Special city in North Korea
Special city in North Korea
Kaesong
[a]
(
,
;
Korean:
[k?s??ŋ]
) is a
special city
in the southern part of
North Korea
(formerly in
North Hwanghae Province
), and the capital of
Korea
during the
Taebong
kingdom and subsequent
Goryeo
dynasty. The city is near the
Kaesong Industrial Region
close to the
border
with
South Korea
and contains the remains of the
Manwoldae palace
. Called Songdo while it was the ancient capital of Goryeo, the city prospered as a trade centre that produced Korean
ginseng
. Kaesong now functions as North Korea's
light industry
centre.
During the
Japanese occupation
from 1910 to 1945, the city was known by the
Japanese pronunciation of its name
, "Kaij?".
[2]
Between 1945 and 1950, Kaesong was part of South Korea and under its control. During the
Korean War
, North Korea captured the city, and the 1953
Korean Armistice Agreement
left the city under North Korean control. Due to the city's proximity to the border with South Korea, Kaesong has hosted cross-border economic exchanges between the two countries as well as the jointly run
Kaesong Industrial Region
.
As of 2009, the city had a population of 192,578.
[3]
History
[
edit
]
The earliest archaeological signs of habitation in the Kaesong area date from the
Neolithic
. Artifacts such as
Jeulmun pottery
, stone ware, and stone axes have been excavated from
Osongsan
and
Kaesong Nasong
, the double-walled fortress of Kaesong. As Kaesong has been occupied by various states throughout centuries, its name has changed. It was in the realm of
Mahan confederacy
, and was referred to as
Busogap
during the rule of
Goguryeo
. Before the strength of
Baekje
was retreated to the southwest of
Jungnyeong
,
Mungyeong Saejae
, and
Asan Bay
in 475, the area had been a part of
Baekje
for about 100 years.
However, it became a territory of
Silla
in 555, the 16th year of
Jinheung of Silla
's reign, and its name was changed to
Song'ak-gun
during the period. According to the
Samguk Sagi
, when a castle was built in the site in 694, the third year of
Hyoso of Silla
's reign, Kaesong was referred to as "Song'ak (松嶽; 松嶽)". Therefore, it is assumed that the name Song'ak had been used at least before the time.
[4]
Goryeo
[
edit
]
Silla began to decline in the late 9th century, and a period of rival warlords ensued. In 898, Kaesong fell under the hand of
Gung Ye
, the founder of his short-lived state,
Taebong
, and then became a part of
Goryeo
in 919 by its founder, Wang Geon, who was enthroned as
Taejo of Goryeo
. Taejo established the capital in the south of Song'ak, and incorporated Kaesong into Song'ak under the name of "Gaeju". In 919, Kaesong became the national capital. In 960, the 11th year of
Gwangjong of Goryeo
's reign, the city was renamed Gaegyeong, and in 995, the 14th year of
Seonjong of Goryeo
's reign, it was elevated to "Gaesong-bu". The Gaeseong-bu is a combined term of Song'ak-gun, and Gaesong-gun, which is different from the region of the pre-1945 Gaesong-ri, Seo-myeon, Kaepung-gun. In 1010, the first year of
Hyeonjong of Goryeo
's reign, the palace and houses were almost burnt down during the
second conflict in the Goryeo?Khitan War
, so in 1018, Gaesong-bu was relegated for the "bu" system, and became to govern the three hyeon unites of Jeongju, Deoksu, and Gangeum.
[4]
In the late 12th century, there was instability in both the government and the countryside. A slave named
Manj?k
(or Manjeok) (萬積; 萬積) led a group of slaves who gathered outside Kaesong in 1198. The revolt plot was suppressed by
Ch'oe Ch'ung-h?n
.
[5]
When Yi Song-gye overthrew Goryeo in 1392 and established
Joseon
as
Taejo of Joseon
, he moved the Korean capital from Kaesong to Hanyang (modern-day
Seoul
) in 1394.
[4]
20th century
[
edit
]
Kim Il Sung
statue in Kaesong, as it appeared in October 2012. The statue has since been updated and a statue of
Kim Jong Il
has been added next to the Kim Il-sung statue.
