Japanese modern martial art
This article is about the martial art and sport. For the computer programming environment, see
JUDO (software)
.
Judo
|
Focus
| Grappling
,
wrestling
,
ground fighting
|
---|
Hardness
| Full contact
|
---|
Country of origin
| Japan
|
---|
Creator
| Kan? Jigor?
|
---|
Famous practitioners
| See
:
List of judoka
|
---|
Parenthood
| Various
kory?
Jujutsu
schools, principally
Tenjin Shin'y?-ry?
, and
Kit?-ry?
|
---|
Ancestor arts
|
- Tenjin Shin'y?-ry?
- Yoshin ryu
- Shiten ryu
- Sekiguchi Ryu
- Sosuishi Ryu
- Fusen Ryu
- Kito Ryu
- Takenouchi Ryu
- Miura Ryu
- Kyushin Ryu
- Ry?i Shint?-ry?
- Tsutsumi Hozan Ryu
|
---|
Descendant arts
| Kosen judo
,
Bartitsu
,
Yoseikan Bud?
,
Brazilian jiu-jitsu
,
Sambo
,
ARB
,
CQC
,
Krav Maga
,
Kapap
,
K?d?
,
MMA
,
modern Arnis
,
Luta Livre
,
shoot wrestling
,
submission wrestling
,
Vale Tudo
,
|
---|
Olympic sport
|
- Accepted as an
Olympic sport
in 1960 (
see below
)
- Contested since 1964
[1]
(men) and 1992
[2]
(women)
|
---|
Official website
|
|
---|
Judo
(
Japanese
:
柔道
,
Hepburn
:
J?d?
,
lit.
'
gentle way
'
)
is an unarmed
modern Japanese martial art
,
combat sport
, Olympic sport (since 1964), and the most prominent form of
jacket wrestling
competed internationally.
[3]
[4]
[5]
Judo was created in 1882 by
Kan? Jigor?
(
嘉納 治五?
) as an eclectic martial art, distinguishing itself from its predecessors (primarily
Tenjin Shinyo-ryu
jujutsu and
Kit?-ry?
jujutsu) due to an emphasis on "
randori
" (
?取り
, lit. 'free sparring') instead of "
kata
" (pre-arranged forms) alongside its removal of striking and weapon training elements.
[3]
[4]
[6]
Judo rose to prominence for its dominance over
established jujutsu schools
in tournaments hosted by the
Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department
(警視?武術大?,
Keishicho Bujutsu Taikai
), resulting in its adoption as the department's primary martial art.
[4]
[3]
A judo practitioner is called a "judoka"
(
柔道家
,
j?d?ka
, lit. 'judo performer')
, and the judo uniform is called "judogi"
(
柔道着
,
j?d?gi
, lit. 'judo attire')
.
The objective of competitive judo is to
throw
an opponent, immobilize them with a
pin
, or force an opponent to submit with a
joint lock
or a
choke
. While
strikes
and use of weapons are included in some pre-arranged forms (kata), they are not frequently trained and are illegal in judo competition or free practice.
[4]
Judo's international governing body is the
International Judo Federation
, and competitors compete in the international IJF professional circuit.
Judo's philosophy revolves around two primary principles: "Seiryoku-Zenyo" (
精力善用
, lit. 'good use of energy') and "Jita-Kyoei" (
自他共?
, lit. 'mutual welfare and benefit').
[4]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
The philosophy and subsequent pedagogy developed for judo became the model for other modern Japanese martial arts that developed from
kory?
(
古流
, traditional schools)
. Judo also spawned a number of derivative martial arts around the world, such as
Brazilian jiu-jitsu
,
Krav Maga
,
sambo
, and
ARB
. Judo also influenced other combat styles such as
close-quarters combat
(CQC),
mixed martial arts
(MMA),
shoot wrestling
and
submission wrestling
.
History and philosophy
[
edit
]
Early life of its founder
[
edit
]
The early history of judo is inseparable from its founder,
Japanese
polymath
and educator
Kan? Jigor?
(
嘉納 治五?
, Jigoro Kano, 1860?1938)
, born
Shinnosuke Jigor?
(
新之助 治五?
, Jigor? Shinnosuke)
. Kano was born into a relatively affluent family. His father, Jirosaku, was the second son of the head priest of the
Shinto
Hiyoshi shrine
in
Shiga Prefecture
. He married Sadako Kano, daughter of the owner of Kiku-Masamune sake brewing company and was adopted by the family, changing his name to Kano. He ultimately became an official in the
Shogunate
government.
[11]
Jigoro Kano had an academic upbringing and, from the age of seven, he studied English,
shod?
(
書道
,
Japanese calligraphy
)
and the
Four Confucian Texts
(
四書
,
Shisho
)
under a number of tutors.
[12]
When he was fourteen, Kano began boarding at an English-medium school, Ikuei-Gijuku in
Shiba, Tokyo
. The culture of
bullying
endemic at this school was the catalyst that caused Kano to seek out a
J?jutsu
(
柔術
,
Jujutsu
)
d?j?
(
道場
,
d?j?
, training place)
at which to train.
[12]
Early attempts to find a jujutsu teacher who was willing to take him on met with little success. Jujutsu had become unfashionable in an increasingly
westernized
Japan. Many of those who had once taught the art had been forced out of teaching or become so disillusioned with it that they had simply given up. Nakai Umenari, an acquaintance of Kan?'s father and a former soldier, agreed to show him
kata
, but not to teach him. The caretaker of Jirosaku's second house, Katagiri Ryuji, also knew jujutsu, but would not teach it as he believed it was no longer of practical use. Another frequent visitor, Imai Genshiro of
Ky?shin-ry?
(
扱心流
)
school of jujutsu, also refused.
[13]
Several years passed before he finally found a willing teacher.
[13]
In 1877, as a student at the
University of Tokyo
, Kano learned that many jujutsu teachers had been forced to pursue alternative careers, frequently opening
Seikotsu-in
(
整骨院
, traditional osteopathy practices)
.
[14]
After inquiring at a number of these, Kano was referred to Fukuda Hachinosuke (
c.
1828
?1880),
[15]
a teacher of the
Tenjin Shin'y?-ry?
(
天神?楊流
)
of jujutsu, who had a small nine mat
d?j?
where he taught five students.
[16]
Fukuda is said to have emphasized technique over formal exercise, sowing the seeds of Kano's emphasis on
randori
(
?取り
,
randori
, free practice)
in judo.
On Fukuda's death in 1880, Kano, who had become his keenest and most able student in both
randori
and
kata
(
形
,
kata
, pre-arranged forms)
, was given the
densho
(
?書
, scrolls)
of the Fukuda d?j?.
[17]
Kano chose to continue his studies at another
Tenjin Shin'y?-ry?
school, that of Iso Masatomo (
c.
1820
?1881). Iso placed more emphasis on the practice of "kata", and entrusted
randori
instruction to assistants, increasingly to Kano.
[18]
Iso died in June 1881 and Kano went on to study at the d?j? of Iikubo Tsunetoshi (1835?1889) of
Kit?-ry?
(
起倒流
)
.
[6]
Like Fukuda, Iikubo placed much emphasis on
randori
, with
Kit?-ry?
having a greater focus on
nage-waza
(
投げ技
, throwing techniques)
.
[19]
Founding of the Kodokan
[
edit
]
In February 1882, Kano founded a school and d?j? at the
Eisho-ji
(
永昌寺
)
, a
Buddhist
temple in what was then the Shitaya ward of Tokyo (now the Higashi Ueno district of
Tait?
ward).
[20]
Iikubo, Kano's
Kit?-ry?
instructor, attended the d?j? three days a week to help teach and, although two years would pass before the temple would be called by the name
K?d?kan
(
講道館
,
Kodokan
, "place for expounding the way")
, and Kano had not yet received his
Menkyo
(
免許
, certificate of mastery)
in
Kit?-ry?
