Druk Gyalpo of Bhutan from 1972 to 2006
This name uses
Bhutanese naming customs
. Bhutanese people have two given names, neither of which is a surname or family name unless they are descended from royal or noble lineages.
Jigme Singye Wangchuck
(
Dzongkha
:
??????????????????????????
,
Wylie
:
jigs med seng ge dbang phyug
;
[1]
born 11 November 1955) is a member of the
House of Wangchuck
who was the king of
Bhutan
(
Druk Gyalpo
) from 1972 until his abdication in 2006. During his reign, he advocated the use of a
Gross National Happiness
index to measure the well-being of citizens rather than
Gross domestic product
.
[2]
Early life
[
edit
]
Jigme Singye Wangchuck was born in
Dechencholing Palace
in
Thimphu
,
Bhutan
, on 11 November 1955.
[3]
to
Jigme Dorji Wangchuck
and
Ashi
Kesang Choden Wangchuck
.
[4]
The political officer of
India
stationed in
Sikkim
and the representative of the Sikkimese government came soon after to offer felicitations to the royal parents and to pay their respect to the newborn prince. At the age of four, sometime in 1959, the young Crown Prince received the offerings of good wishes and respects by the public, monks, and officials for the first time in
Tashichho Dzong
.
[
citation needed
]
Wangchuck received western and traditional learning in various institutions. He began studying at Dechencholing Palace, when he was six years old, in 1961. Soon afterwards, he went to study at
St. Joseph's School, Darjeeling
, in
India
. In January 1965, he attended Summerfields School in St. Leonards, Sussex in England and then in 1966
Heatherdown School
in
Ascot
where he completed his studies in 1969. The next phase of his formal education took place at Namselling Palace in 1969. Finally, he attended Ugyen Wangchuck Academy at Satsham Choten in
Paro
, which was established in 1970, along with a class of selected students from all over Bhutan.
Crown Prince
[
edit
]
In 1971 Wangchuck's father appointed Wangchuck as the Chairman of National Planning Commission, charged with the planning and co-ordination of the five year development plan.
[5]
The following year, on 16 June 1972, he was made the Trongsa
Penlop
bestowing on him directly the
saffron scarf
or namza. The 3rd
Five-Year Plan
(FYP),
[6]
which spanned the period 1971?77, was in progress when his father died. Wangchuck was 16 at that time. 1972 to 1976 was the period of the 3rd FYP, and 1976 to 1981 was the period of 4th FYP.
[7]
As both King and the Chairman of the National Planning Commission, the clearing house for the programmes and projects, Wangchuck guided the planned activities first in broad terms and then increasingly in detail.
Royal wedding
[
edit
]
In a public ceremony, the Royal Wedding of Wangchuck was held in Dechog Lhakhang in
Punakha Dzong
on 31 October 1988, corresponding with the Descending Day of
Buddha
. The four queens,
Dorji Wangmo Wangchuck
,
Tshering Pem Wangchuck
,
Tshering Yangdon Wangchuck
and
Sangay Choden Wangchuck
are daughters of
Dasho Yab
Ugyen Dorji, the descendant of both the mind and speech incarnations of
Ngawang Namgyal
, and
Yum
Thuiji Zam.
[8]
[9]
Previously, they had married privately in 1979.
[
citation needed
]
Rural development
[
edit
]
In his Coronation Address on 2 June 1974, Jigme Singye stressed the need "to attain self-reliance and preserve Bhutan's sovereignty and independence." He also stressed that any development undertaking should be a genuine collaboration between the people and the government. During the 1970s, immediate aims for rural households unfolded in terms of intensive valley projects, cash crops cultivation, especially potatoes ? irrigation, and resettlement. Enhancing the income and livelihood of the rural people were the main focus of the 3rd and 4th FYPs. Soon after he acceded to the throne, Jigme Singye launched the
Trashigang
and
Tsirang
Intensive Valley Development Projects in 1972. These projects were part of a larger vision of food self-sufficiency and income generation.
Encouraged by the achievements in the
Trashigang
and
Tsirang
Intensive Valley Projects, similar valley projects were replicated in
Mongar
and the newly created Shumar (Pemagatshel) districts. These projects were also sites of experimental and participatory decision making. It led to the formation of Dzongkhag Yargay Tshogchungs (DYTs), which brought the
chimis
,
gups
and officials to prepare plans together. By 1981,
Trashigang
and
Tsirang
had fully functional DYTs.
