1995 French film
Jefferson in Paris
is a
1995
historical drama film
, directed by
James Ivory
, and previously entitled
Head and Heart
. The screenplay, by
Ruth Prawer Jhabvala
, is a semi-
fictional
account of
Thomas Jefferson
's tenure as the
Ambassador of the United States
to
France
before his
presidency
and of his alleged relationships with Italian-English
artist
Maria Cosway
and his slave,
Sally Hemings
.
The film was critically and commercially unsuccessful, grossing $5.9 million on a $14 million budget.
Plot
[
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]
Set in the period 1784?1789, the film portrays Jefferson when he was US minister to France at
Versailles
before the
French Revolution
. French liberals and intellectuals hope he will lead them away from the corruption of the court of
King Louis XVI
and
Marie-Antoinette
and toward a more democratic form of government. Although deploring the poverty of the common people, he embraces the riches of French culture and civilization. It is his first time abroad, and he takes advantage of the opportunity to extend his knowledge of liberal arts and science while absorbing the refinements France has to offer.
A lonely widower, Jefferson develops a close friendship with
Maria Cosway
, a beautiful (and married) Anglo-Italian painter and musician. Although she becomes increasingly devoted to him, he is attached to his memory of
his late wife
, to whom he promised that he would not remarry, and to his two younger daughters. His elder daughter is especially possessive, and
Patsy
becomes jealous of Maria's influence on her father. Maria becomes his confidant and correspondent, and their relationship soon becomes romantic, though it is complicated by Maria's marriage and Thomas's vow to his late wife never to remarry.
Later, Jefferson becomes attracted to
Sally Hemings
, his enslaved maid and companion of his younger daughter Polly.
Three-quarters white in ancestry
, she is his late wife's half-sister. Their father had taken Sally's slave mother as a
concubine
after he was widowed for the third time; Sally is the sixth of their children. Sally's enslaved brother James Hemings is also in
Paris
, training to be a French chef for Jefferson at
Monticello
. It is strongly implied that Jefferson begins a sexual relationship with Sally, which Patsy is aware of and disgusted by. She implies the truth to Maria, who witnesses the familiarity between Jefferson and Sally first-hand and, already having felt neglected by Jefferson, swiftly ends her relationship with him.
When
George Washington
offers Jefferson the post of
Secretary of State
, he accepts and prepares to sail home with his family. Sally reveals to James that she is pregnant by Jefferson, but James, having enjoyed his freedom in Paris, is unwilling to return to the United States and urges Sally to remain with him for the sake of her child. It is only when Jefferson promises, making an oath upon the Bible, that he will give James and Sally their freedom that they consent to return with him. Jefferson extends his oath to promise freedom to all of Sally's children as well upon his death, with Patsy bearing witness and swearing to carry out his promise.
Cast
[
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]
At Jefferson's house, the Hotel de Langeac
[
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]
At Doctor Mesmer's
[
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]
At the Opera
[
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]
Production
[
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]
The film was shot on location in Paris, at the
Desert de Retz
and the
Palace of Versailles
. The scenes at the Desert reenact the actual visit made by Jefferson and Cosway in September 1787. Many of French supporting cast are members of
Comedie-Francaise
. It premiered at the
1995 Cannes Film Festival
.
[3]
Antonio Sacchini
's 1784 opera
Dardanus
appears in the film. Also
Marc-Antoine Charpentier
' "
Lecons de tenebres
", performed by
William Christie
and
Les Arts Florissants
with
Jean-Paul Fouchecourt
,
Sandrine Piau
,
Sophie Daneman
, and
Jory Vinikour
.
Arcangelo Corelli
's
La Folia
is performed by Nolte, Scacchi, and Paltrow, but the soundtrack CD is re-dubbed by others. Although Gwyneth Paltrow studied harpsichord for the film, her playing is dubbed by Jory Vinikour, including pieces by
Jacques Duphly
and
Claude Balbastre
. Scacchi's performance of Maria Cosway's song, "Mormora", was dubbed.
The film was budgeted at $14 million.
[4]
Release
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The film opened on two screens in New York and Los Angeles on March 31, 1995.
[5]
Reception
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]
Critical reception
[
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]
As of February 2018,
Jefferson in Paris
holds a rating of 31% on
Rotten Tomatoes
based on 16 reviews.
[6]
In her positive review in
The New York Times
,
Janet Maslin
called the film:
an extraordinary spectacle ... the rare contemporary film that's both an entertainment and an education, despite some glaring misimpressions that are sure to spark heated debate ... The biggest problem with [the film] is at the basic editing level, with such abrupt jumps between diverse scenes that the film's momentum remains choppy. Overshadowed by its own ambition and not-quite-ironic pageantry,
Jefferson in Paris
doesn't quite come to life ... Casting Nick Nolte as a Founding Father may sound like this film's riskiest choice, but in fact it makes solid sense. Beyond having the right physical stature for the imposing, sandy-haired Jefferson, Mr. Nolte captures the man's vigor and his stiff sense of propriety. He may not adapt effortlessly to the role of an intellectual giant, but his performance is thoroughly creditable ... The film makers fare less successfully with Maria Cosway ... Ms. Scacchi, the film's big casting problem, makes her so bloodless and prettily artificial that the romance never seems real. There's much more spice in Ms. Newton's captivating performance as Sally Hemings, even if she gives this teen-age slave girl the unexpected fiddle-dee-dee flirtatiousness of a
Scarlett O'Hara
.
