von Bulow
brought was too far to attack the Austrian Army.
Herwarth himself directed the battle against the
Austrian
left flank.
Returning to command of the VIII Corps after the war, Herwarth von Bittenfeld became a member of the
Reichstag
of the
North German Confederation
from 1867 until 1870; representing the Wittlich-Bernkastel constituency as a conservative.
[7]
He would continue to plan the defense of western Germany against a possible French offensive until July 1870.
In 1870, during the
Franco-Prussian War
, Herwarth von Bittenfeld was not employed in the field, but was in charge of the scarcely less important business of organizing and forwarding all the reserves and material required for the armies in
France
and later overseeing prisoner of war camps when the threat of French invasion was eliminated. In 1871 he was semi-retired and
brevetted
Generalfeldmarschall
. The rest of his life was spent in retirement at
Bonn
, where he died in 1884. He was buried next to his second wife. Since 1889 the
13th (1st Westphalian) Infantry Regiment
carried his name.
Honours and awards
[
edit
]
He received the following orders and decorations:
[8]
Kingdom of Prussia
:
- Knight of Honour of the
Johanniter Order
,
1846
; Knight of Justice,
1858
;
[9]
Commander
- Knight of the Crown Order
, 1st Class,
18 October 1861
; with Enamel Band of the Red Eagle Order and Oak Leaves,
1865
[9]
- Pour le Merite
(military),
29 June 1864
[9]
- Grand Cross of the Red Eagle
, with Oak Leaves and Swords,
14 November 1864
[9]
- Service Award Cross
- Knight of the Black Eagle
,
30 July 1866
; with Collar,
1867
[9]
- Grand Commander's Cross of the Royal
House Order of Hohenzollern
, with Star (60 years),
5 October 1871
[9]
Hohenzollern
: Cross of Honour of the
Princely House Order of Hohenzollern
, 1st Class with Swords
Ascanian duchies
: Grand Cross of the
Order of Albert the Bear
,
8 November 1857
[10]
Baden
:
Grand Cross of the Zahringer Lion
,
1852
[11]
Ernestine duchies
: Grand Cross of the
Saxe-Ernestine House Order
,
November 1857
[12]
Grand Duchy of Hesse
: Grand Cross of the
Ludwig Order
,
4 July 1871
[13]
Principality of Lippe
:
- Cross of Honour of the House Order of Lippe, 1st Class with Swords
- Military Merit Medal
Mecklenburg-Schwerin
:
Military Merit Cross
, 2nd Class
Waldeck and Pyrmont
: Military Merit Cross, 1st Class
Austrian Empire
:
[14]
Netherlands
:
Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion
Ottoman Empire
:
Order of Osmanieh
, 1st Class
Russian Empire
:
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
Pigeon, Amedee (1885).
L' Allemagne de Monsieur de Bismarck
(in French). Paris: E. Giraud et Cie Editeurs. p. 397
. Retrieved
January 18,
2022
.
- ^
Der Feldzug in Bohmen und Mahren 1866
. Vol. 1. Berlin: Verlag der Koniglichen Geheimen Ober-Hofbuchdruckerei. 1870. p. 120.
- ^
Zierotin bis Zwolftafelgesetzgebung
(in German). Heinicke. 1867.
- ^
Biographie, Deutsche.
"Herwarth von Bittenfeld, Eberhard - Deutsche Biographie"
.
www.deutsche-biographie.de
(in German)
. Retrieved
2021-12-26
.
- ^
Handbuch uber den Koniglich Preussischen Hof und Staat
. 1883. p.
165
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
"Koniglich Preussische Ordensliste"
,
Preussische Ordens-Liste
(in German),
1
, Berlin:
12
,
20
,
31
,
573
,
922
,
966
, 1877 – via hathitrust.org
- ^
Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Herzogtum Anhalt
(1867) "Herzoglicher Haus-orden Albrecht des Baren" p.
20
- ^
Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden
(1862), "Großherzogliche Orden"
62
- ^
Staatshandbucher fur das Herzogtums Sachsen-Altenburg
(1869), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden"
p. 25
- ^
Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Hessen
(1879), "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen",
p. 23
- ^
"Ritter-Orden"
,
Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Osterreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie
, 1883, pp.
114
,
131
,
161
, retrieved
5 February
2021
References
[
edit
]
Attribution
Bibliography
[
edit
]
Prussian General Staff (1872).
The Campaign of 1866 in Germany
.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
public domain
.
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