[6]
Kaesong remained a part of
Gyeonggi Province
until the
Korean War
. When Korea was partitioned at the
38th parallel
after
World War II
, Kaesong was on the southern side of the line (within South Korea).
However, the
battle of Kaesong-Munsan
was won by the
Korean People's Army
(KPA) in the first days of the Korean War. The city was recaptured by UN Forces on 9 October 1950 during the
pursuit of the KPA
that followed the successful
Inchon landings
. UN Forces
abandoned
the city on 16 December 1950 during the withdrawal to the
Imjin River
following the Chinese
People's Volunteer Army
intervention in the war. Kaesong would remain under Chinese/North Korean control until the end of the war.
[4]
Ceasefire negotiations began in Kaesong
[7]
on 10 July 1951, but were moved to
Panmunjom
, southeast of the city, on 25 October 1951. The
Korean Armistice Agreement
signed on 27 July 1953 recognised
North Korean
control over Kaesong making it the only city to change control from South Korea to North Korea as a result of the war. Postwar Kaesong and the part of Kyonggi Province that came to be occupied was organized into "Kaesong Region" (
Kaes?ng Chigu;
開城 地球; 開城 地區). In 1957, Kaesong became a "Directly Governed City" (
Kaes?ng Chikhalsi;
開城 直轄市; 開城 直轄市).
21st century
[
edit
]
In 2002,
Kaes?ng Industrial Region
was formed from part of Kaesong. In 2003, the remaining part of Kaesong (excluding the Industrial Region) became part of
North Hwanghae Province
. The city is close to the
Demilitarized Zone
that divides North and South Korea.
In October 2019, Kaesong became a "Special City".
[8]
Geography
[
edit
]
Located in the center of Korea, Kaesong is the southernmost city of North Korea. It is bordered by
Kaepung
,
Changpung
,
Panmun
, and
Kumchon
counties.
Kanghwa Island
of
Incheon
Municipality lies just south, beyond a narrow channel. It covers an area of 1,309 km
2
, the urban district is surrounded by
Songak
(Songak-san; 松嶽山; 松嶽山) (489 m) and
Pongmyong
mountains. The city center surrounds the much smaller Mt. Janam (103 m), on which is located the city's
Kim Il Sung
statue.
In the northern part of Kaesong, the end of the
Ahobiry?ng
range creates the northernmost border of Kaesong City. This range consists of Mts.
Ch?nma
(757 m), S?ngg?, Myoji (764 m), Suryong (716 m), Ches?k (749 m), Hwajang (558 m), and Ogwan. With the exception of the mountainous northeastern region, however, most areas of Kaesong consist of low hills with heights less than 100 meters
A.S.L.
[9]
The
Imjin River
flows along the northeastern border line of the city and the
Ryesong River
(禮成江) (Ryeseong-gang; 例盛彊) (transliterated in South Korea as Yeseong-gang; 禮成江) runs along the western border to the mouth of the
Han River
. In addition to the two rivers, small and large rivers and streams such as the Samich'?n, W?lamch'?n, Chukbaech'?n, K?ms?ngch'?n, and
Sach'?n rivers
drain into the Han. The river basin located in the southwest of Kaesong has spacious alluvial plains such as P'ungd?kb?l, Singwangb?l, and Sams?ngb?l.
[9]
The geology consists of the
Proterozoic
,
Cenozoic
, and
Paleozoic
strata
and
Mesozoic
intrusive
granite
. The underground resources include
gold
,
zinc
,
copper
,
fluorspar
,
limestone
, granite, and
kaolin
. The soil comprises generally brown forest soil while the areas drained by Yes?ng, Imjin, and Han rivers consist of mostly
alluvial
and
saline soil
. The climate is generally warm and moderate, with an average annual temperature of around 10 °C. The coldest month is January, with an average temperature of ?5.9 °C, while the hottest month is August, with an average temperature of 24.7 °C. The average annual rainfall ranges from 1,300 to 1,400 millimeters. The duration of frost-free period is 180 days?the longest in North Korea. About 55% of Kaesong is forested (80% of the trees are pines), and 40 species of mammals and 250 birds inhabit the area.
[9]
Climate
[
edit
]
Kaesong has a
humid continental climate
(
Koppen climate classification
:
Dwa
), with cold, dry winters and hot, humid summers with abundant rainfall.