In higher altitude areas a new initiative by Wangchuck in early 1970s consisted of diffusing potatoes as cash crops, first tested in royal pastureland of Longtoed and Longmed, which had been converted to potato farms. Beginning with the large-scale production in
Khaling
and
Chapcha
, potatoes become a key export crop, reaching 60,000 tonnes, grown by over 10,725 households by 2006.
In southern Bhutan, the focus was on growing citrus fruits. For example, in 1977, the King encouraged the people of
Dagana
to start
cardamom
and
orange
plantations. Both of these cash crops are now major sources of rural income as 3,400 tonnes of
cardamom
, 55,558 tonnes of
oranges
and 7,400 tonnes of
apples
were produced in 2006 due to the initiatives taken first in 1970s.
Socio-economic development
[
edit
]
A Kasho (royal decree) issued by King Jigme Singye in 1986 directed the Planning Commission
[10]
to ensure that "the basis for the evaluation of the achievements of the Sixth Plan is to see whether the people enjoy happiness and comfort".
[11]
The social and economic indicators point towards sub-ordinate goals, not ultimate goals which was to be measured from a holistic, GNH
[12]
point of view. Happiness and contentment became the ultimate yardstick of progress.
Data, which enables comparison of achievements over time starting from 1985 onwards, some 14 years after the king's ascension to the throne.
There is a lack of systematic quantitative information about the social and economic situation of Bhutan for the 1970s. The baselines for historical comparison available today were first collected in 1985 ? the year when time series data was collected. Some information that date back to 1974 indicate the low base of infrastructure that existed at that time. There were 11 ill-equipped hospitals, staffed mostly by foreign doctors, and 45 basic health units in 1974, the year Jigme Singye's coronation was held.
Sparse networks of 1,332 km of roads had been built by 1974, compared to 4,544 by the end of his reign in 2006. In 1974, 24 wireless stations linked the rest of the country. Telephone connections, mostly for officials in
Thimphu
, were limited to 480 in 1974 compared to 31,526 in 2006.
There were 13,410 students enrolled in schools compared to 151,260 or so in 2006. By 2006, school enrollment touched 90%, literacy 60%, and both were so mainly due to a free education policy (more information at
Education in Bhutan
and
Ministry of Education Website
).
Health services, safe drinking water and better nutrition have led to a 66-year life-span and lower morbidity during this life span. One of the constraints in education and health was the lack of qualified people. In 1976, King Jigme Singye commanded the establishment of the Royal Institute of Health Sciences (RIHS) and the first batch of Health Assistants and Basic Health Workers passed out in 1986. There were 56 health establishments in 1974; by 2006 there were 715 resulting in 90% free primary health coverage. In 1985, there was nearly 50% health coverage. Infant mortality has fallen from 142 in 1985, to 60 in 2006. This was mainly due to the success of universal child immunisation and the supply of safe drinking water. There were 150 water supply schemes in 1985; this increased to 3,852 by 2006, giving 78% coverage of safe drinking water. Maternal mortality rate dropped from 7.7% in 1985 to 2.6% in 2006.
[13]
Besides these human development indicators, material prosperity rose remarkably. The distance between Bhutan and the outside world shortened because of motor road and air services. Wangchuck visited
Delhi
in 1978 and during that visit he discussed the possibility of having air links with
India
to promote its trade and commerce. The discussion was fruitful and led to a Donier flight between
Paro
and
Kolkata
in 1983. By 2006, air services connected Bhutan to
Kathmandu
,
Delhi
,
Dhaka
and
Bangkok
.
[14]
Just four million units of electricity were generated in 1974, compared to 3.357 billion units by the end of his reign in 2006. In 1985, just around 10,000 households had electricity, and the number reached over 65,000 meter-point units by 2006. The connectivity of Bhutan increased in his reign through air services, internet, and surface transport. Internet reached Bhutan in 1999. The spread of faxes, telephones, satellite TVs, computers, and the Internet brought Bhutan into a transnational or globalized world.
The national income of the country, as measured by
GDP
, was Nu 2.4 billion in 1985. This increased to Nu 36.9 billion in 2006, which was a 15-fold increase in 21 years. Bhutan's per capita income reached US$1,500 in 2006 by the end of his reign. In purchasing power parity terms, Bhutan's per capita income in 2006 was nearly US$4,085.
