American politician (born 1952)
John Hickenlooper
|
---|
Official portrait, 2021
|
|
|
|
Assumed office
January 3, 2021
|
Preceded by
| Cory Gardner
|
---|
|
In office
January 11, 2011 ? January 8, 2019
|
Lieutenant
| Joe Garcia
Donna Lynne
|
---|
Preceded by
| Bill Ritter
|
---|
Succeeded by
| Jared Polis
|
---|
|
In office
July 13, 2014 ? July 25, 2015
|
Deputy
| Gary Herbert
|
---|
Preceded by
| Mary Fallin
|
---|
Succeeded by
| Gary Herbert
|
---|
|
In office
July 21, 2003 ? January 11, 2011
|
Preceded by
| Wellington Webb
|
---|
Succeeded by
| Bill Vidal
|
---|
|
|
Born
| John Wright Hickenlooper Jr.
(
1952-02-07
)
February 7, 1952
(age 72)
Narberth, Pennsylvania
, U.S.
|
---|
Political party
| Democratic
|
---|
Spouses
| |
---|
Children
| 2
|
---|
Relatives
| Smith Hickenlooper
(grandfather)
Bourke B. Hickenlooper
(great-uncle)
Andrew Hickenlooper
(great-grandfather)
George Hickenlooper
(cousin)
|
---|
Education
| Wesleyan University
(
BA
,
MS
)
|
---|
Website
| Senate website
|
---|
|
|
John Wright Hickenlooper Jr.
[1]
(
HIH
-k?n-
LOOH
-p?r
; born February 7, 1952) is an American politician, geologist, and businessman serving as the
junior
United States senator
from
Colorado
since 2021. A member of the
Democratic Party
, he served as the 42nd
governor of Colorado
from 2011 to 2019 and as the 43rd
mayor of Denver
from 2003 to 2011.
Born in
Narberth, Pennsylvania
, Hickenlooper is a graduate of
Wesleyan University
. After a career as a
petroleum geologist
, in 1988 he co-founded the
Wynkoop Brewing Company
, one of the first brewpubs in the U.S. Hickenlooper was elected the 43rd
mayor of Denver
in
2003
, serving two terms. In 2005,
TIME
named him one of America's five best big-city mayors. After incumbent governor
Bill Ritter
said that he would not seek reelection, Hickenlooper announced his intention to run for the Democratic nomination in January 2010. He won an uncontested primary and faced
Constitution Party
nominee
Tom Tancredo
and
Republican Party
nominee Dan Maes in the
general election
. Hickenlooper won with 51% of the vote and was reelected in
2014
, defeating Republican
Bob Beauprez
.
As governor, he introduced
universal background checks
and banned
high-capacity magazines
in the wake of the
2012 Aurora, Colorado shooting
. He expanded
Medicaid
under the provisions of the
Affordable Care Act
, halving the rate of
uninsured
people in the state. Having initially opposed
marijuana legalization
, he has gradually come to support it.
He sought the
Democratic nomination
for
U.S. president
in 2019 but dropped out before primaries were held. He subsequently ran for the U.S. Senate, winning the Democratic nomination and the
general election
, defeating incumbent Republican
Cory Gardner
.
[2]
At 68, Hickenlooper became the oldest first-term senator to represent Colorado and the only
Quaker
member of Congress.
[3]
Early life, education, and career
[
edit
]
Hickenlooper was born in
Narberth, Pennsylvania
, a middle-class area of the suburban
Main Line
of
Philadelphia
.
[4]
He is the son of Anne Doughten (nee Morris) Kennedy and John Wright Hickenlooper.
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
His great-grandfather
Andrew Hickenlooper
was a Union general, and his grandfather
Smith Hickenlooper
was a
United States federal judge
.
[9]
[10]
Hickenlooper was raised by his mother from a young age after his father's death. He is a 1970 graduate of
The Haverford School
, an independent boys school in
Haverford, Pennsylvania
, where he was a National Merit Semifinalist.
New York
magazine
reported that at this time his heroes were
Neil Young
,
Ray Davies
, and
Gordie Howe
, and that his pet peeves were violence and "beer boys."
[11]
Hickenlooper attended
Wesleyan University
, where he received a B.A. in
English
in 1974 and a master's degree in
geology
in 1980.
[12]
[13]
He recounted first smoking pot when he was 16 and using
lithium carbonate
capsules to go through with his final exam.
[14]
Hickenlooper worked as a geologist in Colorado for Buckhorn Petroleum in the early 1980s. When Buckhorn was sold, Hickenlooper was laid off in 1986.