Climate data for Kaesong (1991?2020)
|
Month
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
Year
|
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
|
1.6
(34.9)
|
4.6
(40.3)
|
10.5
(50.9)
|
17.3
(63.1)
|
22.8
(73.0)
|
26.8
(80.2)
|
28.1
(82.6)
|
29.3
(84.7)
|
25.8
(78.4)
|
20.1
(68.2)
|
11.3
(52.3)
|
3.6
(38.5)
|
16.8
(62.2)
|
Daily mean °C (°F)
|
?3.6
(25.5)
|
?0.8
(30.6)
|
4.6
(40.3)
|
11.0
(51.8)
|
16.7
(62.1)
|
21.3
(70.3)
|
24.1
(75.4)
|
24.9
(76.8)
|
20.4
(68.7)
|
13.7
(56.7)
|
5.9
(42.6)
|
?1.3
(29.7)
|
11.4
(52.5)
|
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
|
?8.1
(17.4)
|
?5.6
(21.9)
|
?0.3
(31.5)
|
5.6
(42.1)
|
11.6
(52.9)
|
17.1
(62.8)
|
21.1
(70.0)
|
21.5
(70.7)
|
15.9
(60.6)
|
8.3
(46.9)
|
1.1
(34.0)
|
?5.6
(21.9)
|
6.9
(44.4)
|
Average
precipitation
mm (inches)
|
10.9
(0.43)
|
19.4
(0.76)
|
24.7
(0.97)
|
49.9
(1.96)
|
95.2
(3.75)
|
105.7
(4.16)
|
359.9
(14.17)
|
285.2
(11.23)
|
109.9
(4.33)
|
40.9
(1.61)
|
40.8
(1.61)
|
18.3
(0.72)
|
1,160.8
(45.70)
|
Average precipitation days
(≥ 0.1 mm)
|
3.3
|
3.6
|
4.6
|
6.3
|
7.4
|
8.1
|
12.8
|
11.3
|
5.9
|
4.7
|
6.4
|
4.9
|
79.3
|
Average snowy days
|
4.6
|
3.1
|
1.6
|
0.1
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
1.4
|
4.9
|
15.7
|
Average
relative humidity
(%)
|
67.2
|
64.7
|
64.4
|
66.7
|
72.9
|
77.8
|
85.3
|
81.8
|
73.4
|
70.1
|
70.3
|
67.9
|
71.9
|
Source:
Korea Meteorological Administration
[10]
|
Administrative divisions
[
edit
]
Before 2002, what is now Kaesong Directly Governed City was divided into one city (Kaes?ng itself) and one county and two wards:
Changpung County
,
Kaepung-guyok
and
Panmun-guyok
. In 2003, P'anmun-gun and part of Kaesong-si were separated from Kaes?ng Directly Governed City and merged to form
Kaesong Industrial Region
. The remaining part of Kaes?ng joined
North Hwanghae Province
in 2002. Kaesong is currently divided into 24 administrative districts known as
Dong
, as well as three villages ("ri").
[11]
After Kaesong promoted
to Special City, Changpung County, Kaepung-guyok and Panmun-guyok return to Kaesong.
- Kory?-dong (고려동/
高麗
洞
):
Anhwasa
temple is located here.
[12]
- Haeun-dong (해운동/
海
雲
洞
): Named after pavilion called Haeunru.
[13]
- Chanam-dong (자남동/
子
男
洞
): Named after Mount Chanam.
[14]
- Kwanhun-dong (관훈동/
冠
訓
洞
): The place was named as such due to the fact that the place had a 'Hunryonwon' (an institution that hired military officials and soldiers during the Joseon dynasty) and Gwaegwanhyon (also called, 'Gatgoljae', a place where Goryeo scholars protested by refusing to take the
Gwageo
and take off their
gat
hats).
[15]
- Manw?l
-dong (만월동/
滿
月
洞
): Named after
Manwoldae
.
[16]
- Naes?ng-dong (내성동/
內
城
洞
): Named after Naeseong of
Kaesong city walls
.
[17]
- Nam'an-dong (南安東/
南
安
洞
): Named as such because it was comfortably in the southern plains of
Namdaemun (Kaesong)
.