[15]
The king introduced an unconventional tourism policy of "high-value, low-volume".
[16]
Soon after the Coronation, in October 1974, the first group of 20 tourists entered the country through
Phuntsholing
, as there was no air service then. By 2006, the number of tourists, flown in by
Druk Air
and who paid royalty, reached 17,344.
One of the landmark developments, soon after his coronation, was the signing of the Chukha Hydropower Project in March 1974. Construction began in 1983 and the
President of India
,
Ramaswamy Venkataraman
and King Jigme Singye inaugurated the Chukha Hydropower Project on 21 October 1988, nearly 13 years after the first discussion on it took place, in 1974.
Chukha
improved the revenue situation and the financial capacity of the country.
[17]
In the industrial sphere, an early landmark project planned soon after his coronation was the development of a complete master plan for the construction of the Penden Cement Factory.
[18]
The actual construction started in 1979 and the company was in production by 1983. The Penden Cement Authority
[18]
produced about half a million tonnes of cement every day, for instance in 2008. Manufacturing and mining spread, mostly in the southern towns.
Culture
[
edit
]
The country strived to preserve major local languages, knowledge, beliefs, customs, skills, trades and institutions, and even species of crops and plants.
[
dubious
–
discuss
]
[
citation needed
]
Bhutanese society also remained cohesive because of promoting cultural identities under the Fourth King's reign. Wangchuck emphasized the distinctive characters of Bhutanese cultures. Wangchuck stated that it is the "distinct identity of our county", and not the nation's "wealth, weapons and armed forces", that is the vital instrument in securing the sovereignty of the nation.
In the 34 years of Wangchuck's reign, the ten traditional cultural sciences (rignas) received considerable priority. Wangchuck cherished the importance of both the intangible and tangible aspects of Bhutanese culture.
As an example of Wangchuck's support to classical Bhutanese culture he had Tango Shedra built.
[19]
Tango Shedra became the apex of education according to classical system of cultural sciences, Rignas. Academic monks complete their long studies with bachelor's and master's degrees in
Tango
. In 2008, 163 candidates ? with 14 master's degrees and 149 bachelor's degrees ?from Tango Shedra and Sangngag Chokhor Shedra in
Paro
held their graduation ceremonies at Tango.
Zo rigpa was enhanced by Wangchuck when he opened the Kawajangsa Institution of Zorig (now known as National Institute for Zorig Chusum) in 1971. At first, this institute concentrated on traditional fine arts. A similar institution was opened in 1997 in
Tashi Yangtse
. The
Folk Heritage Museum
started by Her Majesty
Ashi
Dorji Wangmo Wangchuck
in Kawajangsa,
Thimphu
in 2001, drew attention to the heritage of lay people's sustainable products and their lifestyle. Likewise, in 2001, the first Textile Museum opened by Her Majesty
Ashi
Sangay Choden Wangchuck
drew attention to the weaving skills of Bhutan. Skilled artisans ? painters, statue-makers, carpenters and masons proliferated in Wangchuck's reign not only because of these new institutions, but also by receiving on the job training in many new temples and
dzongs
constructed in the country.
The profile of indigenous medicine also became higher under Wangchuck's reign. Indigenous medicine spread as a parallel health service due to support to Institute of Indigenous Medicine.
[20]
There probably were only about 2,000 monks in the state supported monasteries in 1972 when his reign started. By 2006, the number of monks subsisting on state allowances had increased to little over 6,000. In parallel to the increase in the number of monks and nuns, the monastic infrastructure that included tutors, lamas, temples,
gomdeys
(meditation centres), and shedras (Buddhist colleges), increased in Wangchuck's reign. Many new official dratshangs in district headquarters, which hitherto did not have any monastic body, were opened such as
Tsirang
, Gaylegphug,
Tashi Yangtse
,
Samtse
, Pema Gatshel,
Chukha
,
Bumthang
and
Zhemgang
. Numerous affiliate monasteries to each dzongkhag rabdey were also opened throughout the country.