, this is now regarded as the Kodokan founding.
The
Eisho-ji
d?j? was originally
shoin
. It was a relatively small affair, consisting of a 12
jo
[21]
(214 sq ft) training area. Kano took in resident and non-resident students, the first two being
Tomita Tsunejir?
and
Shiro Saigo
.
[22]
In August, the following year, the pair were granted
shodan
(
初段
, first rank)
grades, the first that had been awarded in any martial art.
[23]
Judo versus jujutsu
[
edit
]
Central to Kano's vision for judo were the principles of
seiryoku zen'y?
(
精力善用
, maximum efficiency, minimum effort)
and
jita ky?ei
(
自他共?
, mutual welfare and benefit)
. He illustrated the application of
seiryoku zen'y?
with the concept of
j? yoku g? o seisu
(
柔能く剛を制す - 柔能剛制
, softness controls hardness)
:
In short, resisting a more powerful opponent will result in your defeat, whilst adjusting to and evading your opponent's attack will cause him to lose his balance, his power will be reduced, and you will defeat him. This can apply whatever the relative values of power, thus making it possible for weaker opponents to beat significantly stronger ones. This is the theory of
ju yoku go o seisu
.
[24]
Kano realised that
seiryoku zen'y?
, initially conceived as a jujutsu concept, had a wider philosophical application. Coupled with the
Confucianist
-influenced
jita ky?ei
, the wider application shaped the development of judo from a
bujutsu
(
武術
, martial art)
to a
bud?
(
武道
, martial way)
. Kano rejected techniques that did not conform to these principles and emphasised the importance of efficiency in the execution of techniques. He was convinced that practice of jujutsu while conforming to these ideals was a route to self-improvement and the betterment of society in general.
[25]
He was, however, acutely conscious of the Japanese public's negative perception of jujutsu:
At the time a few bujitsu (martial arts) experts still existed but bujitsu was almost abandoned by the nation at large. Even if I wanted to teach jujitsu most people had now stopped thinking about it. So I thought it better to teach under a different name principally because my objectives were much wider than jujitsu.
[26]
Kano believed that "
j?jutsu
"
was insufficient to describe his art: although
jutsu
(
術
)
means "art" or "means", it implies a method consisting of a collection of physical techniques. Accordingly, he changed the second character to
d?
(
道
)
, meaning "way", "road" or "path", which implies a more philosophical context than
jutsu
and has a common origin with the Chinese concept of
tao
. Thus Kano renamed it
J?d?
(
柔道
, judo)
.
[27]
Judo
waza
(techniques)
[
edit
]
There are three basic categories of
waza
(
技
, techniques)
in judo:
nage-waza
(
投げ技
, throwing techniques)
,
katame-waza
(
固技
, grappling techniques)
and
atemi-waza
(
?て身技
, striking techniques)
.
[28]
Judo is mostly known for
nage-waza
and
katame-waza
.
[29]
Judo practitioners typically devote a portion of each practice session to
ukemi
(
受け身
, break-falls)
, in order that
nage-waza
can be practiced without significant risk of injury. Several distinct types of
ukemi
exist, including
ushiro ukemi
(
後ろ受身
, rear breakfalls)
;
yoko ukemi
(
?受け身
, side breakfalls)
;
mae ukemi
(
前受け身
, front breakfalls)
; and
zenpo kaiten ukemi
(
前方回?受身
, rolling breakfalls)
[30]
The person who performs a
Waza
is known as
tori
(
取り
, literally "taker")
and the person to whom it is performed is known as
uke
(
受け
, "receiver")
.
[31]
Nage-waza
(throwing techniques)
[
edit
]
Nage-waza
include all techniques in which
tori
attempts to throw or trip
uke
, usually with the aim of placing
uke
on their back. Each technique has three distinct stages:
- Kuzushi
(
崩し
)
: the opponent becoming off balanced;
[32]
- Tsukuri
(
作り
)
: turning in and fitting into the throw;
[33]
- Kake
(
掛け
)
: execution and completion of the throw.
[33]
Nage-waza
are typically drilled by the use of
uchi-komi
(
??
)
, repeated turning-in, taking the throw up to the point of
kake
.
[34]
Traditionally,
nage-waza
are further categorised into
tachi-waza
(
立ち技
, standing techniques)
, throws that are performed with
tori
maintaining an upright position, and
sutemi-waza
(
捨身技
, sacrifice techniques)
, throws in which
tori
sacrifices his upright position in order to throw
uke
.
[35]
Tachi-waza
are further subdivided into
te-waza
(
手技
, hand techniques)
,
[36]
in which
tori
predominantly uses their arms to throw
uke
;
koshi-waza
(
腰技
, hip techniques)
[37]
throws that predominantly use a lifting motion from the hips; and
ashi-waza
(
足技
, foot and leg techniques)
,
throws in which
tori
predominantly utilises their legs.
[35]
Nage-waza
(
投げ技
)
throwing techniques
|
Tachi-waza
(
立ち技
)
standing techniques
|
Te-waza
(
手技
)
hand techniques
|
Koshi-waza
(
腰技
)
hip techniques
|
Ashi-waza
(
足技
)
foot and leg techniques
|
Sutemi-waza
(
捨身技
)
sacrifice techniques
|
Ma-sutemi-waza
(
?捨身技
)
rear sacrifice techniques
|
Yoko-sutemi-waza
(
橫捨身技
)
side sacrifice techniques
|
Katame-waza
(grappling techniques)
[
edit
]
Katame-waza
is further categorised into
osaekomi-waza
(
抑?技
, holding techniques)
, in which
tori
traps and pins
uke
on their back on the floor;
shime-waza
(
絞技
, strangulation techniques)
, in which
tori
attempts to force a submission by choking or strangling
uke
; and
kansetsu-waza
(
?節技
, joint techniques)
, in which
tori
attempts to submit
uke
by painful manipulation of their joints.
[39]
A related concept is that of
ne-waza
(
?技
, prone techniques)
, in which
waza
are applied from a non-standing position.
[40]
In competitive judo,
Kansetsu-waza
is currently limited to elbow joint manipulation.
[41]
Manipulation and locking of other joints can be found in various kata, such as
Katame-no-kata
and
Kodokan goshin jutsu
.
[42]
Katame-waza
(
固技
)
grappling techniques
|
Osaekomi-waza
(
抑?技
)
holding or pinning techniques
|
Shime-waza
(
絞技
)
strangulation techniques
|
Kansetsu-waza
(
?節技
)
Joint techniques (locks)
|
Atemi-waza
(striking techniques)
[
edit
]
Atemi-waza
are techniques in which
tori
disables
uke
with a strike to a vital point.
Atemi-waza
are not permitted outside of
kata
.
[43]
Pedagogy
[
edit
]
Randori
(free practice)
[
edit
]
Judo pedagogy emphasizes randori
(
?取り
, literally "taking chaos", but meaning "free practice")
. This term covers a variety of forms of practice, and the intensity at which it is carried out varies depending on intent and the level of expertise of the participants. At one extreme, is a compliant style of randori, known as
Yakusoku geiko
(
約束稽古
, prearranged practice)
, in which neither participant offers resistance to their partner's attempts to throw. A related concept is that of
Sute geiko
(
捨稽古
, throw-away practice)
, in which an experienced judoka allows himself to be thrown by his less-experienced partner.
[44]
At the opposite extreme from
yakusoku geiko
is the hard style of randori that seeks to emulate the style of judo seen in competition. While hard randori is the cornerstone of judo, over-emphasis of the competitive aspect is seen as undesirable by traditionalists if the intent of the randori is to "win" rather than to learn.
