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K?ky?

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

K?ky? ( 後宮 ) is the section of a Japanese Imperial Palace called the Dairi ( ?裏 ) where the Imperial Family and court ladies lived. [1]

Many cultured women gathered as wives of Emperors, and court ladies, as well as the maids for these women; court officials often visited these women for influence, literary charm, or romances. Significant contributions to the literature of Japan were created in the K?ky? during this period: works such as The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu , The Pillow Book by Sei Sh?nagon , and many anthologies of waka poems.

Conflated definitions [ edit ]

The term "Dairi" refers not only to the buildings in which the Japanese Imperial family resided; it also refers indirectly to the women of the Imperial family (the K?ky?), to the Imperial court of Japan, or as an indirect (now archaic) way of referring to the Emperor himself.

The "Dairi" -- schematic plan of the Heian-ky? "Inner Palace" within the "Greater Palace" of the Imperial compound in Kyoto
The "Dai-Dairi" -- schematic plan of the "Greater Palace" within the Imperial complex of official structures and kuge residences

The names of the several gates in the walls surrounding the Imperial grounds refer not only to the specific wall-openings themselves; these names were also used to refer indirectly to a nearby residence of an empress whose husband had abdicated, or as an indirect way of referring to the Empress Dowager herself, e.g., Empress Dowager Kenrei ( 建?門院, , Kenrei-mon-In ) , whose official home, after the abdication and death of Emperor Takakura , was located near the Kenrei Gate.

In this same way, the term k?ky? has multiple meanings, referring to the group of buildings situated near the sovereign's personal apartments where the consorts resided, and also describing the staff of female palace officials assigned to the service of those consorts. More broadly, the term k?ky? could be used in identifying the array of consorts below the empress. [2]

Structure [ edit ]

Premodern Japan
Imperial seal of Japan
Part of a series on the politics and
government of Japan during the
Nara and Heian periods
Daij?-daijin
Minister of the Left Sadaijin
Minister of the Right Udaijin
Minister of the Center Naidaijin
Major Counselor Dainagon
Middle Counselor Ch?nagon
Minor Counselor Sh?nagon
Eight Ministries
Center Nakatsukasa-sh?   
Ceremonial Shikibu-sh?
Civil Administration Jibu-sh?
Popular Affairs Minbu-sh?
War Hy?bu-sh?
Justice Gy?bu-sh?
Treasury ?kura-sh?
Imperial Household Kunai-sh?

The structure of the royal household and ranks for court ladies were defined in Taih? Code and Y?r? Code . In these Codes, there were originally to have been twelve sections, and the various ranks for ladies' of the Imperial household within the K?ky? were defined.

Fine distinctions were collapsed or expanded in a gradual re-organization which became formalized during the Heian period. For example, in 806, Emperor Heizei elevated the former Fujiwara no Tarashiko (藤原?子) (?-794), also known as Taishi, by giving her the Imperial title of K?g? or empress. This occurred 12 years after her death, and it became the first time this posthumously elevated rank was bestowed. [3]

Many of the court ranks which were not defined in either the Taih? or Y?r? Codes have been in continuous use in the centuries following the early Heian period.

Imperial Wives and Imperial Women's Titles [ edit ]

  • Emperor's Wives
    • 1 Empress ( K?g?; 皇后): also called K?k?g? (皇后宮). [4]
    • 1 Empress Consort ( Ch?g?; 中宮): Originally this word meant the Palace where the Empress Consort lived. Since Emperor Ichij? had two Empress Consorts , one of his Empress Consorts was called this word.
    • 2 Consorts ( Hi; 妃): Collapsed since the Heian period. Princesses could be appointed.
    • 3 Madames ( Fujin; 夫人): Collapsed since the Heian period.
    • 4 Beauties ( Hin; 嬪): Collapsed since the Heian period.
    • Court Ladies ( Ny?go; 女御) : Not defined in Codes. Daughters of Ministers could be appointed.
    • Court Attendant ( Koui; 更衣) : Not defined in Codes.
  • Other Imperial Women
    • 1 Empress Dowager ( K?taig?; 皇太后): Empress Mother (including mother-in-law of Emperor), Empress Dowager, or the former Empress Consort; also called K?taik?g? (皇太皇后). [4]
    • 1 Grand Empress Dowager ( Tai-K?taig?; 太皇太后): the former Empress Dowager, also called Tai-K?taik?g? (太皇太皇后). [4]
    • Ju-Sang?/Ju-Sang? (准三宮/准三后): K?g? , K?taig? , and Tai-K?taig? are called Sang?/Sang? (三宮/三后). Ju-Sang?/Ju-Sang? means quasi- Sang?/Sang? . Ju-Sang?/Ju-Sang? got the subequal treatment with Sang?/Sang? . Consorts and princesses, as well as Ministers or high-ranking monks, became Ju-Sang?/Ju-Sang? .
    • Nyoin/Ny?in (女院): Wives of the former Emperors or princesses who could receive the same treatment as Daij? Tenn? (In, 院).