[18]
- Nammun
-dong (남문동/
南
門
洞
): Named after
Namdaemun (Kaesong)
.
The Bell of Yonbok Temple
is located here.
[19]
- Namsan-dong (남산동/
南
山
洞
)
- Pangjik-tong (방직동/
紡
織
洞
)
- Pos?n-dong (보선동/
保
善
洞
)
- Pug'an-dong (북안동/
北
安
洞
): Named as such because it was comfortably in the northern plains of
Namdaemun (Kaesong)
. Kaesong Students' and Children's Palace is located here.
[20]
- Pusan-dong (부산동/
扶
山
洞
)
- Ryongh?ng-dong (룡흥동/
龍
興
洞
)
- Ryongsan-dong (룡산동/
龍
山
洞
)
- Song'ak-tong (송악동/
松
嶽
洞
)
- S?ngnam-dong (성남동/
城
南
洞
)
- S?njuk
-tong (선죽동/
善
竹
洞
)
- S?ngj?n-dong (승전동/
勝
戰
洞
)
- Tongh?ng-dong (동흥동/
東
興
洞
)
- Tonghy?n-dong (동현동/
銅
峴
洞
)
- ?nd?k-tong (은덕동/
恩
德
洞
)
- ?nhak-tong (운학동/
雲
鶴
洞
)
- Y?kch?n-dong (역전동/
驛
前
洞
)
- Pak'y?l-li (박연리/
朴
淵
里
)
- Samg?-ri (三거리/
三
巨
里
)
- Tog'am-ri (덕암리/
德
岩
里
)
Culture
[
edit
]
Landmarks
[
edit
]
Goryeo Museum
Namdaemun
Kaesong is home to the
World Heritage Site
Historic Monuments and Sites in Kaesong
.
[21]
Koryo Songgyungwan University
(Light Industry), Communist University and Art College are located in Kaesong. The
Koryo Museum
, housed in the city's old
Confucian academy
, contains many priceless Goryeo arts and cultural relics (although many are copies, with the originals held in the vaults of the
Korean Central History Museum
in
Pyongyang
).
As the former capital of Goryeo, the tombs of almost all of the Goryeo kings are located in the area, though most are not accessible; the heavily reconstructed
Tomb of King Wanggon
, belonging to the dynasty's founder,
Taejo of Goryeo
, is located to the west of the city in Kaepung-gun. Other notable tombs include those of kings
Hyejong of Goryeo
(the
Sollung Royal Tomb
),
Gyeongjong of Goryeo
(
Yongrung Royal Tomb
),
Seongjong of Goryeo
(
Kangrung Royal Tomb
),
Hyeonjong of Goryeo
(
Sollung Royal Tomb
),
Munjong of Goryeo
(
Kyongrung Royal Tomb
), and
Gongmin of Goryeo
(
Tomb of King Kongmin
). Kaesong also contains North Korea's only two royal tombs dating to the
Joseon
: the
Hurung Royal Tomb
, belonging to the dynasty's second king,
Jeongjong of Joseon
, and the
Cherung Royal Tomb
, containing the remains of Queen Sinui, wife of the dynasty's founder,
Yi Songgye
(Taejo of Joseon). The two final tombs, despite belonging to members of the Joseon royal family, were excluded from the World Heritage Site
Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty
because of their location in North Korea.
Cuisine
[
edit
]
A meal for visitors at Tongil restaurant, Kaesong
Since Kaesong was the capital of
Goryeo
for 487 years, its culinary culture was highly developed. The luxurious style of Kaesong cuisine is frequently compared with
Seoul
cuisine and
Jeolla
cuisine.
[22]
Kaesong cuisine was traditionally treated as part of
Gyeonggi
cuisine, since Kaesong belonged to Gyeonggi Province until 1950. However, it has been incorporated into the administration of North Korea after the
Korean War
while Gyeonggi Province is in South Korea.
Bossam
kimchi
(wrapped kimchi),
pyeonsu
(square-shaped summer
mandu
),
[23]
sinseollo
(royal casserole),
seolleongtang
(ox bone soup),
chueotang
(mudfish soup),
joraengi
tteokguk
(rice cake soup),
umegi
(
tteok
covered with syrup), and
gyeongdan
(ball-shaped
tteok
) are representative Kaesong dishes.