[45]
Kata (forms)
[
edit
]
Kata
(
形
, kata, forms)
are pre-arranged patterns of techniques and in judo, with the exception of elements of the
Seiryoku-Zen'y? Kokumin-Taiiku
, they are all practised with a partner. Their purposes include illustrating the basic principles of judo, demonstrating the correct execution of a technique, teaching the philosophical tenets upon which judo is based, allowing for the practice of techniques that are not allowed in randori, and to preserve ancient techniques that are historically important but are no longer used in contemporary judo.
[46]
There are ten kata that are recognized by the Kodokan today:
[47]
- Randori-no-kata
(
?取りの形
, Free practice forms)
, comprising two kata:
- Nage-no-kata
(
投の形
, Forms of throwing)
Fifteen throws, practiced both left- and right-handed, three each from the five categories of
nage waza
:
te waza
,
koshi waza
,
ashi waza
,
ma sutemi waza
and
yoko sutemi waza
.
[48]
- Katame-no-kata
(
固の形
, Forms of grappling or holding)
. Fifteen techniques in three sets of five, illustrating the three categories of
katame waza
:
osaekomi waza
,
shime waza
and
kansetsu waza
.
[49]
- Kime-no-kata
(
極の形
, Forms of decisiveness)
. Twenty techniques, illustrating the principles of defence in a combat situation, performed from kneeling and standing positions. Attacks are made unarmed and armed with a dagger and a sword. This kata utilises
atemi waza
, striking techniques, that are forbidden in randori.
[50]
- K?d?kan goshinjutsu
(
講道館護身術
, Kodokan skills of self-defence)
. The most recent recognised kata, comprising twenty-one techniques of defence against attack from an unarmed assailant and one armed with a knife, stick and pistol. This kata incorporates various jujutsu techniques such as wrist locks and
atemi waza
.
[51]
- J?-no-kata
(
柔の形
, Forms of gentleness & flexibility)
. Fifteen techniques, arranged in three sets of five, demonstrating the principle of
J?
and its correct use in offence and defence.
[52]
- G?-no-kata
(
剛の形
, Forms of force)
. One of the oldest kata, comprising ten forms that illustrate the efficient use of force and resistance. Now rarely practiced.
[53]
- Itsutsu-no-kata
(
五の形
, The five forms)
. An advanced kata, illustrating the principle of
seiryoku zen'y?
and the movements of the universe.
[54]
The kata predates the creation of Kodokan and originated in
Tenjin Shiny?-ry?
.
[55]
- Koshiki-no-kata
(
古式の形
, Traditional forms)
. Derived from
Kit?-ry?
Jujutsu, this kata was originally intended to be performed wearing armour. Kano chose to preserve it as it embodied the principles of judo.
[56]
- Seiryoku Zen'y? Kokumin Taiiku
(
精力善用?家?育
, Maximum-efficiency national physical education)
. A series of exercises designed to develop the physique for judo.
[57]
- Joshi-goshinh?
(
女子護身法
, Methods of self-defence for women)
. An exercise completed in 1943, and of which the development was ordered by
Jir? Nang?
, the second Kodokan president.
[58]
In addition, there are a number of commonly practiced kata that are not recognised by the Kodokan. Some of the more common kata include:
Tandoku-renshu (practice by oneself!)
[
edit
]
Competitive judo
[
edit
]
History
[
edit
]
Contest
(
試合
,
shiai
)
is a vitally important aspect of judo. In 1899, Kano was asked to chair a committee of the
Dai Nippon Butoku Kai
to draw up the first formal set of contest rules for jujutsu. These rules were intended to cover contests between different various traditional schools of jujutsu as well as practitioners of Kodokan judo. Contests were 15 minutes long and were judged on the basis of
nage waza
and
katame waza
, excluding
atemi waza
. Wins were by two ippons, awarded in every four-main different path of winning alternatives, by "Throwing", where the opponent's back strikes flat onto the mat with sufficient force, by "Pinning" them on their back for a "sufficient" amount of time, or by "Submission", which could be achieved via
Shime-waza
or
Kansetsu-waza
, in which the opponent was forced to give himself or herself up or summon a referee's or corner-judge's stoppage. Finger, toe and ankle locks were prohibited.
[64]
In 1900, these rules were adopted by the Kodokan with amendments made to prohibit all joint locks for
kyu
grades and added wrist locks to the prohibited
kansetsu-waza
for
dan
grades. It was also stated that the ratio of
tachi-waza
to
ne-waza
should be between 70% and 80% for
kyu
grades and between 60% and 70% for
dan
grades.
[64]
In 1916, additional rulings were brought in to further limit
kansetsu waza
with the prohibition of
ashi garami
and neck locks, as well as
do jime
.
[65]
These were further added to in 1925.
Jigoro Kano for a long time wished to see judo as an
Olympic discipline
.
[66]
The first time judo was seen in the
Olympic Games
was in an informal demonstration hosted by Kano at the
1932 Games
.
[67]
However, Kano was ambivalent about judo's potential inclusion as an Olympic sport:
I have been asked by people of various sections as to the wisdom and possibility of judo being introduced with other games and sports at the Olympic Games. My view on the matter, at present, is rather passive. If it be the desire of other member countries, I have no objection. But I do not feel inclined to take any initiative. For one thing, judo in reality is not a mere sport or game. I regard it as a principle of life, art and science. In fact, it is a means for personal cultural attainment. Only one of the forms of judo training, so-called randori or free practice can be classed as a form of sport. Certainly, to some extent, the same may be said of boxing and fencing, but today they are practiced and conducted as sports. Then the Olympic Games are so strongly flavored with nationalism that it is possible to be influenced by it and to develop "Contest Judo", a retrograde form as ju-jitsu was before the Kodokan was founded. Judo should be free as art and science from any external influences, political, national, racial, and financial or any other organized interest. And all things connected with it should be directed to its ultimate object, the "Benefit of Humanity". Human sacrifice is a matter of ancient history.
[68]
Use of judo at the Summer Olympic Games
[
edit
]
At the 57th
general session
of the
International Olympic Committee
, held in
Rome
on 22 August 1960, the IOC members formally decided to include Judo among the events to be contested at the Olympic Games. The proposal, which was placed before the session by the Japanese delegation, was welcomed by all participants. The few who opposed had nothing against Judo itself but against increasing the number of Olympic events as a whole. There were only two dissenting votes in the final poll. For the first time in history a traditional Japanese sport has been included in the Olympic competition.
[69]
Finally,
judo was first contested as an Olympic sport
for men in the
1964 Games
in
Tokyo
. The Olympic Committee initially dropped judo for the 1968 Olympics, meeting protests.
[70]
Dutchman
Anton Geesink
won the first Olympic gold medal in the open division of judo by defeating
Akio Kaminaga
of Japan. The women's event was introduced at the Olympics in
1988
as a demonstration event, and an
official medal event in 1992
.
Use of judo at the Summer Paralympic Games
[
edit
]
Judo was
introduced as a Paralympic sport
at the
1988 Summer Paralympics
in
Seoul
, with women's events contested for the first time at
2004 Summer Paralympics
.
Use of judo at the Commonwealth Games
[
edit
]
Judo was an optional sport included in the three editions of the
Commonwealth Games
:
1990 Commonwealth Games
in Auckland,
2002 Commonwealth Games
in Manchester and
2014 Commonwealth Games
in Glasgow. From 2022, judo will become a core sport in the 22nd edition of the Commonwealth Games, in Birmingham.
Current international contest rules
[
edit
]
Penalties may be given for: passivity or preventing progress in the match; for safety infringements for example by using prohibited techniques, or for behavior that is deemed to be against the spirit of judo. Fighting must be stopped if a participant is outside the designated area on the mat.