By 2006, there were 13 shedras located in
Tango
, Dodeydrag, Khothokha, Sanga Choekhor, Gontey, Tshangkha, Tharpaling, Nimalung, Talo Nalanda, Sewla, Ngatsang, Drametse, and Bartsham with a total enrolment of some 700 monks. There were over 24
drubdeys
or meditation places, stretching from Singye dzong in the east to Tagchu goenpa in
Haa
, enlisting 300 officially supported people who meditate on a long-term basis in 2006. These numbers were rolled as new meditation to succeed old ones upon their completion. There were over 45 monastic lobdras, where teachers received official stipends and where
gomchens
(young lay priests) studied. By 2006, there were also 10 nunneries, started on an organized basis, located in Jashar goenpa in Pema Gatshel in the east to Kila Goenpa in
Paro
in the west.
Environmental preservation
[
edit
]
Wangchuck also enhanced the protection of natural resources such as forests and biodiversity. Wangchuck foresaw the potentially adverse impacts of both increased economic activity and increased population on the fragility of the mountain ecosystem. He raised the importance of preservation of environment during policy discussions, which resulted in vast areas of the country being devoted to parks and sanctuaries.
Among events of his reign:
Decentralisation
[
edit
]
At the end of the 4th FYP (1976?1981),
[7]
Wangchuck extensively reviewed the successes and challenges of the previous four years of development, which also included the physical inspection of the field projects. Wangchuck envisioned different planning system for the 5th FYP (1981?86)
[26]
emphasising decentralisation. New dzongdags were appointed in all the 18 districts, with responsibilities of managing public finances and co-ordinating district development plans, in their capacities as chairmen of DYTs. Dzongdags were delegated broad powers to make decisions at the local level in conjunction with
gups
and
chimis
. Wangchuck's strengthening of the governmental sectors went hand in hand with strengthening local bodies like Dzongkhag Yargye Tshogchung (DYT) that Wangchuck founded in 1981, and the Gewog Yargye Tshogchung (GYT) he founded in 1991. He increasingly devolved authority on them.
Wangchuck's state visits abroad
[
edit
]
Bhutanese participation in international organisations at various levels increased. Personally, Wangchuck attended the non-aligned and SAARC summits until 1997, travelling to
Colombo
in 1976 for 8th Non-Aligned Summit;
Havana
in 1979 for 6th Non-Aligned Summit;
New Delhi
in 1983 for 5th SAARC Summit and 1995 for 8th SAARC Summit;
Harare
in 1986 for 8th Non-Aligned Summit;
Kathmandu
in 1987 for 3rd SAARC Summit;
Islamabad
in 1988 for 4th SAARC Summit;
Belgrade
in 1989 for 9th Non-Aligned Summit;
Male
in 1990 for 5th SAARC Summit, and
Dhaka
in 1993 for 7th SAARC Summit.
Diplomatic expansion
[
edit
]
Wangchuck emphasised a two-fold foreign policy for Bhutan: to deepen Bhutan's relations with
India
and to create new bonds of friendship with fellow members of the
UN
. To diversify the sources of funding, Bhutan cultivated close relationships with the
UN
, ever since the visit of a UN Under-Secretary General in 1974.
Relationships with other nations widened rapidly after 1974. The Coronation of 1974 brought a large numbers of foreign delegates. Representatives of some 18 nations attended the Coronation. Notably, a representative from
China
also attended. Bhutan had supported China's seat in the United Nations in 1971 soon after Bhutan became a member of the
UN
.
In parallel to the increase in development assistance, the decade between 1980 and 1990 was a period of enhanced diplomacy for Bhutan. In this decade, under the guidance of Wangchuck, Bhutan established diplomatic relations with 17 out of the existing 53 countries, and became associated with 12 out of 20 organisations of the
United Nations
family.
In Wangchuck's reign, diplomatic links were developed with many other nations such as
Bangladesh
in 1973;
Kuwait
in 1983;
Nepal
in 1983;
The Maldives
in 1984;
Denmark
in 1985;
Norway
in 1985;
Sweden
in 1985;
Switzerland
in 1985;
Netherlands
in 1985;
Japan
in 1986;
Finland
in 1986;
South Korea
in 1987;
Sri Lanka
in 1987;
Austria
in 1989;
Thailand
in 1991;
Bahrain
in 1992;
Singapore
in 2002;
Australia
in 2002 and
Canada
in 2003.
Wangchuck cultivated bonds of friendship with other countries and strengthened Bhutan-international relationships and diversified its sources of development assistance.
