American Presbyterian minister, educator and abolitionist
John Monteith
|
---|
|
Born
| (
1788-08-05
)
August 5, 1788
|
---|
Died
| April 5, 1868
(1868-04-05)
(aged 79)
|
---|
Nationality
| American
|
---|
Education
| |
---|
Spouses
| - Sarah Sophia Granger
- Abigail Harris
|
---|
Children
| - Sarah Sophia
- Mary Harris
- Charles Alexander
- Elizabeth Hamilton
- John, Jr.
- Abigail
- George
- Edwin Harris
- Arthur
|
---|
Parent(s)
| Daniel Monteith and Sarah Lecky
|
---|
|
Religion
| Presbyterian
|
---|
Ordained
| May 1817
|
---|
Congregations served
| |
---|
Offices held
| |
---|
|
The Reverend
John Monteith
(August 5, 1788 – April 5, 1868)
[1]
was a United States
Presbyterian
minister
, educator,
abolitionist
and a founding father of the
University of Michigan
, formerly known as University of Michigania or the
Catholepistemiad
. Monteith served as president of the university from 1817 through 1821. During his five years in
Detroit
, he also served as the city's first librarian, and founded the first
Protestant
church in Detroit and the first Presbyterian church in what is now the
State of Michigan
.
According to his son, the Rev. Mr. Monteith was six feet tall, and was straight as a rod. He did not drink liquor, and he was rarely ill. As an abolitionist, a
temperance
advocate, a defender of the Sabbath, and an educator of young minds, he took it as his personal mission to convince others to accept his beliefs, and was therefore sometimes a controversial figure.
[2]
Early life and education
[
edit
]
John Monteith was born August 4, 1788, on a farm in the vicinity of what is now
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
, but which was then
Straban twp., York Co., Pennsylvania
.
[3]
About 1805, the family moved to
Coitsville
in northeast Ohio, to a farm close enough to the state line that the family regularly attended church in
New Bedford, Pennsylvania
, in the Hopewell Congregation. According to his diary, his father's health was feeble, and so John worked at farming to support the family.
[4]
Nevertheless, at age twenty, under the guidance of his pastor, the Rev. William Wick, Monteith began to study Latin grammar and to educate himself in the hours not devoted to agriculture. He soon started his formal education at
Jefferson College
in
Canonsburg, Pennsylvania
, and graduated with a BA in 1813.
After a short stint as a schoolteacher in
Cumberland, Maryland
, he continued his education at
Princeton Theological Seminary
which had opened in 1812 with one professor and only a dozen students. There he lived in the home of the president,
Dr. Archibald Alexander
, and tutored Alexander's young sons,
James Waddel Alexander
,
William Cowper Alexander
and
Joseph Addison Alexander
.
[5]
By the time he graduated in 1816, he could write in French and Latin and knew Hebrew and Greek. When Alexander received a plea from the frontier outpost of
Detroit
for a minister from
Gov. Lewis Cass
and
Henry Jackson Hunt
, he suggested Monteith should accept the offer.
[2]
Monteith was licensed as a Presbyterian missionary in spring of 1816 and set out for Detroit.
Detroit, Michigan Territory
[
edit
]
Arrival
[
edit
]
On June 25, 1816, Monteith disembarked at
Detroit
from the schooner he had boarded forty hours earlier at
Buffalo
. In addition to the fifteen hundred soldiers housed at
Fort Shelby
, his new home had a population of about nine hundred souls, over half of whom were French
Catholics
.
[6]
Monteith had been called to serve the
Protestant
portion of the population and five days after his arrival, he preached his first sermon at the Council House. Although he had been licensed to preach, no church organization was yet contemplated, because Monteith had not yet been ordained as a full-fledged minister of the gospel.
The City Library of Detroit
[
edit
]
In March 1817, Monteith helped to organize the City Library of Detroit, a
proprietary library
which was open to anyone who could afford to buy a $5 share.
[7]
Monteith wrote the
constitution
and became the institution's first
librarian
. Several of the town's prominent citizens bought more than one share, and by April 6 when Monteith set off on horseback for New York, he had collected $450 to use to purchase books in the east. The three hundred volumes he purchased were consigned for transport to Detroit, and had arrived safely by July 25, when the first issue of the
Detroit Gazette
announced their arrival.
