First Catholic bishop and archbishop in the United States
John Carroll
|
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|
![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/John_Carroll_Gilbert_Stuart.jpg/220px-John_Carroll_Gilbert_Stuart.jpg) |
Church
| Catholic Church
|
---|
Province
| Baltimore
|
---|
See
| Baltimore
|
---|
Appointed
| November 6, 1789
|
---|
Installed
| December 12, 1790
|
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Term ended
| December 3, 1815
|
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Predecessor
| Diocese erected
|
---|
Successor
| Leonard Neale
|
---|
|
Ordination
| February 14, 1761
|
---|
Consecration
| August 15, 1790
by
Charles Walmesley
|
---|
|
Born
| January 8, 1735
|
---|
Died
| December 3, 1815
(1815-12-03)
(aged 80)
Baltimore, Maryland
, United States
|
---|
Motto
| Ne derelinquas nos domine deus noster
(Forsake us not, O Lord, my God, stay not far from me)
|
---|
John Carroll
SJ
(January 8, 1735 ? December 3, 1815
[1]
) was an
American Catholic
prelate who served as the first
Bishop of Baltimore
, the first diocese in the new
United States
. He later became the first Archbishop of Baltimore. Until 1808, Carroll administered the entire U.S. Catholic Church. He was a member of the
Society of Jesus
until its
suppression
in 1759.
Born to an aristocratic family in the colonial-era
Province of Maryland
, Carroll spent most of his early years as a priest in
Europe
, teaching and serving as a
chaplain
. After returning to Maryland in 1773, he started organizing the Catholic Church in America with a small cadre of priests. The
Vatican
appointed him to several roles as leader of the American Catholic hierarchy, culminating in his appointment as archbishop.
Carroll founded
Georgetown University
in
Washington, D.C.
, and
St. John the Evangelist Parish
in
Silver Spring, Maryland
, the first
secular
parish
in the country.
Early life and education
[
edit
]
Carroll was born on January 8, 1735, in
Upper Marlborough, Maryland
in the colonial-era
Province of Maryland
, to Daniel Carroll I and
Eleanor Darnall Carroll
at the Carroll family
plantation
.
[2]
[a]
[5]
[6]
John Carroll grew up on the plantation.
[7]
John Carroll was home-schooled by Eleanor Carroll, then sent to a Catholic school in Bohemia Manor, Maryland. As the
Province of Maryland
did not allow Catholic education, the school was run secretly by the Jesuit Reverend Thomas Poulton. When Carroll reached age 13, his family sent him and his cousin Charles to the
College of St. Omer
in the
Artois
region of France. The school was a popular destination for the education of boys from wealthy Catholic families in Maryland.
[10]
Jesuit
[
edit
]
Letter of Bishop Challoner to the Maryland Jesuits informing them of the suppression of the Society of Jesus
Carroll joined the
Society of Jesus
as a
postulant
at age 18 in 1753. In 1755, he began his studies of philosophy and theology at a Jesuit seminary in Liege, Belgium. After fourteen years, the Jesuits ordained Carroll to the
diaconate
.
[8]
On February 14, 1761, Carroll was ordained to the priesthood in Liege by Bishop Pierre Louis Jacquet. Carroll was formally professed as a Jesuit in 1771.
[7]
[11]
Carroll remained in Europe until he was almost 40, teaching at St Omer and in Liege. He also served as chaplain to a British aristocrat traveling in Europe.
[12]
When Pope Clement XIV
suppressed the Society of Jesus
in 1773, Carroll returned to the family plantation in Maryland. The suppression of the Jesuits was a painful experience for Carroll; he suspected that the
Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith
was responsible for it.
[12]
Since the laws of Maryland prohibited the establishment of a Catholic parish, Carroll worked as a missionary in both Maryland and the
Province of Virginia
.
[8]
In 1774, he built a small chapel on the plantation called St. John the Evangelist.