[7]
Roger Ebert
of the
Chicago Sun-Times
observed in a less positive review of the film that:
The film is lavishly produced and visually splendid, like all the Merchant-Ivory productions. But what is it about? Revolution? History? Slavery? Romance? No doubt a lot of research and speculation went into Jhabvala's screenplay, but I wish she had finally decided to jump one way or the other. The movie tells no clear story and has no clear ideas.
[8]
In a negative review appearing in
Rolling Stone
magazine,
Peter Travers
said:
After a literate and entertaining roll (
A Room With a View
,
Howards End
,
The Remains of the Day
), the team of producer Ismail Merchant, director James Ivory and writer Ruth Prawer Jhabvala drops the ball with this droopy, snail-paced prigs-in-wigs movie. It doesn't help that Nick Nolte is such a lox as Thomas Jefferson ... [He] seems to think that playing an introspective man means impersonating a wax dummy.
[9]
Edward Guthmann of the
San Francisco Chronicle
called the film "dull, sluggish and unfocused ... [it] tries telling three or four stories at once, can't decide which is most important and winds up stubbing its well-manicured toes" and added:
Coiffed in a strawberry blond ponytail that makes him look like
sitcom
star
Brett Butler
, and surrounded by opulent sets and costumes that look like early bids for
Oscar
nominations, Nolte makes a noble, sympathetic effort to humanize a historical figure, but never manages to look anything other than tight, corseted and out of his element.
[10]
In
Variety
,
Todd McCarthy
said the film:
touches upon much significant history, incident and emotion but, ironically, lacks the intrigue and drama of great fiction ... as the opportunity for drama increases with the onset of Jefferson's affair with Sally and the buildup toward the Revolution, the narrative becomes more dispersed and murky. Things happen ... but they don't weave and dovetail in the surprising, intricate and telling ways they can in first-class fiction, some of Merchant Ivory's recent films included ... The strong points of director James Ivory's approach here are his attentiveness to wonderful detail ... The downside is that Ivory's reticence makes it additionally tough for an emotionally remote figure like Jefferson to come alive onscreen.
[11]
Box office
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The film grossed $61,349 in its opening weekend from just two screens. It went on to gross $2,473,668 in the US and Canada.
[12]
It grossed $3.4 million internationally for a worldwide total of $5.9 million.
[2]
Historical basis
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]
It was the first portrayal in film of Sally Hemings, and at the time most Jefferson scholars disputed the rumors, started in 1802 by a vengeful journalist named
James Callender
, that Jefferson had fathered a child by her.
[13]
Since then, a 1998
Nature
study found a match between the male lines of a Jefferson and one descendant of Hemings.
[14]
In 2000, the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation issued its own report on the DNA test results in light of other historical evidence and said that it was "highly probable" that Thomas Jefferson was the father of Eston Hemings, the youngest child of Sally, and "most likely" that he was the father of all six, four of whom lived to adulthood.
[15]
This claim is still disputed by some.
[16]
[17]
See also
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]
References
[
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]
- ^
"Jefferson in Paris (1993)"
.
UniFrance
. Retrieved
25 October
2021
.
- ^
a
b
Goodridge, Mike (September 13, 1996). "The Survivors".
Screen International
. pp. 19?22.
- ^
"Festival de Cannes: Jefferson in Paris"
.
festival-cannes.com
. Retrieved
2009-09-03
.
- ^
"Merchant Ivory Productions Budget vs US Gross 1986-96".
Screen International
. September 13, 1996. p. 19.
- ^
Klady, Leonard (April 10, 1995). "
'Boy' tops; 'Girl' tanks; 'Wild' not".
Variety
. p. 12.
- ^
"Jefferson in Paris"
.
Rotten Tomatoes
. 31 March 1995.
- ^
Maslin, Janet (31 March 1995).
"FILM REVIEW; Jefferson's Entanglements, In History And in Love"
.
The New York Times
.
- ^
Ebert, Roger.
"Jefferson In Paris Movie Review (1995) - Roger Ebert"
.
rogerebert.suntimes.com
. Archived from
the original
on 2011-06-05
. Retrieved
2008-03-28
.
- ^
"Movie Review"
.
Rolling Stone
. Archived from
the original
on November 6, 2007.
- ^
"
'Jefferson' Gets Lost in Paris / Merchant-Ivory keep audience after class in history lecture"
. 7 April 1995.
- ^
"
Variety
review"
.
- ^
"Jefferson in Paris (1995) - Box Office Mojo"
.
www.boxofficemojo.com
.
- ^
Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: The Search for Truth
- ^
Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: The Search for Truth
- ^
"Report of the Research Committee on Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings | Thomas Jefferson's Monticello"
.
www.monticello.org
. Retrieved
2018-04-02
.
- ^
Dr. Eugene A Foster, et al, "The Thomas Jefferson Paternity Case", Nature, January 7, 1999.
- ^
"Jefferson-Hemings Controversy"
.
Thomas Jefferson Heritage Society
. Retrieved
2021-07-21
.
External links
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]