[71]
Weight divisions
[
edit
]
There are currently seven
weight divisions
, subject to change by governing bodies, and may be modified based on the age of the competitors:
Weight divisions
|
Extra Lightweight
|
Half Lightweight
|
Lightweight
|
Half Middleweight
|
Middleweight
|
Half Heavyweight
|
Heavyweight
|
Men
|
Under 60 kg
(130 lb; 9.4 st)
|
60?66 kg
(132?146 lb; 9.4?10.4 st)
|
66?73 kg
(146?161 lb; 10.4?11.5 st)
|
73?81 kg
(161?179 lb; 11.5?12.8 st)
|
81?90 kg
(179?198 lb; 12.8?14.2 st)
|
90?100 kg
(200?220 lb; 14?16 st)
|
Over 100 kg
(220 lb; 16 st)
|
Women
|
Under 48 kg
(106 lb; 7.6 st)
|
48?52 kg
(106?115 lb; 7.6?8.2 st)
|
52?57 kg
(115?126 lb; 8.2?9.0 st)
|
57?63 kg
(126?139 lb; 9.0?9.9 st)
|
63?70 kg
(139?154 lb; 9.9?11.0 st)
|
70?78 kg
(154?172 lb; 11.0?12.3 st)
|
Over 78 kg
(172 lb; 12.3 st)
|
Competition scoring
[
edit
]
A throw that places the opponent on their back with impetus and control scores an ippon
(
一本
)
, winning the contest.
[72]
A lesser throw, where the opponent is thrown onto his back, but with insufficient force to merit an ippon, scores a waza-ari
(
技あり
)
.
[72]
Two scores of waza-ari equal an ippon
waza-ari awasete ippon
(
技あり合わせて一本
, )
. This rule was cancelled in 2017, but it was resumed in 2018. Formerly, a throw that places the opponent onto his side scores a yuko
(
有?
)
.
[72]
In 2017, the
International Judo Federation
announced changes in evaluation of points. There will only be ippon and waza-ari scores given during a match with yuko scores now included within waza-ari.
[73]
Ippon is scored in
ne-waza
for pinning an opponent on his back with a recognised
osaekomi-waza
for 20 seconds or by forcing a submission through
shime-waza
or
kansetsu-waza
.
[72]
A submission is signalled by tapping the mat or the opponent at least twice with the hand or foot, or by saying maitta
(
まいった
, I surrender)
.
[72]
A pin lasting for less than 20 seconds, but more than 10 seconds scores waza-ari (formerly waza-ari was awarded for holds of longer than 15 seconds and yuko for holds of longer than 10 seconds).
[72]
Formerly, there was an additional score that was lesser to yuko, that of Koka
(
?果
)
.
[72]
This has since been removed.
[74]
[75]
If the scores are identical at the end of the match, the contest is resolved by the
Golden Score
rule.
Golden Score
is a
sudden death
situation where the clock is reset to match-time, and the first contestant to achieve any score wins. If there is no score during this period, then the winner is decided by Hantei
(
判定
)
, the majority opinion of the referee and the two corner judges.
[76]
There have been changes to the scoring. In January 2013, the Hantei was removed and the "Golden Score" no longer has a time limit. The match would continue until a judoka scored through a technique or if the opponent is penalised (Hansoku-make).
Penalties
[
edit
]
Two types of penalties may be awarded. A shido (指導 – literally "guidance") is awarded for minor rule infringements. A shido can also be awarded for a prolonged period of non-aggression. Recent rule changes allow for the first shidos to result in only warnings. If there is a tie, then and only then, will the number of shidos (if less than three) be used to determine the winner. After three shidos are given, the victory is given to the opponent, constituting an indirect hansoku-make (反則負け – literally "foul-play defeat"), but does not result in expulsion from the tournament. Note: Prior to 2017, the 4th shido was hansoku-make. If hansoku-make is awarded for a major rule infringement, it results not just in loss of the match, but in the expulsion from the tournament of the penalized player.
In mixed martial arts
[
edit
]
A number of judo practitioners have made an impact in
mixed martial arts
.
[77]
[78]
[79]
Notable judo-trained MMA fighters include Olympic medalists
Hidehiko Yoshida
(Gold, 1992),
Naoya Ogawa
(Silver, 1992),
Paweł Nastula
(Gold, 1996),
Makoto Takimoto
(Gold, 2000),
Satoshi Ishii
(Gold, 2008),
Ronda Rousey
(Bronze, 2008), and
Kayla Harrison
(Gold, 2012 and 2016), former Russian national judo championship bronze medalist
Fedor Emelianenko
,
Yoshihiro Akiyama
,
Don Frye
,
Rick Hawn
,
Daniel Kelly
,
Hector Lombard
,
Karo Parisyan
,
Ayaka Hamasaki
,
Antonio Silva
,
Oleg Taktarov
,
Rhadi Ferguson
,
Dong-Sik Yoon
, and
Khabib Nurmagomedov
.
[80]
[81]
Alternative styles and derivative martial arts
[
edit
]
Kano Jigoro's Kodokan judo is the most popular and well-known style of judo, but is not the only one. The terms judo and jujutsu were quite interchangeable in the early years, so some of these forms of judo are still known as jujutsu or jiu-jitsu either for that reason, or simply to differentiate them from mainstream judo. From Kano's original style of judo, several related forms have evolved?some now widely considered to be distinct arts:
Commonly described as a separate style of Judo, Kosen judo is a competition rules set of Kodokan judo that was popularized in the early 20th century for use in Japanese Special High Schools Championships held at Kyoto Imperial University.
[82]
The word "Kosen" is an acronym of Koto Senmon Gakko
(
高等?門?校
, literally "Higher Professional School")
. Currently, competitions are organized between Japan's seven
former Imperial Universities
and referred to as
Nanatei Judo
(
ja:七帝柔道
, literally "Seven Emperors Judo"). Kosen judo's focus on newaza has drawn comparisons with
Brazilian jiu-jitsu
.
Freestyle Judo
[
edit
]
Freestyle Judo is a form of competitive judo practiced primarily in the United States that retains techniques that have been removed from mainstream IJF rules.
[83]
Freestyle Judo is currently backed by the International Freestyle Judo Alliance (IFJA). The
Amateur Athletic Union
(AAU) officially sanctions Freestyle Judo in the
United States of America
.
[84]
Georgian Judo
[
edit
]
Georgian Judo is influenced by Chidaoba (Georgian cultural jacket wrestling). Chidaoba's major influence on the Georgian style of judo is in its unorthodox grips as well as its throws and takedowns. Georgian Judo is also known for its countering techniques through the use of power moves such as bear hugs and double underhooks into throws and takedowns.
[85]
[86]
It is represented by various olympic winners and World Champions, such as
Lasha Bekauri
,
Lukhumi Chkhvimiani
,
Shota Chochishvili
,
Tato Grigalashvili
,
Zaza Kedelashvili
,
David Khakhaleishvili
,
Luka Maisuradze
,
Lasha Shavdatuashvili
and others.
Russian Judo
[
edit
]
This distinctive style of judo was influenced by the Soviet martial art of Sambo. It is represented by well-known coaches such as Alexander Retuinskih and Igor Yakimov, and mixed martial arts fighters such as Fedor Emelianenko, Oleg Taktarov, Khabib Nurmagomedov, and Karo Parisyan. In turn, Russian judo has influenced mainstream judo, with techniques such as the flying armbar being accepted into Kodokan judo.
[87]
[88]
Mongolian Judo
[
edit
]
Unlike other Far East styles of Judo, Mongolian Judo focuses much more on power rather than technique. The influence of Bokh on Mongolian Judo can be seen in its grips and body positioning. Judo grips such as the over under, double underhooks and the heavy use of grips on the belt.