Jubilee and abdication
[
edit
]
The
silver Jubilee
of Jigme Singye Wangchuck was celebrated in 1999 to mark 25 years since his coronation.
[27]
A commemorative medal was also issued to mark the occasion.
[28]
Wangchuck said after announcing his decision to abdicate in 2006 "In taking note of the progress that our nation has made over the past thirty-four years, I would like to state that whatever we have achieved so far is due to the merit of the people of Bhutan."
Wives and children
[
edit
]
1.
Dorji Wangmo
(born 10 June 1955, first wife)
Name
|
Birth
|
Marriage
|
Issue
|
Princess
Ashi
Sonam Dechen Wangchuck
(
Photo
)
|
(
1981-08-05
)
5 August 1981
(age 42)
|
5 April 2009
|
Dasho
Phub W. Dorji
[29]
|
Dasho
Jigje Singye Wangchuck
[30]
[31]
(
(
2009-12-03
)
3 December 2009) (age
14 years)
Dasho
Jigme Jigten Wangchuck
[32]
(
(
2013-08-23
)
23 August 2013) (age
10 years)
|
Prince
Dasho
Jigyel Ugyen Wangchuck
(
Photo
)
|
(
1984-07-06
)
6 July 1984
(age 39)
|
|
|
|
2.
Tshering Pem
(born 22 December 1957, second wife)
Name
|
Birth
|
Marriage
|
Issue
|
Princess
Ashi
Chimi Yangzom Wangchuck
(
Photo
)
|
(
1980-01-10
)
10 January 1980
(age 44)
|
13 October 2005
|
Dasho
Sangay Wangchuck
[33]
|
Dasho
Jigme Ugyen Wangchuck
(ca. September 2006 (age 17))
Dasho
Jamyang Singye Wangchuck
(2009 (age 14–15))
|
Princess
Ashi
Kesang Choden Wangchuck
(
Photo
)
|
(
1982-01-23
)
23 January 1982
(age 42)
|
11 November 2008
|
Dasho
Palden Yoser Thinley
[34]
|
Dasho
Jamgyel Singye Wangchuck
[31]
Dasho
Ugyen Junay Wangchuck
[35]
Ashi
Tshering Tshoyang Wangchuck
[36]
(ca. January 2019 (age 5))
|
Prince
Dasho
Ugyen Jigme Wangchuck
(
Photo
)
|
(
1994-11-11
)
11 November 1994
(age 29)
|
|
|
|
3.
Tshering Yangdon
(born 21 June 1959, third wife)
4.
Sangay Choden
(born 11 May 1963, fourth wife)
Styles
[
edit
]
- 11 November 1955 ? 15 May 1972:
His Royal Highness
Dasho
(Prince) Jigme Singye Wangchuck
- 15 May 1972 ? 15 July 1972:
His Royal Highness
Trongsa Penlop Dasho
Jigme Singye Wangchuck, The Crown Prince of Bhutan
- 15 July 1972 ? 14 December 2006:
His Majesty
King Jigme Singye, The Fourth Druk Gyalpo, The King of Bhutan
- 14 December 2006 ? present:
His Majesty
King Jigme Singye, The Fourth Druk Gyalpo, The King Father of Bhutan
Honours
[
edit
]
National honours
[
edit
]
Foreign honours
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"Early life of King Jigme Singye Wangchuck"
. Bhutan Department of Information Technology
. Retrieved
6 November
2008
.
- ^
Gross National Happiness
- ^
WANGCHUCK DYNASTY. 100 Years of Enlightened Monarchy in Bhutan. Lham Dorji
- ^
dpal ‘brug zhib ‘jug lte ba (2008).
'brug brgyd 'zin gyi rgyal mchog bzhi pa mi dbang 'jigs med seng ge dbang pyug mchog ge rtogs rtogs brjod bzhugs so (The Biography of the Fourth King of Bhutan)
. Thimphu: The Centre for Bhutan Studies.
ISBN
978-99936-14-57-9
.
- ^
Gross National Happiness Commission
Archived
3 July 2017 at the
Wayback Machine
, Thimphu, Bhutan
- ^
Gross National Happiness Commission.
"Third Five Year Plan"
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 29 March 2017
. Retrieved
12 June
2015
.