[15]
He and five business partners opened the
Wynkoop Brewing Company
brewpub in October 1988 after raising startup funds from dozens of friends and family along with a Denver economic development office loan. The Wynkoop was one of the nation's first
brewpubs
. By 1996, Westword reported that Denver had more brewpubs per capita than any other city.
[16]
Hickenlooper claims his restaurant was the first in Colorado to offer a
designated driver
program.
[17]
In 1989, Hickenlooper was arrested in Denver for "
driving while impaired
" and did
community service
.
[14]
[17]
Mayor of Denver
[
edit
]
In
2003
, Hickenlooper ran for mayor of Denver.
[18]
Campaigning on his business experience, he developed a series of creative television ads that separated him from the rest of the crowded field, including one in which he addressed unhappiness over a recent increase in parking rates by walking the streets to "feed"
meters
.
[18]
He won the election and in July 2003 he took office as the 43rd mayor of Denver.
[19]
TIME Magazine
named him one of America's five best big-city mayors in 2005.
[20]
On taking office, Hickenlooper inherited a "$70 million budget deficit, the worst in city history", which he was able to eliminate in his first term "without major service cuts or layoffs", according to
Time
.
[20]
[21]
He won bipartisan support for a multibillion-dollar
mass public transit project
, intended in part to attract investment and funded by a voter-approved
sales tax
increase.
[22]
[21]
[23]
In 2003, Hickenlooper announced a ten-year plan to end homelessness in Denver, citing it as one of the issues that prompted him to run for mayor.
[24]
[25]
[26]
280 U.S. cities announced similar plans. The effort did not end homelessness in Denver, and in 2015 Denver's city auditor "released a scathing audit faulting the plan's implementation."
[27]
The head of the agency responsible defended the program, saying it was "still housing 300-400 people a month in varying ways", while Hickenlooper argued that the point of such an ambitious target was to focus attention and resources on the problem.
[27]
In his governor's budget request for 2017?18, he asked lawmakers to allocate $12.3 million from taxes on marijuana to building homes for chronically homeless people.
[25]
[24]
Hickenlooper established the Denver Scholarship Foundation, providing needs-based college
scholarships
to high school graduates.
[28]
In May 2007, Hickenlooper was reelected with 88% of the vote.
[29]
He resigned as mayor just before his inauguration as governor.
2008 Democratic National Convention
[
edit
]
Hickenlooper was an executive member of the
Denver 2008 Convention Host Committee
and helped lead the successful campaign for Denver to host the 2008 Democratic National Convention, which was also the centennial anniversary of the city's hosting of the
1908 Democratic National Convention
.
In a controversial move decried by critics as breaching partisan ethics, the Hickenlooper administration arranged for the DNC host committee, a private nonprofit organization, to get untaxed fuel from Denver city-owned pumps, saving them $0.404 per US gallon ($0.107/L).
[30]
Once the arrangement came to light, the host committee agreed to pay taxes on the fuel already consumed and on all future fuel purchases.
[31]
Also, Coors brewing company, based in Golden, Colorado, used "waste beer" to provide the ethanol to power a fleet of FlexFuel vehicles used during the convention.
[32]
Governor of Colorado
[
edit
]
Elections
[
edit
]
2010
[
edit
]
Hickenlooper was viewed as a possible contender for
governor of Colorado
in the
November 2006 election
to replace term-limited
Republican
governor
Bill Owens
. Despite a "Draft Hick" campaign, he announced on February 6, 2006, that he would not run for governor. Later, he supported Democratic candidate
Bill Ritter
, Denver's former
district attorney
, who was subsequently elected.
[33]
After Ritter announced on January 6, 2010, that he would step down at the end of his term, Hickenlooper was cited as a potential candidate for governor.
[34]
He said that if Salazar mounted a bid for governor, he would likely not challenge him in a Democratic primary.
[35]
On January 7, 2010, Salazar confirmed that he would not run for governor in 2010 and endorsed Hickenlooper.
[36]
On January 12, 2010, media outlets reported that Hickenlooper would begin a campaign for governor.
[37]
On August 5, 2010, he selected
CSU-Pueblo
president
Joseph A. Garcia
as his running mate.
[38]
Hickenlooper was elected with 51% of the vote, ahead of former congressman Tom Tancredo, running on the
American Constitution Party
ticket, who finished with 36.4% of the vote.