[13]
In 1776, the
Continental Congress
asked Charles Carroll, attorney
Samuel Chase
and
Benjamin Franklin
to travel to British
Province of Canada
on a diplomatic mission. Charles persuaded his cousin John to join the delegation. The goal of the mission was to persuade the French population of the province to ally themselves with the
Thirteen Colonies
in the
American Revolution
.
[7]
However, the mission to Canada was a failure; the American delegation could not win any support there.
Jean-Olivier Briand
, the bishop of Quebec, banned his priests from meeting with Carroll and the rest of the mission. When Franklin became sick, Carroll escorted him back from Montreal to
Philadelphia
.
[14]
Carroll then returned to the family plantation, performing ministerial duties during the war years.
[8]
Superior of the Missions
[
edit
]
During the colonial period, the Catholic clergy in the Thirteen American colonies were under the jurisdiction of the
Apostolic Vicariate of the London District
in England. After the American Revolution, anti-British sentiment in the new United States made it important to change that jurisdiction. When Bishop
Richard Challoner
, the most recent vicar-apostolic, died in 1781, his successor, Bishop
James Talbot
, refused to exercise jurisdiction in the United States. The Vatican had to come up with a new arrangement.
[15]
The end of the American Revolution marked the loosening of anti-Catholic sentiment and laws in the United States. Beginning on June 27, 1783, Carroll held a series of meetings at
White Marsh Manor
in
Bowie, Maryland
. These meetings started the formation of the American Catholic Church.
[16]
That same year, Carroll and several supporters began fundraising for an Academy of Georgetown for educating Maryland Catholics.
Regarding the leadership of the American church, the Maryland priests felt it was too soon to have an American bishop.
[15]
The
papal nuncio
in France, Cardinal
Giuseppe Doria Pamphili
, then asked the American ambassador, Benjamin Franklin, for advice on the matter.
[17]
Franklin responded that the
separation of Church and State
did not permit the U.S. Government officially to indicate a preference. Privately, he suggested that the Vatican put a French bishop in charge of the American church. Franklin also expressed his admiration for Carroll's abilities.
[15]
On June 9, 1784,
Pope Pius VI
appointed Carroll as provisional
superior of the missions
for the United States, with the power to celebrate the sacrament of
confirmation
.
[17]
[18]
The Vatican reportedly appointed Carroll to please Franklin.
[12]
Reforms
[
edit
]
Financial reform and lay involvement
[
edit
]
Unlike in other countries, Catholicism was not regulated by government in the new United States. With little contact with the Vatican and no American hierarchy, local parishes were setting their own standards and practices. Some communities created churches administered by laity without Carroll's permission. Other parishes were controlled exclusively by their clergy.
Through his meetings with the clergy, Carroll sought to build a church structure that accepted the need for lay involvement while providing a reasonable degree of hierarchical control.
Early ecumenical efforts
[
edit
]
Carroll frequently published articles refuting anti-Catholic slanders and misinformation. He also fought proposals to establish a Protestant denomination as a
state religion
. However, Carroll always treated non-Catholics with respect and said that Catholics and Protestants should work together. Carroll suggested that the chief obstacles to Christian unity were the lack of clarity by the Vatican on the boundaries of
papal primacy
and the use of Latin in the Catholic liturgy.
[15]
Apostolic prefect of the United States
[
edit
]
Certificate of Carroll's episcopal consecration
After the end of the American Revolution (1775?1783), on November 26, 1784, the Vatican established the
Apostolic Prefecture of the United States
, naming Carroll its as prefect apostolic.
[8]
In a February 1785 letter to Cardinal
Leonardo Antonelli
, Carroll reported on the status of the Catholic Church in Maryland, which had the largest Catholic population in the United States. He said that despite having only 19 priests in Maryland, some of the more prominent families in the state were still observant Catholics. He did mention that some of these Catholics enjoyed dancing and novel-reading. Carroll also urged the Vatican to allow American clergy a voice in appointing their first bishop, to ease their fears of Vatican control.