[89]
[90]
It is represented by various world champions, such as
Khaliuny Boldbaatar
,
Tsendiin Damdin
,
Boldyn Gankhaich
,
Naidangiin Tuvshinbayar
,
Monkhbatyn Urantsetseg
,
Ganbatyn Boldbaatar
.
Korean Judo
[
edit
]
Korean Judo is also very technical but what really separates it from other styles is the speed at which its techniques are performed. Korean Judo it is not powerful in terms of using strength but instead, the practitioners use speed, movement and technique in order to create fast and powerful snaps. This styles produced various olympic champions, like Ahn Byeong-keun, Cho Min-sun, Choi Min-ho, Ha Hyung-joo, Jeon Ki-young, Kim Jae-bum, Kim Jae-Yup, Lee Kyung-Keun, Lee Won-hee, Song Dae-Nam and others.
[91]
[92]
French Judo
[
edit
]
French Judo is based on tactical Kumi Kata and focuses on breaking the posture of the opponent as well as preventing opponents from attaining a proper grip. This style does not use a huge amount of power, it prefer to use technique, tactics and timing.
[93]
[94]
Many French judo practitioners have become World and Olympic champions, like Clarisse Agbegnenou, Emilie Andeol, Marc Alexandre, Djamel Bouras, Amandine Buchard, Guillaume Chaine, Axel Clerget, Sarah-Leonie Cysique, Lucie Decosse, Romane Dicko, David Douillet, Catherine Fleury-Vachon, Alexandre Iddir and many others.
Cuban Judo
[
edit
]
Cuban Judo is characterized by an explosive and high athletic style that puts an emphasis on body conditioning and calculated planning mixed with raw power.
In terms of training the athletes use a particularly methodical and intellectual approach to the sport.
[95]
[96]
Azerbaijani Judo
[
edit
]
Judo in Azerbaijan has developed over the years and has become deep rooted and considered a top sport in the country.
It's very similar to Georgian Judo, as its mostly focused on the practitioner's strength during throws.
It's a hybrid of the original Kodokan Judo and the traditional Azerbaijan style of wrestling called Azeri, whose techniques consist of unorthodox grips and positioning during counter-attacks.
[97]
[98]
Israeli Judo
[
edit
]
Judo has become a top sport in Israel only recently.
Israeli Judo is characterized by a particular emphasis on hip throws, which are executed with a mix of technique and aggression, with the practitioner that has to adjust his sleeves before powerfully gripping and throwing the opponent away.
[99]
[100]
Sambo is influenced by judo combined with
wrestling
techniques, and striking in case of
combat sambo
.
Vasili Oshchepkov
was one of the first European judo black belts under Kano. Oshchepkov went on to contribute his knowledge of judo as one of the three founders of Sambo, which also integrated various international and
Soviet bloc
wrestling styles and other combative techniques. Oshchepkov was executed during the political
purges
of 1937 and judo was banned for decades until its inclusion in the
1964 Olympics
, where sambists won 4 bronze medals.
[101]
In their
History of Sambo
, Brett Jacques and Scott Anderson wrote that in Russia "judo and SOMBO were considered to be the same thing"?albeit with a different uniform and some differences in the rules.
[102]
An adoption of
Kano jiu jitsu
(a common name for judo at the time) in Brazil attributed to Mitsuya Maeda's students,
[103]
most notably the
Gracie family
.
[104]
[105]
10th Planet Jiu Jitsu
and other wrestling-influenced systems
without the gi
have also become popular.
[106]
Other styles
[
edit
]
Judo also influenced other combat styles such as
close-quarters combat
(CQC),
mixed martial arts
(MMA),
shoot wrestling
and
submission wrestling
.
Safety
[
edit
]
Kano's vision for judo was one of a martial way that could be practiced realistically.
Randori
(free practice) was a central part of judo pedagogy and shiai (competition) a crucial test of a judoka's understanding of judo.
[107]
Safety necessitated some basic innovations that shaped judo's development. Atemi waza (striking techniques) were entirely limited to kata (prearranged forms) early in judo's history. Kansetsu waza (joint manipulation techniques) were limited to techniques that focused on the elbow joint. Various throwing techniques that were judged to be too dangerous to practice safely at full force, such as all joint-locking throws from
Jujutsu
, were also prohibited in shiai. To maximise safety in nage waza (throwing techniques), judoka trained in
ukemi
(break falls) and practiced on
tatami
(rice straw mats).
[
citation needed
]
Kansetsu
and
shime waza
[
edit
]
The application of joint manipulation and strangulation/choking techniques is generally safe under controlled conditions typical of judo d?j? and in competition. It is usual for there to be age restrictions on the practice and application of these types of techniques, but the exact nature of these restrictions will vary from country to country and from organization to organization.
Nage waza
[
edit
]
Safety in the practice of throwing techniques depends on the skill level of both tori and uke. Inexpertly applied throws have the potential to injure both tori and uke, for instance when tori compensates for poor technique by powering through the throw. Similarly, poor ukemi can result in injury, particularly from more powerful throws that uke lacks the skill to breakfall from. For these reasons, throws are normally taught in order of difficulty for both tori and uke. This is exemplified in the
Gokyo
(
五?
, literally "five teachings")
, a traditional grouping of throws arranged in order of difficulty of ukemi. Those grouped in
Dai ikkyo
(
第一?
, literally "first teaching")
are relatively simple to breakfall from whereas those grouped in
dai gokyo
(
第五?
, literally "fifth teaching")
are difficult to breakfall from.
[
citation needed
]
Mental training
[
edit
]
Mental training is an emerging modality of training in judo that aims to improve the performance of high-performance athletes in training and competition and also to promote health and well-being in the daily life of athletes and their entourage through the learning and application of psychological skills. The first publication of a judo-specific practical mental training approach based on sports training principles was in 2005 with the work of Boris Blumenstein, Ronnie Lidor and Gershon Tenenbaum.
[108]
In 2022, Caio Gabriel published the first article on mental training that appeared in the scientific journal of the
International Judo Federation
, "The Arts and Sciences of Judo".
[109]
Judoka (practitioner)
[
edit
]
A practitioner of judo is known as a judoka
(
柔道家
)
. The modern meaning of "judoka" in English is a judo practitioner of any level of expertise,
[110]
but traditionally those below the rank of 4th
dan
were called
kenkyu-sei
(
?究生
, trainees)
; and only those of 4th
dan
or higher were called "judoka". (The suffix
-ka
(
家
)
, when added to a noun, means a person with expertise or special knowledge on that subject).
A judo teacher is called
sensei
(
先生
)
.
[110]
The word
sensei
comes from
sen
or
saki
(before) and
sei
(life) ? i.e. one who has preceded you. In Western d?j?, it is common to call an instructor of any
dan
grade
sensei
. Traditionally, that title was reserved for instructors of 4th
dan
and above.
[111]
Judogi (uniform)
[
edit
]
Judo practitioners traditionally wear white uniforms called
稽古着
(
keikogi
, keikogi) practice clothing
or
j?d?gi
(
柔道着
,
judogi
, judo clothing)
[112]
sometimes abbreviated in the west as "gi". It comprises a heavy cotton
kimono
-like jacket called an
uwagi
(
上衣
, jacket)
, similar to traditional
hanten
(
半纏
, workers' jackets)
fastened by an
obi
(
?
,
obi
, belt)
, coloured to indicate
rank
, and cotton draw-string
zubon
(
ズボン
, trousers)
.
[113]
Early examples of keikogi had short sleeves and trouser legs and the modern long-sleeved judogi was adopted in 1906.
[114]
The modern use of the blue judogi for high level competition was first suggested by
Anton Geesink
at the 1986 Maastricht IJF DC Meeting.