[39]
2014
[
edit
]
Hickenlooper won a tightly contested gubernatorial election with a plurality of 49.0% of the vote against Republican businessman Bob Beauprez.
[40]
Tenure
[
edit
]
On January 11, 2011, Hickenlooper was sworn in as the 42nd governor of Colorado after winning by 15 points. He was the second Denver mayor ever elected governor. His victory was a landslide despite Democrats' poor results overall in the 2010 elections. Republicans flipped twelve governorships nationwide in 2010.
[5]
NPR
described Hickenlooper as having a "pro-business centrist profile" and as "known to try to build consensus and compromise on tough issues",
[41]
while
5280
called him as "one of those unicorn-rare, truly apolitical politicians", noting support from business leaders and some Republicans.
[5]
[21]
On December 4, 2012, Hickenlooper was elected to serve as vice chair of the
Democratic Governors Association
.
[42]
On August 25, 2017, it was reported that Republican Governor of
Ohio
John Kasich
was considering the possibility of a 2020 unity ticket to run against
Donald Trump
, with Hickenlooper as vice president.
[43]
Constitutionally limited to two consecutive terms,
[44]
Hickenlooper could not run for governor in 2018.
On June 5, 2020, the Colorado Independent Ethics Commission fined Hickenlooper $2,750 for twice violating Colorado's gift ban as governor.
[45]
[46]
Hickenlooper received a flight on a private jet owned by homebuilder and donor Larry Mizel, the founder of MDC Holdings.
[47]
He also received private security and a ride to the airport in a
Maserati
limousine on a trip to the Bilderberg Meetings in Italy.
[48]
The state spent an estimated $127,000 in attorney's fees investigating the violation.
[46]
U.S. Senate
[
edit
]
Elections
[
edit
]
2020
[
edit
]
Hickenlooper had previously been considered the front-runner to fill the
United States Senate
seat to be vacated by
Ken Salazar
upon his confirmation as
Secretary of the Interior
in the
Obama administration
.
[49]
He confirmed his interest in the seat.
[50]
But on January 3, 2009, Governor Bill Ritter appointed Denver Public Schools Superintendent
Michael Bennet
to the position.
[51]
Bennet previously served as Hickenlooper's chief of staff.
In a YouTube video published to his campaign channel on August 22, 2019, Hickenlooper announced that he would run for the
United States Senate
in
2020
.
[52]
Some preliminary polling data showed him with a substantial lead against incumbent Republican
U.S. Senator Cory Gardner
.
[53]
Hickenlooper was also leading the Democratic primary field by a fairly wide margin before he announced.
[54]
He was quickly endorsed by the
Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee
, a move protested by candidates already running before Hickenlooper's entry.
[55]
On June 30, Hickenlooper defeated former state house Speaker
Andrew Romanoff
in the Democratic primary,
[56]
winning the nomination to challenge one-term incumbent Republican
Cory Gardner
.
[57]
He defeated Gardner by 9 points
[58]
and took office on January 3, 2021.
Tenure
[
edit
]
In the wake of the
2021 storming of the United States Capitol
, Hickenlooper said he would support efforts to remove Donald Trump from office, in line with most of his party.
[59]
Committee assignments
[
edit
]
2020 presidential campaign
[
edit
]
On March 4, 2019, Hickenlooper announced his
campaign
to seek the
Democratic nomination
for
president of the United States
in
2020
.
[62]
[63]
[64]
His candidacy had been a matter of media speculation for months before his announcement.
[65]
[66]
Hickenlooper formally launched his campaign on March 7, 2019, in
Denver, Colorado
.
[67]
A video titled "Stand Tall" was released to announce the campaign and outline his reasons for running.
[64]
Hickenlooper formed Giddy Up PAC in 2018 in anticipation of a presidential campaign, raising more than $600,000 in the midterm cycle.
[68]
The campaign struggled to gain traction in the crowded and increasingly competitive Democratic presidential primary field, and Hickenlooper ended his candidacy in a
YouTube
video on August 15, 2019.
[69]
[70]
[71]
Political positions
[
edit
]
Capital punishment
[
edit
]
In 2013, a campaign sought
clemency
for Nathan Dunlap, a black man facing execution for the
1993 murder
of four people, with three former jurors saying they would not have voted for the death penalty had they known of his undiagnosed mental illness, while the mother of a victim, a former co-worker of Dunlap, and the Arapahoe County District Attorney urged Hickenlooper to let the execution take place.
[72]
[73]
Hickenlooper granted Dunlap a reprieve, reversible by a future governor, citing inequity in the legal system and the evidence against capital punishment's effectiveness as a deterrent, saying, "It is a legitimate question whether we as a state should be taking lives".