The Catholopistemiad or University of Michigania
[
edit
]
Returning to Detroit, on August 20, 1817, Monteith was summoned to the quarters of
Judge Augustus B. Woodward
for "an interview on the subject of a university." Six days later, the plan for the university was legally established by action of the territory's executive and judicial officers who comprised Michigan's legislature.
[5]
Under the plan, the
Catholepistimiad
, or University of Michigania, was to be established with professorships in thirteen fields of human knowledge: literature, mathematics, natural history, natural philosophy, astronomy, chemistry, medicine, economics, ethics, military science, history, intellectual science and universal science. Initially, John Monteith was to hold seven of the professorships, and
Father Gabriel Richard
, a Catholic priest, was to hold the other six. In addition, Monteith was to serve as the University's president and Richard would be its vice president.
The university's officers had authority over all institutions of public education in the
Michigan Territory
including colleges, schools, libraries, and museums. The cornerstone of the first building, commonly called "the Academy," was laid in Detroit on September 24, 1817. By August 1818, a teacher named
Lemuel Shattuck
was able to open his
Lancastrian School
in the lower story. So far as is known, no collegiate students were matriculated under Monteith's presidency and thus his duties as president consisted mainly of making plans and helping to raise funds. On April 30, 1821, a new act was passed, changing the name to the
University of Michigan
, and abolishing the office of president in favor of a board of twenty trustees. Although Monteith was offered the chairmanship, he soon left to accept a professorship at
Hamilton College
in
Clinton, New York
. It would not be until 1837, sixteen years after Monteith had left Detroit, that classes would first be organized at the university's new home in
Ann Arbor, Michigan
. Nevertheless, the entity formed in 1817 is the direct legal antecedent to today's
University of Michigan
.
Religious institutions in Michigan
[
edit
]
On May 12, 1817, while on his trip east to buy books for the library, Monteith was ordained by the
Presbytery of New Brunswick
, his former professor
Dr. Alexander
leading the charge. Now fully authorized to conduct marriages, baptize and perform communion, he organized the First Protestant Society of Detroit on March 27, 1818.
[5]
At first, this society served all Protestants in the city?Presbyterians, Methodists, Episcopalians, Baptists, etc. Gradually, as each denomination gathered strength, it broke away to form its own congregation?the
Methodists
in 1818, the
Episcopalians
in 1824. In 1825, the remaining members of the Society formed the
First Presbyterian Church of Detroit
.
In the year the First Protestant Society was founded, a recession caused the financial support for Detroit's new institutions to falter, and so, in January 1819, Monteith again traveled to the east, this time to raise funds to build a place of worship.
[8]
Travelling as far as
Washington, D.C.
, and
Charleston, South Carolina
, he eventually cleared $1200 on the trip. The building was finished and dedicated on February 27, 1820. On January 20, 1820, he founded the First Presbyterian Church at
Monroe
, the oldest institution of its denomination in
Michigan
.
[9]
On June 7, 1820, Monteith married Sarah Sophia Granger of
Portage, Ohio
, a town not far from his father's farm in
Coitsville
. Sadly, she contracted an epidemic fever while on a trip to visit her parents a mere fifteen weeks after the wedding, and died on October 9, 1820.
[10]
When Monteith married a second time, on August 30, 1821, at
Florence, Ohio
, to Abigail Harris, he had already resigned his post at Detroit in order to take up the professorship of Latin and Greek at
Hamilton College
in
Clinton, New York
. From this union, eventually, nine children would be born. His daughter Sarah S. Monteith would marry to Colonel
Nahum Ball Gates
, the father-in-law of the Rev.
Theodore Yale Gardner
.
[11]
Hamilton College
[
edit
]
During his tenure as Professor of Latin and Greek at
Hamilton College
, John Monteith played an important role in a religious feud that nearly destroyed the young institution.
[12]
Hamilton had been chartered in 1812, and was the third institution of higher learning in New York, after
Columbia
and
Union College
. In 1821, the entire faculty consisted of a president, three professors and two tutors. The Rev.
Henry Davis
(
Yale
, 1796), the president, belonged to the
New Divinity
school of theology, and believed in religious revivals. He did not, however, approve of
Charles Grandison Finney
, and the particularly emotional revivals he led beginning in 1824.
Finney's base of operation was
Whitesboro
, a few miles from Hamilton College. Monteith soon became a devoted follower.