[8]
Pope Pius VI
granted Carroll's request "that the priests in Maryland be allowed to suggest two or three names from which the Pope would choose their bishop". The pope also designated Baltimore as the first see for an American diocese, again at the priests' request.
[8]
The Maryland clergy, by a vote of 24 to 1 in April 1789, recommended that the Vatican appoint Carroll as the first bishop of Baltimore.
[8]
Bishop of Baltimore
[
edit
]
Chapel at Lulworth Castle in Dorset, England, where Reverend Carroll was consecrated bishop of Baltimore.
On November 6, 1789, Pius VI appointed Carroll as bishop of Baltimore. He was consecrated in England by Bishop
Charles Walmesley
. He was assisted by the Reverends Charles Plowden and James Porter, on August 15, 1790, in the chapel of
Lulworth Castle
in
Dorset
.
[19]
[8]
[11]
Returning to the United States, Carroll was invested as bishop at
St. Thomas Manor Church
in
Charles County, Maryland
.
[20]
When it was established, the Diocese of Baltimore had jurisdiction over what is today the area of the United States east of the
Mississippi River
.
Carroll selected the
Church of St. Peter
in Baltimore to serve as his
pro-cathedral
. Constructed in 1770, St. Peter was the first Catholic church in Baltimore.
[21]
The pro-cathedral was the site of the first synod of American priests and deacons in 1791.
[22]
It also hosted the first ordination of a priest (1793) and the first consecration of a bishop (1800) in the United States.
[23]
[24]
In March 1790, Carroll sent a message of congratulations, along with a blessing, to the newly elected President
George Washington
on behalf of all American Catholics.
[25]
In 1795, at Carroll's request, the Vatican appointed Reverend
Leonard Neale
as a
coadjutor bishop
in Baltimore to assist him.
[26]
In 1804, the Vatican gave Carroll jurisdiction over the Catholic Church in the of the
Danish West Indies
.
[27]
In 1805, the
Louisiana Territory
was added. Carroll was elected a member of the
American Antiquarian Society
in July 1815.
[28]
Founding of Georgetown University
[
edit
]
Statue of Bishop / Archbishop John Carroll
at
Healy Hall
at Georgetown University
Since 1783, Carroll had been striving to build a Catholic institution to train American priests and educate Catholic lay people, both men and women. Construction of
Georgetown College
started in 1788 in the
Village of Georgetown
in the newly established
District of Columbia
.
[29]
With the ending of the Jesuit suppression, the order was able to administer the new college. Georgetown College opened on November 22, 1791
[30]
The
Bishop John Carroll
statue is located at the university.
First diocesan synod
[
edit
]
In 1791, Carroll convened a synod in Baltimore, the first diocesan
synod
in American history. It was attended by 21 priests. The agenda items included:
- Baptism sacrament
- Confirmation sacrament
- Penance
- Celebration of the liturgy in the
mass
and prayer services of the hours
- Anointing of the sick
- Mixed marriages between Catholics and non-Catholics
- Rules of
fasting and abstinence
[31]
The synod decrees represent the first local canonical legislation in the new nation. One decree dictation that parishes divide their income into one third to support their clergy, one third to maintain their churches and the remainder to aid the poor.
[31]
Religious in the diocese
[
edit
]
To train priests for his new diocese, Carroll asked the
Fathers of the Company of Saint Sulpice
to come from France to Baltimore. The Sulpicians arrived in 1791 and started the nucleus of
St. Mary's College and Seminary
in Baltimore.
[8]
Carroll gave his approval for the establishment of the
Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary
in Baltimore.
[14]
He was not successful, however, in inducing the
Carmelites
, who had come to Maryland in 1790, to take up the work of education.
[
citation needed
]
In 1796, a group of
Augustinian
friars from Ireland arrived in Philadelphia.