[72]
[74]
In Hickenlooper's 2016 memoir, he came out against the death penalty, saying his views had changed after he became more familiar with the research showing bias against minorities and people with mental illnesses.
[75]
Disaster recovery
[
edit
]
In May 2014, Hickenlooper signed five bills related to disaster relief in the wake of flooding and wildfires. The bills funded grants to remove flood debris from watersheds and to repair flood-damaged schools and damaged wastewater and drinking water systems. They also exempted people who lost homes from having to pay property taxes and out-of-state disaster workers from having to pay Colorado state income tax.
[76]
Drug policy
[
edit
]
In 2005, Denver voted to
legalize possession of small amounts of cannabis
, becoming the first major U.S. city to do so.
[77]
Hickenlooper opposed the initiative as mayor, calling marijuana a
gateway drug
and saying that the initiative would not prevent enforcement of state law prohibiting cannabis.
[77]
As governor in 2012, he opposed
Amendment 64
, which made Colorado the first state along with Washington to allow the sale and recreational use of cannabis. Hickenlooper said the initiative "sends the wrong message to kids that drugs are OK" and that "federal authorities have been clear they will not turn a blind eye toward states attempting to trump those laws".
[78]
Despite his opposition, he worked with the state legislature to implement the initiative after it passed, and a federal crackdown on sale of the drug never materialized.
[79]
As Colorado's new laws were implemented and the results became clearer, Hickenlooper's views evolved.
[80]
In 2016, he said that Colorado's approach to cannabis legalization was "beginning to look like it might work".
[81]
In 2019, he said that "the things that I feared six years ago have not come to pass"
[82]
and that he would be happy to decriminalize cannabis at the federal level if he became president.
[83]
He also said that the federal government should not stop states from decriminalizing illicit drugs beyond marijuana, as well as allowing for safe,
supervised injection sites
.
[84]
In 2022 he introduced the PREPARE Act, to direct the attorney general to develop a regulatory framework for cannabis similar to alcohol, in preparation for federal legalization of the drug.
[85]
[86]
Economic policy
[
edit
]
In March 2014, Hickenlooper signed House Bill 1241, which funded the Rural Economic Development Initiative (REDI).
[87]
In 2016, Hickenlooper launched a program called Skillful, with the help of
LinkedIn
and the Markle Foundation. The program uses online tools and on-the-ground advisors to help businesses create job descriptions to tap into a wider job pool and help job seekers fill high-need jobs and connect them with job training.
[88]
Twenty other states are now following. In 2017, Skillful added the Governors Coaching Corps. program, a career coaching initiative operated out of workforce center, community colleges, and nonprofits, with the help of a $25.8 million grant from Microsoft.
[89]
Hickenlooper calls himself "a fiscal conservative." He has said, "I don't think the government needs to be bigger. I think the government's got to work, and people have got to believe in government, and I think that's part of the problem," and "I think what a lot of Americans want is better government, not bigger government."
[21]
Energy and environment
[
edit
]
Hickenlooper's administration created the first methane-capture regulations for oil and gas companies in the entire country. The rules prevented 95% of volatile organic compounds and methane from leaking from hydraulic fracturing wells.
[90]
The rules were later used as blueprints for California, Canada, and the federal government's own new rules.
[91]
After Trump announced that the United States would leave the
Paris Climate Accord
, Hickenlooper joined more than a dozen other states in retaining the accord's
greenhouse gas emission
reduction goals.
[92]
NPR
has called Hickenlooper a "strong supporter of Colorado's oil and gas industry".
[41]
Unlike most Democrats, he supports
hydraulic fracking
, a controversial oil and
natural gas
extraction process.
[93]
Before politics, Hickenlooper was a geologist. He believes fracking is a beneficial practice with minimal environmental harm, even testifying in a 2013 hearing before the
Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources
that he had drunk a glass of fracking fluid produced by
Halliburton
.
[24]
[94]
In February 2021, Hickenlooper was one of seven Democratic U.S. senators to join Republicans in blocking a ban of
hydraulic fracturing
, commonly known as fracking.
[95]
In September 2023, Hickenlooper introduced the
BIG WIRES Act
in the
United States Senate
as S. 2827
[96]
alongside Representative
Scott Peters
, who introduced it in the
House of Representatives
.
[97]
The bill's provisions direct the
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)
to "establish minimum interregional transfer capabilities", better coordinating construction of
electrical transmission
lines.