[12]
Monteith protested Davis's objection to the new preaching style by meeting with students and trustee
Gerrit Smith
and praying publicly from the pulpit, claiming that: "Thou knowest, O Lord that the faculty of Hamilton College have sinned in high places: and we pray Thee, O Lord, if they are obstacles to Thy work, that Thou wouldst remove them out of the way."
[12]
Amid controversy, John Monteith left Hamilton in the spring of 1828. The feud had had significant results for Hamilton College, reducing the number of students from 107 in the spring of 1823 to nine in 1829, the year following Monteith's departure.
Manual labor schools and abolitionism
[
edit
]
Manual Labor Academy of Pennsylvania at Germantown
[
edit
]
While at Hamilton College, Monteith had become enamored of the manual labor concept of education.
George Washington Gale
, a fellow alumnus of the
Princeton Theological Seminary
, was then living nearby, and had begun to read about New England
manual labor schools
modeled on those established by
Philipp Emanuel von Fellenberg
and
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
and by the Alsatian pastor
J. F. Oberlin
. Monteith observed first-hand Gale's new
Oneida Manual Labor Institute
at nearby
Whitesboro
.
When he left his position in New York, Monteith headed to
Germantown
outside Philadelphia, to organize the Manual Labor Academy of Pennsylvania. It commenced operation on May 1, 1829, with four students in his care, enrolling a total of twenty-five within six months.
[13]
Under Monteith's guidance, students studied subjects such as mathematics, surveying, geography, and bookkeeping, and also engaged in "useful bodily labor" for three or four hours a day. Students gardened and farmed, built furniture and mended buildings. Students who could not otherwise afford to attend college were able to defray their expenses through their own labor. Unfortunately, the trustees were unable to meet the expenses of the purchase of the land through additional sale of stock, and the institution struggled financially.
[14]
A year after opening the new academy, Monteith's former
Jefferson College
classmate
George Junkin
joined him in Germantown. When Monteith resigned as principal of the academy, Junkin stayed on another year, and then moved the academy to
Easton, Pennsylvania
, where it became the foundation of the infant
Lafayette College
. Junkin became Lafayette's first president. Because of this circumstance, Lafayette claims that John Monteith was the college's first professor.
[15]
Between 1830 and 1832, Monteith was principal of the
Cambridge Washington
Academy, in New York, where his wife Abigail assisted as a teacher.
[16]
Elyria, Ohio and Blissfield, Michigan
[
edit
]
The manual labor movement gained an enormous boost when
George Washington Gale
convinced abolitionist-philanthropists
Arthur
and
Lewis Tappan
to finance the Society for Promoting Manual Labor in Literary Institutions.
[17]
In July 1831 the Society hired Monteith's former Hamilton College student
Theodore Dwight Weld
as its field agent, who convinced Monteith to come to Elyria, Ohio.
Elyria is just nine miles north of
Oberlin College
, which would be founded two years after Monteith settled there, in 1833. Indeed, several members of the Finneyite faction of Hamilton College all gathered in the vicinity of Oberlin, where Monteith's former student,
Asa Mahan
(Hamilton, 1824), became its first president,
Charles Grandison Finney
himself accepted a professorship in 1835 and was the second president, and the Rev.
John Keep
, a former Hamilton trustree, served as president of the board of trustees.
Monteith became the principal of the private
Elyria High School
in 1832, assisted by his wife. Among the students educated there were
James Fairchild
, third president of
Oberlin College
and his brother
Edward Henry Fairchild
, first president of
Berea College
.
Soon after arriving in Elyria, Monteith became an ardent abolitionist. On December 4, 1833, he attended the first convention of the
American Anti-Slavery Society
at
Philadelphia
, led by the Tappan brothers as one of eight Ohio delegates. He was one of the founders of the Western Reserve Anti-Slavery Society, which was formed on the principle of total and immediate emancipation in 1833 and in 1835 was the president of the Lorain County Anti-Slavery Society.
[18]
According to his son, John Monteith, Jr., "He made no apologies, and used no conciliatory or rhetorical blandishments. He poured out the red facts and hammered them in with his hard faced logic. The whole community came down on him. With the exception of two or three kindred spirits, there was throughout the whole Reserve scarcely a man or woman that dared to be his friend. Persecution started up on every side, and the very air was filled with biting slanders."