[32]
Carroll took the lead in restoring the Jesuit Order in Maryland in 1805, without informing Rome, by using an affiliation with the Russian Jesuits. They had been protected in the
Russian Empire
from suppression by
Catherine the Great
. That same year Carroll, urged
Dominican
friars from England to open a priory and college in Kentucky to serve the numerous Catholics who had been migrating there from Maryland. In 1809, the Sulpicians invited Sister
Elizabeth Ann Seton
to come to
Emmitsburg, Maryland
, to found a school. Carroll had to contend with a "medley of clerical characters".
[12]
One of the most notorious was Simon Felix Gallagher of Charleston, an eloquent alcoholic with a large following.
[33]
Construction of the first cathedral
[
edit
]
Carroll lays the cornerstone for the Cathedral of the Assumption in Baltimore
By the early 19th century, the Diocese of Baltimore had outgrown the St. Peter's Pro-Cathedral. In 1806, Carroll oversaw the construction of the first cathedral, the Cathedral of the Assumption in Baltimore.
The new cathedral was designed by architect
Benjamin Latrobe
, who had overseen construction of the new
United States Capitol
building. Carroll laid the cornerstone of the new cathedral on July 7, 1806.
[34]
Elevation to archbishop
[
edit
]
In April 1808,
Pope Pius VII
elevated the Diocese of Baltimore into the Archdiocese of Baltimore, making the first archdiocese in the United States.
[35]
The pope divided the nation into four suffragan dioceses under the new archdiocese:
Pius VII named Carroll as the first archbishop of Baltimore.
[35]
In 1808, he consecrated Reverend
Michael Egan
as the first bishop of Philadelphia. Two years later, Carroll consecrated Reverend
Jean-Louis Lefebvre de Cheverus
as the first bishop of Boston and Reverend
Benedict Flaget
as the first bishop of Bardstown.
[35]
Death
[
edit
]
John Carroll died in Baltimore on December 3, 1815.
[35]
His remains are interred in the crypt of the
Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary
..
[34]
Viewpoints
[
edit
]
Vernacular liturgy
[
edit
]
During this period, the scriptures were read in Latin during masses and Catholics had limited access to bible translations. Carroll strongly believed that Catholics should be able to read and hear the scriptures in English or whatever vernacular language they used. He insisted that priests perform liturgical readings in the vernacular. He was a tireless promoter of the
Carey Bible
, an edition of the English-language
Douay-Rheims
translation that was published in sections. He encouraged clergy and laity to purchase subscriptions to this bible so that they could read the scriptures.
[15]
As both superior of the missions and bishop, Carroll promoted the use of
vernacular
languages in the liturgy, but was never able to gain the support of the Vatican. In 1787, he wrote:
Can there be anything more preposterous than an unknown tongue; and in this country either for want of books or inability to read, the great part of our congregations must be utterly ignorant of the meaning and sense of the public office of the Church. It may have been prudent, for aught I know, to impose a compliance in this matter with the insulting and reproachful demands of the first reformers; but to continue the practice of the Latin liturgy in the present state of things must be owing either to chimerical fears of innovation or to indolence and inattention in the first pastors of the national Churches in not joining to solicit or indeed ordain this necessary alteration.
[36]
It would be nearly 200 years until Carroll's wish for vernacular language-liturgy was realized in the United States as a result of the
Second Vatican Council
(in Eastern Catholic Churches the use of English was permitted even few years earlier).
Slavery
[
edit
]
Carroll advocated for the humane treatment and religious education of enslaved people by their owners. However, in his early years, he never called for the
abolition of slavery
in the United States.
[37]
In later years, he promoted a policy of voluntary
gradual emancipation
by slave owners. Carroll believed that this policy would prevent the breakup of families of enslaved people and allow for the care of their elderly.