[98]
The bill is part of broader push to accelerate permitting for clean energy.
[99]
Gun policy
[
edit
]
Exactly eight months after the 2012
mass shooting in Aurora, Colorado
, Hickenlooper signed bills into law requiring
universal background checks
on all gun transfers in Colorado except gifts between immediate family members, and banning
magazines
with more than 15 rounds.
[100]
[101]
Although most Coloradans supported the measures, according to polling by the
Denver Post
,
[100]
the bills' opponents gathered enough signatures to trigger special elections leading to the ousting of Democratic state senators
John Morse
and
Angela Giron
and the resignation of
Evie Hudak
.
[102]
Hickenlooper was a member of
Mayors Against Illegal Guns
until 2011.
[103]
In 2018, he supported a Red Flag or Extreme Risk Protection Order Bill in the legislature that would have allowed judges to temporally restrict firearm access to those deemed a significant risk to themselves or others.
[104]
The GOP-controlled State Senate never let the bill out of committee that legislative session.
[105]
Healthcare and abortion
[
edit
]
Hickenlooper expanded
Medicaid
and established Colorado's
health insurance marketplace
,
Connect for Health Colorado
, through the provisions of the
Affordable Care Act
. The state's
uninsured
rate dropped from 14.3% in 2013 to 6.5% in 2017. Approximately 350,000 Coloradans, about a quarter of whom are undocumented immigrants and thus ineligible for public insurance, remained without insurance coverage. The price of health insurance coverage continued to rise in Colorado, which has some of the highest premiums in the nation.
[106]
Hickenlooper is
pro-choice
on abortion rights. After
Roe v. Wade
was overturned
in June 2022, he said the decision "threatens not just a woman’s physical health & control over her own future, but it also threatens to put women & their doctors in jail", and that "Republicans should join Democrats today and vote to keep politics out of reproductive health care decisions."
[107]
Immigration
[
edit
]
As governor, Hickenlooper signed legislation granting in-state tuition to
Dreamers
(DACA) and joined a lawsuit to stop the Trump administration from ending DACA.
[108]
During his
2019 campaign for President
, Hickenlooper described the
Trump administration family separation policy
as ″kidnapping″ and said it would be ″crazy″ to deport 11 million undocumented immigrants.
[109]
Hickenlooper voted against providing economic support to undocumented immigrants during the
COVID-19 pandemic
on February 4, 2021.
[110]
[111]
Sex work
[
edit
]
In March 2019, Hickenlooper said he supported legalizing
sex work
and regulating "where there are norms and protections".
[84]
[112]
Tech issues and cryptocurrency
[
edit
]
During his 2020 presidential campaign, Hickenlooper voiced concern about potential monopolistic activity in the tech sector, and identified
Amazon
and
Google
as potentially hindering competition. His platform called for revamping the
Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
to clamp down on anti-competitive behavior.
[113]
As governor, Hickenlooper set up a Council for the Advancement of Blockchain Technology to coordinate Colorado's approach to
blockchain
policy.
[114]
Personal life
[
edit
]
Marriages
[
edit
]
Hickenlooper's first wife,
Helen Thorpe
, is a writer whose work has been published in
The New Yorker
,
The New York Times Magazine
,
George
, and
Texas Monthly
. Before they separated, they lived in Denver's
Park Hill
neighborhood with their son, Teddy.
[115]
Upon taking office as governor, Hickenlooper and his family decided to maintain their private residence instead of moving to the
Colorado Governor's Mansion
.
[116]
On July 31, 2012, Hickenlooper announced that he and Thorpe were divorcing after 10 years of marriage.
[117]
After the divorce, Hickenlooper moved into the Governor's Mansion. Hickenlooper married Robin Pringle on January 16, 2016.
[118]
Pringle and Hickenlooper welcomed a baby boy via surrogate in December 2022.
[119]
Family background
[
edit
]
Hickenlooper is of partial Dutch descent.
[120]
His mother's family were practicing
Quakers
. He spent a summer in his teens volunteering with the
American Friends Service Committee
in
Robbinston, Maine
, helping establish a volunteer-run free school.
[121]
In 2010, Hickenlooper told
The Philadelphia Inquirer
that he and Thorpe attended
Quaker meetings
and tried to live by Quaker values.
[122]
In a 2018 speech to the Economic Club of Chicago, Hickenlooper said "I'm not a Quaker", but spoke about the role of Quaker teaching in his approach to government.