[115]
For competition, a blue judogi is worn by one of the two competitors for ease of distinction by judges, referees, and spectators. In Japan, both judoka use a white judogi and the traditional red obi (based on the colors of the Japanese flag) is affixed to the belt of one competitor. Outside Japan, a colored obi may also be used for convenience in minor competitions, the blue judogi only being mandatory at the regional or higher levels, depending on organization. Japanese practitioners and traditionalists tend to look down on the use of blue because judo is considered a pure sport, and replacing the pure white judogi with the impure blue is an offense.
[115]
For events organized under the auspices of the International judo Federation (IJF), judogi have to bear the IJF Official Logo Mark Label. This label demonstrates that the judogi has passed a number of quality control tests to ensure it conforms to construction regulations ensuring it is not too stiff, flexible, rigid or slippery to allow the opponent to grip or to perform techniques.
[116]
Organizations
[
edit
]
The international governing body for judo is the
International Judo Federation
(IJF), founded in 1951. Members of the IJF include the African Judo Union (AJU), the Pan-American Judo Confederation (PJC), the Judo Union of Asia (JUA), the European Judo Union (EJU) and the Oceania Judo Union (OJU), each comprising a number of national judo associations. The IJF is responsible for organising international competition and hosts the World Judo Championships and is involved in running the Olympic Judo events.
[117]
Rank and grading
[
edit
]
Judo is a hierarchical art, where seniority of judoka is designated by what is known as the
ky?
(
級
,
ky?
)
-
dan
(
段
,
dan
)
ranking system. This system was developed by Jigoro Kano and was based on the ranking system in the board game
Go
.
[118]
Beginning students progress through kyu grades towards dan grades.
A judoka's position within the kyu-dan ranking system is displayed by the color of their belt. Beginning students typically wear a white belt, progressing through descending kyu ranks until they are deemed to have achieved a level of competence sufficient to be a dan grade, at which point they wear the
kuro obi
(
??
, black belt)
. The kyu-dan ranking system has since been widely adopted by modern martial arts.
[119]
The highest black belt ranks have no formal requirements and are decided by the president of the Kodokan. Kano Jigoro's grandson
Kano Yukimitsu
served as the fourth president from 1980 until 2009. As an educator by profession, Kan? believed that there should be no end to an individual's learning, and therefore no limit to the number of dan ranks. As of 2011,
fifteen Japanese men
have been promoted to
j?dan
(
十段
, 10th
dan
)
by the Kodokan;
[119]
the IJF and Western and Asian national federations have promoted another eleven who are not recognized at that level of rank by the Kodokan. On 28 July 2011, the promotion board of USA Judo awarded
Keiko Fukuda
the rank of 10th
dan
, who was the first woman to be promoted to judo's highest level, albeit not a Kodokan-recognized rank.
Although
dan
ranks tend to be consistent between national organizations there is more variation in the
ky?
grades, with some countries having more
ky?
grades. Although initially
ky?
grade belt colours were uniformly white, today a variety of colours are used. The first black belts to denote a
dan rank
in the 1880s, initially the wide obi was used; as practitioners trained in
kimono
, only
white
and black obi were used. It was not until the early 1900s, after the introduction of the
judogi
, that an expanded colored belt system of awarding rank was created.
[119]
Written accounts from the archives of London's
Budokwai
judo club, founded in 1918, record the use of coloured judo belts at the 1926 9th annual Budokwai Display, and a list of ranked colored judokas appears in the Budokwai Committee Minutes of June 1927. Kawaishi visited London and the Budokwai in 1928, and was probably inspired to bring the coloured belt system to France.
[120]
World Judo Day
[
edit
]
On October 28 of every year, the judo community celebrates the World Judo Day in the honor of the birth of Judo's founder, Jigoro Kano. The theme of the World Judo Day changes from year to year, but the goal is always to highlight the moral values of Judo. The first celebration was held in 2011.
[121]
Past themes for the celebration have included:
- Bring a Friend (2023)
- Inclusion (2022)
[122]
- Solidarity (2021)
[123]
- Stronger Together (2020)
[124]
- Plant a Tree (2019)
[125]
- Friendship (2018)
[126]
- Courage (2017)
[127]
Filmography
[
edit
]
- Akira Kurosawa,
Sanshiro Sugata
(
姿三四?
,
Sugata Sanshir?
, a.k.a.
Judo Saga
)
, 1943.
- Akira Kurosawa,
Sanshiro Sugata Part II
(
續姿三四?
,
Zoku Sugata Sanshir?
, a.k.a.
Judo Saga II
)
, 1945.
- Johnnie To,
Throw Down
(
柔道龍虎榜
,
Yau doh lung fu bong
)
, 2004.
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Inman (2005) p. 10
- ^
The first Olympic competition to award medals to women judoka was in 1992; in 1988, women competed as a demonstration sport. Inman (2005) p. 11
- ^
a
b
c
"Britannica, "Judo"
"
. March 2024.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
『日本大百科全書』電子版【柔道】(CD-ROM version of
Encyclopedia Nipponica
, "Judo").
- ^
『日本大百科全書』の最初の定義文(
Encyclopedia Nipponica
, first phrases, definition of Judo.)「心身を鍛?することにより、その力をもっとも有?に使用する道であると同時に、人間形成の道である。」
- ^
a
b
Kano (2008), p. 11
- ^
"Kodokan Judo Institute, "What is Seiryoku-Zenyo?"
"
.
- ^
"Teaching of Kan? Jigor? Shihan"
(PDF)
.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on October 30, 2021.
- ^
"精力善用、自他共?を英語で?ぶ"
. 8 January 2016.
- ^
"Kodokan Judo Institute, "What is Jita-kyoei?"
"
.
- ^
Kano (2008) pp. 46?47
- ^
a
b
Kano (2008) p. 1; Hoare (2009) p. 43
- ^
a
b
Kano (2008) p. 2
- ^
Hoare (2009) p. 44
- ^
Fukuda (2004) p. 145
- ^
Kano (2008) pp. 3?4; Hoare (2009) pp. 45?47; Fukuda (2004) pp. 145?152. Keiko Fukuda 9th Dan (born 1913) is the granddaughter of Fukuda Hachinosuke, and is the last surviving direct student of Kano:
Davis, Simon.
"Be Strong, Be Gentle, Be Beautiful - Keiko Fukuda"
. United States Judo Federation. Archived from
the original
on March 8, 2011
. Retrieved
March 12,
2011
.
- ^
Kano (2008) p. 6; Hoare (2009) p. 47
- ^
Kano (2008), pp. 9?10
- ^
Kano (2005), p. 23
- ^
Hoare (2009) pp. 52?53. For location of Eisho-ji temple, see:
"Way to Eisho-Ji Temple"
,
Kodokan
, archived from
the original
on March 11, 2011
, retrieved
March 14,
2011
- ^
Jo is the Japanese unit of area.
- ^
Kano (2008) p. 20
- ^
Lowry (2006) p. 49
- ^
Kano (2005) pp. 39?40
- ^
For Kano's opinions on the wider applicability of
jita ky?ei
to life see for example, Kano (2008) p. 107
- ^
Hoare (2009) p. 56
- ^
"Judo" had been used before then, as in the case of a jujutsu school that called itself
Chokushin-ry? J?d?
(
直信流柔道
, Sometimes rendered as Jikishin-ry? J?d?)
, but its use was rare.
- ^
Daigo (2005) p. 8
- ^
Numerous texts exist that describe the
waza
of judo in detail. Daigo (2005); Inokuma and Sato (1987); Kano (1994); Mifune (2004); and Ohlenkamp (2006) are some of the better examples
- ^
Kano (1994) pp. 45?54
- ^
Ishikawa and Draeger (1999) p. 179
- ^
Kano (1994) pp. 42?43; Mifune (2004) pp. 41?43
- ^
a
b
Kano (1994) p. 44; Mifune (2004) p. 44
- ^
Takahashi (2005) pp. 39?43
- ^
a
b
Daigo (2005) p. 10
- ^
"All Judo Hand Techniques (Te-Waza)"
.