[15]
Responding to critics of this approach, he said:
Since the great stir raised in England about Slavery, my Brethren being anxious to suppress censure, which some are always glad to affix to the priesthood, have begun some years ago, and are gradually proceeding to emancipate the old population on their estates. To proceed at once to make it a general measure, would not be either humanity toward the Individuals, nor doing justice to the trust, under which the estates have been transmitted and received.
[15]
In 2018, investigations by Georgetown University and
John Carroll University
revealed that Carroll owned two enslaved men while he was bishop and archbishop: Charles and Alexis.
[38]
[39]
[40]
Carroll sold Alexis in 1806 to a Baltimore man named Mr. Stenson, but Carroll kept Charles.
[38]
In his will, Carroll bequeathed ownership of Charles to his nephew, the diplomat
Daniel Brent
, on the condition that Brent free Charles within a year of Carroll's death. Carroll also provided Charles with a small inheritance.
[41]
[39]
Legacy
[
edit
]
John Carroll University
Schools
[
edit
]
Other namings
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
Some sources identify his date of birth as January 19 or January 25.
[3]
[4]
References
[
edit
]
Citations
[
edit
]
- ^
Chisholm, Hugh
, ed. (1911).
"Carroll, John"
.
Encyclopædia Britannica
(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^
Melville 1955
, p. 1
- ^
Guilday (vol. 1) 1922
, p. xi
- ^
Spalding, Thomas W.
"Most Rev. John Carroll"
.
Archdiocese of Baltimore
.
Archived
from the original on July 22, 2021
. Retrieved
September 1,
2021
.
- ^
Dolan, Timothy M.
"Library : Right from the Start: John Carroll, Our First Bishop"
.
Catholic Culture
. Retrieved
November 27,
2023
.
- ^
O'Donovan 1908
- ^
a
b
c
"Library : Right From the Start: John Carroll, Our First Bishop"
.
www.catholicculture.org
. Retrieved
October 28,
2022
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: John Carroll"
.
www.newadvent.org
. Retrieved
October 28,
2022
.
- ^
"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Charles Carroll of Carrollton"
.
www.newadvent.org
. Retrieved
November 28,
2023
.
- ^
"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Charles Carroll of Carrollton"
.
www.newadvent.org
. Retrieved
October 28,
2022
.
- ^
a
b
"Archbishop John Carroll [Catholic-Hierarchy]"
.
www.catholic-hierarchy.org
. Retrieved
November 27,
2023
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Pilch, John J. (1989).
"American Catholicism's Bicentennial"
.
Catholic Review
. Archived from
the original
on May 26, 2013
. Retrieved
October 28,
2022
.
- ^
Melton, J. Gordon (January 15, 2014).
Faiths Across Time [4 Volumes]: 5,000 Years of Religious History [4 Volumes]
. ABC-CLIO.
ISBN
978-1-61069-026-3
.
- ^
a
b
"Archbishop John Carroll"
.
www.baltimorebasilica.org
. Retrieved
October 28,
2022
.
[
permanent dead link
]
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
Hennesey, James J. (March 24, 1983).
American Catholics: A History of the Roman Catholic Community in the United States
. Oxford University Press.
ISBN
978-0-19-802036-3
. Retrieved
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– via Google Books.
- ^
"Parish History"
.
Sacred Heart Catholic Church
. Retrieved
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.
- ^
a
b
Archivum Historiae Pontificiae
. Vol. 16. p. 178
. Retrieved
July 10,
2021
.
- ^
Hennessy, James (1978). "An eighteenth century bishop: John Carroll of Baltimore".
Archivum Storiae Pontificiae
.
16
. GBPress- Gregorian Biblical Press: 171?204.
JSTOR
23563998
.
- ^
Corcoran, James Andrew; Ryan, Patrick John; Prendergast, Edmond Francis (1889).
The American Catholic Quarterly Review
. Hardy and Mahony.
- ^
"Maryland Historical Trust"
.
St. Thomas Manor, Charles County
. Maryland Historical Trust. June 8, 2008.