[123]
A cousin,
George Hickenlooper
(1963?2010) was an
Emmy
-winning documentary filmmaker.
[124]
He is the great-grandson of
Civil War
Brivet Brigadier General
Andrew Hickenlooper
and the grandson of federal judge
Smith Hickenlooper
. Other relatives include pianist
Olga Samaroff
(nee Lucy Mary Olga Agnes Hickenlooper), the first wife of conductor
Leopold Stokowski
, and great-uncle
Bourke Hickenlooper
, who served as
governor of Iowa
and a U.S. senator from Iowa.
[125]
[126]
Writer
Kurt Vonnegut
was a friend of Hickenlooper's father. Meeting later in life, Vonnegut offered advice that came to guide Hickenlooper's life: "Be very careful who you pretend to be, because that's who you're going to be."
[21]
In his 2016 memoir, Hickenlooper mentioned that he watched the 1972 pornographic movie
Deep Throat
with his mother alongside one of his friends.
[14]
[127]
He later recounted the event during his 2020 presidential campaign.
[127]
Hickenlooper is an avid
squash
player and continues to compete as a ranked player in national tournaments.
[128]
As of 2019, Hickenlooper's net worth was more than $8 million.
[129]
[130]
Health
[
edit
]
Hickenlooper lives with
prosopagnosia
, commonly known as "face blindness".
[131]
In popular culture
[
edit
]
- Hickenlooper appears in
Kurt Vonnegut
's novel
Timequake
.
[132]
The author had been college friends with Hickenlooper's father.
- For a 2004 roast of the then-mayor of Denver, Vonnegut declared in a joke video that he was Hickenlooper's real father.
[133]
- In November 2012,
Esquire
interviewed Hickenlooper as one of the "Americans of the Year 2012".
[134]
- Hickenlooper made a cameo appearance in his cousin George Hickenlooper's 2010 film
Casino Jack
.
[135]
[136]
Electoral history
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"MacDonald, Anne Morris"
.
The Philadelphia Inquirer
. April 6, 2003. Death notice.
MACDONALD, ANNE MORRIS, age 82, of Dunwoody Village, Newtown Square, PA. On April 3, 2003. Beloved wife of William M. Macdonald, loving mother of Elizabeth Kennedy Hollins, Sydney Morris Kennedy, Deborah Hickenlooper Rohan and John W. Hickenlooper, Jr.; also survived by 4 grandchildren, sister of Maysie Morris Henrotin, Jane Morris Stewart-Clark and Helen Morris Blackwood.
- ^
Pramuk, Jacob (November 3, 2020).
"John Hickenlooper projected to win Colorado Senate race, a pickup for Democrats"
.
CNBC
.
- ^
Luning, Ernest (December 29, 2020).
"TRAIL MIX | Superlatives pile up in record-shattering 2020 election"
.
Colorado Politics
. Retrieved
December 29,
2020
.
At 68, Hickenlooper is the oldest Coloradan to first win election to the U.S. Senate.
- ^
Lizza, Ryan
(May 13, 2013).
"The Middleman: Colorado's Governor Finds Himself Leading His State to the Left"
. The Political Scene.
The New Yorker
. Vol. 89, no. 13. pp. 26?31
. Retrieved
March 7,
2019
.
- ^
a
b
c
Potter, Maximillian (July 24, 2012).
"The Happy Shrewdness of John W. Hickenlooper"
.
5280
. Retrieved
April 18,
2019
.
- ^
"Briefing: Denver"
.
Rocky Mountain News
. Scripps Interactive Newspapers Group. April 4, 2003
. Retrieved
May 15,
2016
.
- ^
"Mrs. Anne Kennedy Engaged"
.
The New York Times
. May 9, 1948.
- ^
Hickenlooper, John; Potter, Maximillian (May 24, 2016).
The Opposite of Woe: My Life in Beer and Politics
. Penguin.
ISBN
9781101981689
– via Google Books.
- ^
"Gov. Hickenlooper "Civil War: The Untold Story"
. Archived from
the original
on May 6, 2014
. Retrieved
July 16,
2016
.
- ^
Hickenlooper, John
; Potter, Maximillian (2016).
The Opposite of Woe, My Life in Beer and Politics
. New York: Penguin Press. pp. 37, 112.
- ^
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Further reading
[
edit
]
- Hickenlooper, John; Potter, Maximillian (2016).
The Opposite of Woe: My Life in Beer and Politics
. New York: Penguin Press.
ISBN
9781101981672
.
OCLC
929055877
.
External links
[
edit
]
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