Umegi
, also called
Kaesong juak
, is a holiday food of Kaesong, and known for the delicate style with the sweet and nutty taste. The dish is made by kneading a mixture of rice flour and glutinous rice flour with warm water, by shaping the dough into balls with either one
pine nut
or
jujube
, by frying and coating them with syrup.
[22]
[24]
Economy
[
edit
]
With its
topography
,
climate
and
soil
, Kaesong has advantageous natural conditions for
agricultural
productions. The
water supply
system is established with 18 reservoirs, including Songdo Reservoir, built for agricultural advances and about 150
pumping stations
as well as hundreds of dammed pools. The
cultivated land
accounts for 27% of Kaesong's area. Rice,
maize
,
soybeans
, wheat, and barley are the main crops. Among them, rice production accounts for 60% of the whole grain production, and
Kaepung
and Panmun are the two primary regions, producing more than 70% of the rice production. In addition, vegetable and fruit cultivation including peach, apple and
persimmon
, livestock farming, and
sericulture
are active. Peach is a local specialty of Kaesong, especially white peach, which accounts for more than 25% of the total fruit production. The counties of Kaepung-gun and Panmun-gun are also known for cultivating the quality Korean
ginseng
called
Goryeo Insam
.
[25]
Kaesong is North Korea's
light industry
centre. The urban district is equipped with a
jewel
processing factory, ginseng processing factory and an
embroidery
factory.
[
citation needed
]
Since the
Goryeo
period, Kaesong had been a center of handcrafts such as
Goryeo ware
and commerce while the
textile industry
has been the primary business along with the production of grocery goods, daily general goods, and ginseng products after the division into the two states. The food processing industry ranks next to the textile business, mainly producing
jang
(soybean-based condiments),
oil
,
canned foods
,
alcoholic beverages
,
soft drinks
and others. In addition,
resin
,
timber
, handicrafts, pottery, shoes,
school supplies
, musical instruments, and glass are produced. Kaesong has factories for producing agricultural machines and tractor repair.
As of 2002, the city contained the headquarters of the
Central Bank of North Korea
, with branches also in Kapung and Panmun counties.
[25]
North Korea and South Korea jointly operate an industrial complex in the Kaesong Industrial Region.
[26]
The industrial park, built around 2005, employs over 53,400 North Koreans at over 120 South Korean textile and other labor-intensive factories.
[27]
In early 2013, approximately 887 South Koreans worked in the complex, which produced an estimated $470 million of goods in 2012,
[26]
[27]
and the complex employed a sixth of Kaesong's working people.
[28]
Amid tensions in 2013, the industrial park was temporarily closed.
[7]
It was closed again in 2016.
Tourism
[
edit
]
Pakyon Falls
Kaesong is a major destination for foreign visitors to North Korea. Many Goryeo-era sites are located in Kaesong, including the
Kaesong Namdaemun
gate, the
Songgyungwan Confucian Academy
, now the Koryo Museum, and the
Sonjuk Bridge and Pyochung Pavilion
. Less-known sites include Kwandok Pavilion, the ruined Goryeo-era
Manwoldae Palace
,
Anhwa Temple
,
Sungyang Hall
,
Mokchong Hall
, and the
Kaesong Chomsongdae
(開城 瞻星臺; 開城 瞻星臺) observatory. Located to the west of the city are the tombs of Kings
Kongmin
and
Wanggon
; twenty-four km north of Kaesong is
Taehungsan Fortress
, a Koguryo satellite fortress built to protect
Pyongyang
. This castle contains the
Kwanum
and Taehung Temples. The famous
Pakyon Falls
are located in the area, as well as a large, recently discovered Goryeo-era Buddha carved into the stone on
Mt. Chonma
. Most tourists to Kaesong are put in the traditional
Kaesong Folk Hotel
, housed in 19 traditional
hanok
courtyard houses.