- ^
"All Judo Hip Techniques (Koshi-Waza)"
.
- ^
For full coverage of
katame waza
techniques extant in current judo competition rules, see Adams (1991), Kashiwazaki (1992) and Kashiwazaki (1997)
- ^
Koizumi, Gunji.
"Ne-waza (Groundwork) and Atemi-waza (blows) in Judo"
.
Judo
. Budokwai Judo Quarterly Bulletin
. Retrieved
11 September
2012
.
- ^
Adams (1991)
- ^
Otaki & Draeger (1983) pp. 398?405; Kano (1982) pp. 192?203
- ^
Daigo (2005) p. 9; Harrison (1952) pp. 162?168
- ^
Ishikawa and Draeger (1999) p. 84
- ^
Kano (1994) p. 142; Ishikawa and Draeger (1999) p. 84
- ^
"What is a Kata?"
.
umich.edu
. Archived from
the original
on February 19, 2015
. Retrieved
March 5,
2015
.
- ^
For a review of the ten official Kodokan kata, see Jones and Hanon (2010)
- ^
Kano (1994) pp. 148?159; Otaki and Draeger, pp. 73?109, 139?266
- ^
Kano (1994) pp. 160?172; Otaki and Draeger, pp. 110?138, 267?405
- ^
Kano (1994) pp. 173?191
- ^
Kano (1994) pp. 192?203
- ^
Kano (1994) pp. 204?219; Fukuda (2004) pp. 1?144
- ^
De Cree and Jones (2009a, 2009b, 2009c)
- ^
Kano (1994) pp. 220?223
- ^
De Cree (2012) pp. 56?107
- ^
Kano (1994) pp. 224?238
- ^
Kano (1994) pp. 239?251
- ^
De Cree and Jones (2011a, 2011b, 2011c)
- ^
Fromm and Soames (1982) pp. 71?72, 109
- ^
Mifune (2004) pp. 211?220
- ^
De Cree (2015) pp. 155?174
- ^
It? (1970) pp. 1?111
- ^
Cf. Jigoro Kano,
Kodokan Judo
, Kodansha, US, 2013, § Tandoku-renshu.
- ^
a
b
Hoare (2005) pp. 4?7
- ^
Hoare (2009) p. 109
- ^
Niehaus, Andreas.
'If You Want to Cry, Cry on the Green Mats of Kodokan'
in
Olympism: The Global Vision
, 2013, p. 102.
- ^
Jigoro Kano.
"The Contribution of Judo to Education by Jigoro Kano"
.
Judo Info
. Retrieved
February 21,
2016
.
- ^
Koizumi (1947)
- ^
Judo is Now Olympic Event,
New Japan
, vol. 13, pp. 118?119.
- ^
Black Belt Vol. 2, No. 2
. Active Interest Media, Inc. Mar 1964. p.
27
.
- ^
"Judo Rules: Basic Rules of Judo"
.
rulesofsport.com
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
Takahashi (2005) pp. 18?20
- ^
"Wide consensus for the adapted rules of the next Olympic Cycle"
.
IJF.org
. December 9, 2016
. Retrieved
June 2,
2017
.
- ^
"Refereeing Rules Alterations : Test Event on WC Junior Bangkok'08"
(PDF)
.
Judo Info
. INT. Judo Federation : IJF Referee Commission. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on March 3, 2016
. Retrieved
February 21,
2016
.
- ^
Ohlenkamp, Neil.
"Evolution of Judo Contest Rules"
.
Judo Info
. Retrieved
February 21,
2016
.
- ^
"Extended match (e.g. Golden Score Contest)"
.
Judo Channel
. Retrieved
February 21,
2016
.
- ^
Grant, T.P. (July 15, 2013).
"MMA Fan's Guide to Grappling: Judo"
. Bloody Elbow
. Retrieved
February 22,
2016
.
- ^
Fusco, Anthony (August 20, 2012).
"Judo "The Gentle Way": Why Judo Is so Underrated in MMA Today"
.
Bleacher Report
. Retrieved
February 21,
2016
.
- ^
Snowden, Jonathan (April 6, 2012).
"The Gentle Way: Strikeforce Champion Ronda Rousey and the Birth of a Judo Star"
.
Bleacher Report
. Retrieved
February 21,
2016
.
- ^
Snowden, Jonathan (April 11, 2012).
"The Gentle Way Part II: Olympians Ronda Rousey and Rick Hawn Adapt to MMA"
.
Bleacher Report
. Retrieved
February 21,
2016
.
- ^
Erickson, Matt (2 July 2014).
"Is Ronda Rousey the savior judo has been waiting for?"
.
MMAjunkie.com
. Retrieved
February 22,
2016
.
- ^
Kashiwazaki (1997) pp. 14?15
- ^
"Judo handbook (PDF)"
(PDF)
.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on February 5, 2016.
- ^
Official website
- ^
"The development of Georgian Judo"
.
- ^
"Judo Grand Slam Returns"
. 24 March 2023.
- ^
"The Russian Judo Revolution"
. 2 August 2012.
- ^
"Judo:Its history in the world and Russia"
.
- ^
"Mongolian Judo"
. 19 June 2023.
- ^
"The secret of Mongolian Judo"
.
- ^
"What is Korean Judo"
.
- ^
"The Development of Korean Judo"
(PDF)
.
- ^
"France Loves Judo"
.
- ^
"Judo For The World"
.
- ^
"Cuban Judo History"
.
- ^
"The Origin Of Judo In Cuba"
. 25 January 2022.
- ^
"Aizerbaijan"
. 12 January 2024.
- ^
"Judo styles"
.
- ^
"Israeli Judo Legends"
.
- ^
Ben-Tal, Daniel (17 August 2016).
"Israeli Judo"
.
Haaretz
.
- ^
Egorov, Boris (May 29, 2019).
"Why Vladimir Putin would have struggled to be a black belt in the Soviet Union"
.
Russia Beyond
.
- ^
"The History of Sombo"
.
Members.tripod.com
. Retrieved
February 21,
2016
.
- ^
"Seeds of Mitsuyo Maeda"
. September 23, 2014.
- ^
Eros, Rildo.
"Historia do Judo"
. Archived from
the original
on 2009-02-10.
- ^
Drysdale, Robert (February 13, 2018).
"Who was Oscar Gracie and who taught him Jiu-Jitsu?"
.
Global Training Report
. Retrieved
2023-04-16
.
- ^
"10th Planet Locations"
. 2023-04-17.
- ^
Kano, Jigoro.
"The Contribution of Judo to Education"
.
Judo Info
. Retrieved
10 September
2012
.
- ^
Blumenstein, Boris; Lidor, Ronnie; Tenenbaum, Gershon (2005). "Periodization and planning of psychological preparation in elite combat sport programs: The case of judo".
International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology
.
3
(1): 7?25.
doi
:
10.1080/1612197X.2005.9671755
.
S2CID
144190858
.
- ^
Gabriel, Caio (2022). "Towards Mental Training for Elite Judo Athletes".
The Arts and Sciences of Judo
.
2
(2): 18?21.
- ^
a
b
Inokuma and Sato (1987) p. 253
- ^
Hill, Robert (2010).
World of Martial Arts
. London, Kentucky: LuLu Publishing. Chapter 8.
ISBN
978-0-557-01663-1
.
- ^
Inokuma and Sato (1987), p. 253; Lowry (2006), pp. 35?61
- ^
Lowry (2006) p. 39
- ^
Hoare (2005), p. 8
- ^
a
b
"Introduction of the Blue Judogi"
. International Judo Federation. Archived from
the original
on September 12, 2007.