- ^
a
b
"Salient Features of 4th Plan"
(PDF)
. Gross National Happiness Commission. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 14 July 2015
. Retrieved
12 June
2015
.
- ^
Ashi Dorji Wangmo Wangchuck (Her Majesty the Queen Mother of Bhutan) (1999).
Of Rainbows and Clouds, The Life of Yab Ugyen Dorji as told to her Daughter
. London: Serindia Publications.
ISBN
978-0906026496
.
- ^
Queens of Bhutan
- ^
Sonam Tobgay.
"Gross National Happiness Commission"
.
gnhc.gov.bt
.
- ^
Gross National Happiness Commission.
"6th Five Year Plan"
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 18 June 2013
. Retrieved
15 June
2015
.
- ^
GNH
- ^
Ministry of Health.
"Annual Health Bulletin 2006"
. Archived from
the original
on 24 September 2015
. Retrieved
12 June
2015
.
- ^
Druk Air Website
, Bhutan.
- ^
National Statistics Bureau.
"National Accounts Statistics 2000-2006"
(PDF)
. Retrieved
12 June
2015
.
- ^
"About TCB"
.
tourism.gov.bt
. Archived from
the original
on 11 March 2018
. Retrieved
14 July
2015
.
- ^
Tshering Pamo.
"About Chhukha Hydropower Plant"
.
drukgreen.bt
. Archived from
the original
on 19 December 2013
. Retrieved
14 July
2015
.
- ^
a
b
Penden Cement Authority Ltd.
Archived
11 August 2018 at the
Wayback Machine
, Gomtu, Bhutan.
- ^
Tango Shedra
, Bhutan.
- ^
National Institute of Traditional Medicine
Archived
14 July 2015 at the
Wayback Machine
, Thimphu, Bhutan.
- ^
Nec
- ^
Bhutan Trust
- ^
Royal Government of Bhutan.
"Environmental Assessment Act 2000"
(PDF)
. Retrieved
20 June
2015
.
- ^
Royal Government of Bhutan.
"The Biodiversity Act of Bhutan"
(PDF)
. Retrieved
20 June
2015
.
- ^
"First-Ever UNEP 'Champions of the Earth' Presented to Seven Environmental Leaders"
.
United Nations Environment Programme
. 19 April 2005. Archived from
the original
on 4 March 2016.
- ^
Gross National Happiness Commission.
"5th Five Year Plan"
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 29 March 2017
. Retrieved
20 June
2015
.
- ^
"25 Years a King"
(PDF)
.
bhutanstudies
. National Seering Committee for the Royal Silver Jubilee Celebration.
- ^
Colecciones Militares
- ^
Bhutan Majestic Travel
Archived
31 August 2011 at the
Wayback Machine
, Wedding news
- ^
Happy Birthday
- ^
a
b
First son
- ^
Facebook
- ^
Raonline
- ^
Bhutan Majestic Travel
Archived
10 March 2012 at the
Wayback Machine
, Wedding news
- ^
Second son
- ^
Bhutan's Princess Kesang Choden Wangchuck gives birth to a daughter
- ^
"Royal Wedding: Bhutan King Weds Jetsun Pema"
.
NDTV
online. 13 October 2011
. Retrieved
13 October
2011
.
- ^
"Bhutan's Queen Jetsun Pema gives birth to crown prince"
.
BBC
. 6 February 2016
. Retrieved
6 February
2016
.
- ^
Bhutan Majestic Travel
Archived
10 May 2013 at the
Wayback Machine
, Wedding news
- ^
A book by youngest author launched
- ^
"Royal Wedding"
. Archived from
the original
on 19 October 2013
. Retrieved
19 October
2013
.
- ^
Their daughter
- ^
"Surprise royal wedding revealed for Princess Euphelma of Bhutan"
.
Hello Magazine
. 29 October 2020
. Retrieved
30 October
2020
.
- ^
Japan-Bhutan Relations
- ^
Japan's Relations with Each Country and Region
External references
[
edit
]
External links
[
edit
]
Jigme Singye Wangchuck
House of Wangchuck
Born:
11 November 1955
|
Regnal titles
|
Preceded by
|
King of Bhutan
1972?2006
|
Succeeded by
|
Preceded by
None
|
King Father of Bhutan
2006?present
|
Succeeded by
Incumbent
|