Education
[
edit
]
Sungkyunkwan
, one kilometer north of Seonjukgyo bridge is a representative traditional educational institution in Kaesong. It was founded in the neighborhood of
Gukja-dong
with the name
Gukjagam
(國子監; 國子監) in 992 during the reign of
King Seongjong
of
Goryeo
, which ignited
Korean Confucianism
. Its name was changed to
Gukhak
(國學; 國學) in the reign of
Chungnyeol of Goryeo
and was referred to as
Seonggyungwan
. In 1367, the 16th year of
Gongmin of Goryeo
's reign, the structure was revamped and
Yi Saek
, and
Jeong Mong-ju
, Confucian scholars of the time taught there as professors. In 1592, the 25th year of
Seonjo of Joseon
's reign,
Kim Yuk
reconstructed the institution which was burned down by the Japanese during the
Japanese invasions of Korea (1592?1598)
.
[4]
The first modern school that appeared in Kaesong was
Hanyeong Seowon
(한영서願; 韓英書院), or Anglo-Korean School established by
Yun Chi-ho
in 1906, with the help of American missionaries Mr. Wasson, and Mr. Candler. It obtained authorization as Songdo High School from
Governor-General of Korea
in 1917, and expanded to the Songdo School Foundation in 1950 with the accreditation for the establishment of Songdo Middle School and Songdo College of Pharmacy, the latter of which produced 40 graduates. However, when the Korean War occurred, the foundation was moved to Incheon, and reconstructed Songdo Middle and High Schools in 1953 which still exist to the present.
[4]
By 1950, there were two public high schools: Kaeseong High School (開城中學校; 開城中學校) and Kaeseong Girls' High School (開城高等女學校; 開城高等女學校) and three private high schools: Songdo High School (松都中學校; 松都中學校), Jeonghwa Girls' School (정화여學校;貞和女學校) and Hosudon Girls' School (호수돈女學校; 好壽敦女學校). Like Songdo High School, Jeonghwa and Hosudon Girls' Schools, with the teachers and most students, evacuated south during the
Korean War
and their campuses now are located in
Seoul
and
Daejeon
respectively.
There were also eight public elementary schools (國民學校) in Kaeseong by 1950, they were the Manwol (만월; 滿月), Donghyun (同縣; 銅峴), Seonjuk (線죽; 善竹), Koryo (高麗; 高麗), Songdo (松都; 松都), Junggyeong (重慶; 中京), Namsan (南山; 南山) and Deokam (덕암; 德岩) elementary schools.
As of 2002, Kaesong had 80 each public elementary schools which scattered in each unit of
ri
(village), 60 middle-high schools, 3 colleges and 3 universities such as Songdo University of Politics, Kaesong University of Education, and Kaesong Communist University.
[29]
Transportation
[
edit
]
Kaesong is connected to
Pyongyang
and other cities by rail and highways. The city's main railway station is
Kaesong Station
, which is on the
Pyongbu Line
.
There was a plan to build a
trolleybus
line in this city, but it never came to fruition.
[30]
Sister cities
[
edit
]
People born in Kaesong
[
edit
]
- Uicheon
(1055?1191), founder of the
Cheontae
Buddhist sect
- Ch'oe Ch'ung-h?n
(1149?1219), a military ruler of Korea during the
Goryeo
- Ch'oe U
(died 1249), general of the
Goryeo
, son of Ch'oe Ch'ung-h?n
- Hwang Hui
(1363?1452), prime minister of
Joseon
- Hwang Jin-i
(1515?1550), famous
Kisaeng
and poet
- Lee Jong soo (Chong Lee)
(1938?2017), Father of Taekwondo in Canada
- K. W. Lee
(1928?), Korean-American print journalist
- Won Pyong Oh
(1926?2020), South Korean zoologist
- Chin Byung Ho
(1909?1972), Dean of
Seoul National University
Medical School
[32]
- Youn Yuh-jung
(1947?), South Korean actress and
Academy Award
winner
- Woo In-hee
(died 1981), North Korean actress and a mistress of Kim Jong Il.
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
In the 19th century, Kaesong was also spelled
Kai-seng
.
References
[
edit
]
Citations
[
edit
]
Sources
[
edit
]
- "Corea"
,
Encyclopædia Britannica
, vol. VI (9th ed.), New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1878, pp. 390?394
.
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Dormels, Rainer. North Korea's Cities: Industrial facilities, internal structures and typification. Jimoondang, 2014.
ISBN
978-89-6297-167-5
External links
[
edit
]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Kaesong
.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for
Kaesong
.
Wikinews has news related to:
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