- ^
"Judogi Guidance"
.
International Judo Federation
. January 2011. Archived from
the original
on July 20, 2011
. Retrieved
March 11,
2011
.
- ^
"International Judo Federation"
. Retrieved
March 13,
2011
.
- ^
"Go Ranks"
.
Mechner
. Archived from
the original
on 19 December 2017
. Retrieved
18 September
2017
.
- ^
a
b
c
Ohlenkamp, Neil (March 25, 2007).
"The Judo Rank System"
.
JudoInfo.com
. Retrieved
October 15,
2007
.
- ^
Callan, Mike (May 2015).
"History of the Grading System"
.
ResearchGate.com
. Retrieved
March 6,
2020
.
- ^
"28 October World Judo Day"
.
European Judo Union
. 2011-10-28
. Retrieved
2023-02-23
.
- ^
Cowen, Thea (2022-10-28).
"WORLD JUDO DAY 2022: INCLUSION"
.
European Judo Union
. Retrieved
2023-02-23
.
- ^
Cowen, Thea (2021-10-28).
"HAPPY WORLD JUDO DAY 2021!"
.
European Judo Union
. Retrieved
2023-02-23
.
- ^
"WJD 2020: Show Us How Much We Are Stronger Together"
.
www.ijf.org
. Retrieved
2023-02-23
.
- ^
"WJD 2019: Plant a Tree"
.
www.ijf.org
. Retrieved
2023-02-23
.
- ^
"WORLD JUDO DAY 2018: FRIENDSHIP"
.
European Judo Union
. 2018-10-22
. Retrieved
2023-02-23
.
- ^
"WORLD JUDO DAY 2017: COURAGE"
.
European Judo Union
. 2017-10-26
. Retrieved
2023-02-23
.
Bibliography
[
edit
]
- Adams, Neil (1991),
Armlocks
, Judo Masterclass Techniques, London: Ippon Books
- Cachia, Jeffrey (2009),
Effective Judo
, Sarasota, FL: Elite Publishing
- Daigo, Toshiro (2005),
Kodokan Judo Throwing Techniques
, Tokyo, Japan: Kodansha International
- De Cree, Carl (2015), "K?d?kan j?d?'s three orphaned forms of counter techniques ? Part 3: The Katame-waza ura-no-kata ―"Forms of reversing controlling techniques"
",
Archives of Budo
,
11
: 155?174
- De Cree, Carl (2012),
The origin, inner essence, biomechanical fundamentals, and current teaching and performance anomalies of K?d?kan j?d?'s esoteric sixth kata: The Itsutsu-no-kata ―"Forms of five"
, Rome, Italy: University of Rome
- De Cree, Carl; Jones, Llyr C. (2009a), "
K?d?kan J?d?'s
Elusive Tenth
Kata
: The
G?-no-kata
- "Forms of Proper Use of Force" - Part 1",
Archives of Budo
,
5
: 55?73
- De Cree, Carl; Jones, Llyr C. (2009b), "
K?d?kan J?d?'s
Elusive Tenth
Kata
: The
G?-no-kata
- "Forms of Proper Use of Force" - Part 2",
Archives of Budo
,
5
: 74?82
- De Cree, Carl; Jones, Llyr C. (2009c), "
K?d?kan J?d?'s
Elusive Tenth
Kata
: The
G?-no-kata
- "Forms of Proper Use of Force" - Part 3",
Archives of Budo
,
5
: 83?95
- De Cree, Carl; Jones, Llyr C. (2011a), "
K?d?kan J?d?'s
Inauspicious Ninth
Kata
: The
Joshi goshinh?
- "Self-defense methods for females" - Part 1",
Archives of Budo
,
7
: 105?123
- De Cree, Carl; Jones, Llyr C. (2011b), "
K?d?kan J?d?'s
Inauspicious Ninth
Kata
: The
Joshi goshinh?
- "Self-defense methods for females" - Part 2",
Archives of Budo
,
7
: 125?137
- De Cree, Carl; Jones, Llyr C. (2011c), "
K?d?kan J?d?'s
Inauspicious Ninth
Kata
: The
Joshi goshinh?
- "Self-defense methods for females" - Part 3",
Archives of Budo
,
7
: 137?139
- Fromm, Alan; Soames, Nicolas (1982),
Judo - The Gentle Way
, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul
- Fukuda, Keiko (2004),
Ju-No-Kata
, Berkeley, California: North Atlantic Books
- Harrison, E. J. (1952),
Manual of Judo
, London: Foulsham
- Hoare, Syd (2005),
"Development of judo competition rules"
(PDF)
,
sydhoare.com
, archived from
the original
(PDF)
on July 1, 2019
, retrieved
September 16,
2012
- Hoare, Syd (2009),
A History of Judo
, London: Yamagi Books
- Inman, Roy (2005),
The Judo Handbook
, UK: Silverdale Books
- Inokuma, Isao; Sato, Noboyuki (1987),
Best Judo
, Tokyo, Japan: Kodansha International
- Ishikawa, Takahiko; Draeger, Donn F. (1999),
Judo Training Methods
, Boston, Massachusetts: Tuttle Publishing
- It?, Kazuo (1970),
J?d? no nage- to katame-no-ura-waza
, T?ky?: Seibunkan Shoten
- Jones, Llyr C.; Hanon, Michael J. (2010), "The way of kata in Kodokan Judo",
Journal of Asian Martial Arts
,
19
: 8?37
- Kano, Jigoro (1994),
Kodokan Judo
, Tokyo, Japan: Kodansha
- Kano, Jigoro (2005), Naoki, Murata (ed.),
Mind Over Muscle: Writings from the founder of Judo
, Tokyo, Japan: Kodansha
- Kano, Jigoro (2008), Watson, Brian N. (ed.),
Judo Memoirs of Jigoro Kano
, Victoria, BC: Trafford Publishing
- Kashiwazaki, Katsuhiko (1992),
Shimewaza
, Judo Masterclass Techniques, London: Ippon Books
- Kashiwazaki, Katsuhiko (1997),
Osaekomi
, Judo Masterclass Techniques, London: Ippon Books
- Koizumi, Gunji (April 1947), "1936 Conversation with Jigoro Kano",
Budokwai Bulletin
- Law, Mark (2007),
The Pyjama Game, A Journey Into Judo
, London, UK: Aurum Press
- Lowry, Dave (2006),
In the dojo. A guide to the rituals and etiquette of the Japanese martial arts
, Boston, MA: Weatherhill
- Mifune, Kyuzo (2004),
The Canon of Judo: Classic teachings on principles and techniques
, Tokyo, Japan: Kodansha
- Ohlenkamp, Neil (2006),
Judo Unleashed: Essential Throwing & Grappling Techniques for Intermediate to Advanced Martial Artists
, Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill
- Otaki, Tadao; Draeger, Donn F. (1997),
Judo Formal Techniques: Complete guide to Kodokan randori no kata
(reprint ed.), Clarendon, Vermont: Tuttle Publishing
- Takahashi, Masao (2005),
Mastering Judo
, Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics
External links
[
edit
]
Articles and topics related to judo
|
---|
|
---|
Official
Kodokan
techniques
| |
---|
Kata
| Kodokan kata
| |
---|
Non-Kodokan Japanese kata
| |
---|
Non-Japanese kata
|
- Budokwai Goshin jutsu
- Hikomi no Kata
- Hoho kata
- Kansetsu no kata
- Kyushin-no-kata
- Renraku-no-kata
- Rensa-no-kata
|
---|
|
---|
|
---|
| Africa
| | |
---|
Asia
| |
---|
Americas
| |
---|
Europe
| |
---|
Oceania
| |
---|
Others
| |
---|
|
---|
Core program
| |
---|
Additions (2020- )
| |
---|
|
|