- ^
"St. Peter's Pro-Cathedral"
.
Archdiocese of Baltimore
. Retrieved
November 28,
2023
.
- ^
"The Synods and Councils of Baltimore (1791?1884)"
.
Archdiocese of Baltimore
. Retrieved
November 28,
2023
.
- ^
"Stephen T. Badin's Ordination Was a 1st ? 1701?1800 Church History"
.
Christianity.com
. Retrieved
November 28,
2023
.
- ^
The Catholic church in the United States of America, undertaken to celebrate the golden jubilee of His Holiness, Pope Pius X
. Harvard University. New York: The Catholic Editing Company. 1912.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: others (
link
)
- ^
"George Washington and Catholicism"
.
George Washington's Mount Vernon
. Retrieved
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.
- ^
"Archbishop Leonard Neale [Catholic-Hierarchy]"
.
www.catholic-hierarchy.org
. Retrieved
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.
- ^
Daly, Joseph G. (1967).
"Archbishop John Carroll and the Virgin Islands"
.
The Catholic Historical Review
.
53
(3): 305?327.
ISSN
0008-8080
.
JSTOR
25017968
.
- ^
"MemberListC | American Antiquarian Society"
.
www.americanantiquarian.org
. Retrieved
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2022
.
- ^
"Historical Sketch of Georgetown University"
. Georgetown University. January 8, 2015
. Retrieved
January 8,
2015
.
- ^
"William Gaston and Georgetown"
. Georgetown University. November 11, 2000. Archived from
the original
on September 2, 2006
. Retrieved
July 3,
2007
.
- ^
a
b
"Pastoral Letter of 1792"
. Retrieved
October 28,
2022
.
- ^
Thomas Taylor, "Our History" on Retrieved November 16, 2015.
- ^
a
b
"Welcome to the Archdiocese of Baltimore"
.
Archdiocese of Baltimore
. Retrieved
November 28,
2023
.
- ^
a
b
Melville, A. M.
"Carroll, John"
.
New Catholic Encyclopedia
– via encyclopedia.com.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
"Archbishop John Carroll [Catholic-Hierarchy]"
.
www.catholic-hierarchy.org
. Retrieved
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2023
.
- ^
Guilday, Peter (October 28, 1922).
The Life and Times of John Carroll: Archbishop of Baltimore, 1735?1815
. Encyclopedia Press.
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9780795009471
. Retrieved
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– via Google Books.
- ^
Marvin L. Krier Mich,
Catholic Social Teaching and Movements
1986
- ^
a
b
"Final Report, Working Group: Slavery?Legacy and Reconciliation, John Carroll University"
(PDF)
. Spring 2018.
- ^
a
b
Farkas, Karen; clevel; .com (October 12, 2016).
"John Carroll forms group to study history of slave-owning namesake"
.
cleveland
. Retrieved
December 3,
2021
.
- ^
"John Carroll University Will Study Its Role In Slavery"
.
www.wcbe.org
. Associated Press. September 12, 2016
. Retrieved
December 3,
2021
.
- ^
Richard Shaw, John Dubois founding father: The life and times of the founder of Mount St James, 1983
- ^
"School History ? Archbishop Carroll High School"
.
www.carrollhs.org
. Retrieved
November 28,
2023
.
- ^
"Archbishop John Carroll High School"
.
www.jcarroll.org
. Retrieved
October 28,
2022
.
- ^
"Archbishop Carroll High School"
.
www.archbishopcarroll.org
. Retrieved
October 28,
2022
.
- ^
"History ? John Carroll High School"
. Retrieved
November 28,
2023
.
- ^
"Home ? John Carroll Catholic High School"
.
www.jcchs.org
. Retrieved
October 28,
2022
.
- ^
"Home | The John Carroll School"
.
www.johncarroll.org
. Retrieved
October 28,
2022
.
- ^
"Our History | John Carroll University"
.
www.jcu.edu
. Retrieved
November 28,
2023
.