[2]
In 1845, he accepted a call to lead the
First Presbyterian Church
in
Blissfield, Michigan
. He labored there for ten years, returning to Elyria to live with his married daughter in 1855. On April 5, 1868, at the age of 79, he was laid to rest. His home in
Elyria, Ohio
, Monteith Hall, now on the
National Register of Historic Places
, was a stop on the
underground railroad
.
[2]
[19]
Historical legacy
[
edit
]
Several institutions were named in Monteith's honor: Monteith College (defunct since 1981)
[20]
at
Wayne State University
, the Monteith Memorial Presbyterian Church of
Detroit
(defunct since 1991),
[21]
the Monteith Branch of the
Detroit Public Library
,
[22]
Monteith Elementary School in
Grosse Pointe Woods
, John Monteith Elementary School in
Drayton Plains, Michigan
[23]
and the Monteith Library (now renamed the Kehrl Building) at
Alma College
.
[24]
At the
University of Michigan
, the John Monteith Legacy Society recognizes donors who remember the University in an estate plan.
[25]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Roscoe O. Bonisteel,
John Monteith, first president of the University of Michigan
, Michigan Historical Collections, Bulletin 15, Ann Arbor, MI, 1967, p.6.
- ^
a
b
c
d
"Pastor's New Years Greeting"
, No. 6-1887, Memorial Presbyterian Church, Detroit, Michigan pp. 17-18.
- ^
Philip E. Bursely, "Notes on the Search for the Birthplace of the first president of the University, John Monteith," in Vertical File, John Monteith, Bentley Historical Library, Ann Arbor, MI.
- ^
Diary
, John Monteith papers, Bentley Historical Library, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
- ^
a
b
c
John Comin and Harold Fredsell,
"John Monteith, Pioneer Presbyterian of Detroit"
, in
Public Education in Michigan
, Gerald L. Poor and Gladys I. Griffin, Central Michigan University, 1959.
- ^
Silas Farmer,
The history of Detroit and Michigan, or, The metropolis illustrated : chronological cyclopaedia of the past and present
, 1884 p. 224
- ^
Russell E. Bidlack,
The City Library of Detroit 1817-1837: Michigan's First Public Library
, University of Michigan Department of Library Science Studies No. 2, 1955.
- ^
"Articles of faith and covenant of the First Presbyterian church, of the City of Detroit"
. 1850.
- ^
First Presbyterian Church of Monroe,
"History"
Archived
2015-04-13 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
Albert H. Ratcliffe,
"Dedication, January 8?16, 1949. Monteith Memorial Presbyterian church, Seven Mile road at Greenview, Detroit, Michigan"
- ^
History of Lorain County, Ohio
, Williams Brothers, Leader Printing Co., Philadelphia, January, 1879, p. 108-109
- ^
a
b
c
W.H. Cowley,
"Notes on the Life of John Monteith, 1788-1868"
, 1975.
- ^
Stephen Patrick Rice, Minding the Machine: Languages of Class in Early Industrial America, University of California Press, 2004. p. 80.
- ^
Robert Samuel Fletcher,
A History of Oberlin College from Its Foundation
, Oberlin College, 1943
- ^
David B. Skillman,
The Biography of a College Being the History of the First Century of the Life of Lafayette College
. Easton, PA: Lafayette College, 1932.
- ^
Allen Corey,
Gazetteer of the County of Washington, N.Y., 1849 and 1850
, p. 79.
- ^
Theodore D. Weld,
"First annual report of the Society for Promoting Manual Labor in Literary Institutions"
(New York, N.Y.), 1833.
- ^
"New Anti-Slavery Societies"
The Abolitionist
, v. 1 (1833) p. 159.
- ^
National Register of Historic Places
, National Park Service
- ^
Marcia Laver, Sarah Finch, Brecque Keith, Martin Herman, Camille Craycraft,
"Monteith College: A Noble Experiment, 1959-1981"
Walter P. Reuther Library of Labor and Urban Affairs, Wayne State University.
- ^
Calvary Presbyterian Church of Detroit,
"A Brief History of Calvary Presbyterian Church"
- ^
Detroit Public Library,
"Monteith Branch"
- ^
Monteith Elementary School
- ^
Gordon Beld and David C. McMacken,
A History of Alma College: Where Plaid and Pride Prevail
, The History Press, 2014, p. 48.
- ^
University of Michigan: Leaders and Best Giving,
"Recognition Societies"
|
---|
Italics denote acting or interim president (or term)
|
|
---|
International
| |
---|
National
| |
---|
Other
| |
---|