Court Ladies [ edit ]

K?ky? J?ni-Shi (後宮十二司)

  • Naishi-no-Tsukasa (?侍司) got involved Imperial ceremonies and communication between Emperor and court officials. They also keep Ummei-den (?明殿) called Naishi-dokoro (?侍所) where the sacred mirror (神鏡) was enshrined. [2]
    • Naishi-no-Kami (?侍) (2 people): Head of Naishi-no-Tsukasa. Usually daughters of Ministers could be appointed. Some of them were the concubines of Emperor, or wives of Crown Prince. [2]
    • Naishi-no-Suke (典侍) (4 people): Usually daughters of Dainagon and Ch?nagon could be appointed. Some of them were the concubines of Emperor. The nurses of Emperors were also appointed. [2]
    • Naishi-no-J?/Naishi (掌侍/?侍) (4 people). [2]

The following 11 sections were collapsed in the early Heian period.

  • Kura-no-Tsukasa (?司) treated Imperial treasures.
  • Fumi-no-Tsukasa (書司) treated literary tool and books.
  • Kusuri-no-Tsukasa (?司) treated medicine.
  • Tsuwamono-no-Tsukasa (兵司) treated arms.
  • Mikado-no-Tsukasa (?司) got involved opening and closing the gates.
  • Tonomori-no-Tsukasa (殿司) treated fuel.
  • Kanimori-no-Tsukasa (掃司) got involved cleaning.
  • Moitori-no-Tsukasa (水司) treated water and rice gruel.
  • Kashiwade-no-Tsukasa (膳司) treated meals.
  • Sake-no-Tsukasa (酒司) treated liquor.
  • Nui-no-Tsukasa (縫司) treated clothes.

Other Titles

  • Mikushige-dono-no- Bett? (御匣殿別?): Head of Mikushige-dono where clothes of Emperor were treated. Some of them were the concubines of Emperor.
  • Nyo-kur?do (女?人) got involved Imperial ceremonies.
  • Uneme (采女): Lower-grade court lady from countries.

Ministry of the Imperial Household [ edit ]

The Imperial court hierarchy during the Asuka , Nara and Heian periods encompassed a Ministry of the Imperial Household ( 宮?省, , Kunai-sh? ) . [5] The origin of the current Imperial Household Agency can be traced back to the provisions on the government structure which were put into effect during the reign of Emperor Monmu . [6] There were specific Daij?-kan officials within this ministry structure whose attention was focused primarily on the women of the Imperial household. These were:

  • Female physician ( 女?博士, , Nyo'i hakase ) . No male physician would be permitted to care for the health of the emperor's women. [7]
  • Senior equerry or chamberlain for the women of the Emperor's household ( 采女正, , Uneme no kami ) . [8]
  • First assistant equerry for the women of the Emperor's household ( 采女佑, , Uneme no j? ) . [8]
  • Alternate equerries for the women of the Emperor's household ( 采女令史, , Uneme no sakan ) . [8]

See also [ edit ]

Notes [ edit ]

  1. ^ Lebra, Taikie. (1995). Above the Clouds: Status Culture of the Modern Japanese Nobility , p. 218; Shirane, Haruo et al. (2000). Inventing the Classics: Modernity, National Identity, and Japanese Literature, p. 113.
  2. ^ a b c d e Lebra, p. 219.
  3. ^ Ponsonby-Fane, P. 318;
  4. ^ a b c Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, p. 424.
  5. ^ Titsingh, p. 433.
  6. ^ History of the Imperial Household Agency Archived 2007-12-15 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ Titsingh, p. 434.
  8. ^ a b c Titsingh, p. 435.

References [ edit ]

  • (in Japanese) Asai, Torao. (1985). Nyokan Ts?kai . Tokyo: K?dansha .
  • Lebra, Takie Sugiyama. (1995). Above the Clouds: Status Culture of the Modern Japanese Nobility . Berkeley: University of California Press . ISBN   0-520-07602-8
  • Shirane, Haruo and Tomi Suzuki. (2000). Inventing the Classics: Modernity, National Identity, and Japanese Literature. Stanford: Stanford University Press . ISBN   0-8047-4105-0
  • (in French) Titsingh , Isaac, ed. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/ Hayashi Gah? , 1652], Nipon o dai itsi ran ; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland
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