- ^
"Carroll Square | 975 F Street NW"
.
Carroll Square
. Retrieved
November 28,
2023
.
- ^
"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Henry Lemcke"
.
www.newadvent.org
. Retrieved
November 28,
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.
- ^
"What is JCS? ? The John Carroll Society"
.
www.johncarrollsociety.org
. Retrieved
November 28,
2023
.
- ^
"John J. Carroll Institute on Church and Social Issues"
.
berkleycenter.georgetown.edu
. Archived from
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on February 23, 2017
. Retrieved
February 22,
2017
.
- ^
Joncas, J. Michael.
"New Mass for John Carroll ? CD"
.
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. Retrieved
May 15,
2023
.
Sources and further reading
[
edit
]
- Agonito, Joseph.
The building of an American Catholic Church: the episcopacy of John Carroll
(Routledge, 2017).
- Agonito, Joseph. "Ecumenical Stirrings: Catholic-Protestant Relations during the Episcopacy of John Carroll."
Church History
45.3 (1976): 358?373.
- Archbishop John Carroll (1790?1815)
,
Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary
, archived from
the original
on February 2, 2007
, retrieved
March 29,
2007
- Blanchard, Shaun. "'Was John Carroll an? Enlightened? Catholic?' Resituating the Archbishop of Baltimore as a 'Third Party' Prelate" In
Katholische Aufklarung in Europa und Nordamerika
, edited by Jurgen Overhoff and Andreas Oberdorf (2019): 165?82.
online
- Breidenbach, Michael D. (2013), 'Conciliarism and American Religious Liberty, 1632?1835' (Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Cambridge)
- Curran, Robert Emmett (1993).
The Bicentennial History of Georgetown University: From Academy to University, 1789?1889
. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
ISBN
978-0-87840-485-8
.
Archived
from the original on March 25, 2020 – via Google Books.
- DeStefano, Michael. "John Carroll, the Amplitude Apologetic and the Baltimore Cathedral."
American Catholic Studies
(2011): 31?61.
- Eberhardt, Newman C. (1964),
A Survey of American Church History
, St. Louis: B. Herder Book Co.
- Guilday, Peter (1922).
Life and Times of John Carroll, Archbishop of Baltimore (1735?1815)
. Vol. 1. New York: The Encyclopedia Press.
OCLC
503430666
– via Internet Archive.
- Guilday, Peter.
A History of the Councils of Baltimore, 1791?1884
(The Macmillan Company, 1932).
- Hennesey, James (1981),
American Catholics: A History of the Roman Catholic Community in the United States
, New York: Oxford University Press,
ISBN
0-19-502946-1
- Hennesey, James. "An Eighteenth Century Bishop: John Carroll of Baltimore."
Archivum Historiae Pontificiae
(1978): 171?204. a short scholarly biography in English.
online
- Melville, Annabelle M. (1955).
John Carroll of Baltimore: Founder of the American Catholic Hierarchy
. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
OCLC
1100295225
– via Internet Archive.
- O'Donnell, Catherine. "John Carroll, the Catholic Church, and the Society of Jesus in Early: Republican America." in
Jesuit Survival and Restoration
(Brill, 2015) pp. 368?385.
- O'Donnell, Catherine. "John Carroll and the origins of an American Catholic Church, 1783?1815."
William and Mary Quarterly
68.1 (2011): 101?126.
online
- O'Donovan, Louis (1908). "
John Carroll
". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
Catholic Encyclopedia
. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
OCLC
1017058
.
- Shaw, Russell.
Catholics in America: Religious Identity and Cultural Assimilation from John Carroll to Flannery O'Connor
(Ignatius Press, 2016)
online
.
- Spalding, Thomas W. (1997),
Most Rev. John Carroll
,
Archdiocese of Baltimore
, archived from
the original
on October 20, 2009
, retrieved
March 29,
2007
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