Species of jasmine
Jasminum sambac
(
Arabian jasmine
or
Sambac jasmine
)
[1]
[3]
is a species of
jasmine
native to
tropical Asia
, from the Indian subcontinent to Southeast Asia.
[4]
[5]
It is cultivated in many places, especially
West Asia
,
South Asia
and
Southeast Asia
. It is naturalised in many scattered locales:
Mauritius
,
Madagascar
, the
Maldives
,
Christmas Island
,
Chiapas
, Central America, southern
Florida
, the
Bahamas
,
Cuba
,
Hispaniola
,
Jamaica
,
Puerto Rico
, and the
Lesser Antilles
.
[6]
[7]
[8]
Jasminum sambac
is a small shrub or vine growing up to 0.5 to 3 m (1.6 to 9.8 ft) in height. It is widely cultivated for its attractive and sweetly fragrant flowers. The flowers may be used as a fragrant ingredient in
perfumes
and
jasmine tea
. It is the
national flower
of the
Philippines
, where it is known as
sampaguita
,
[9]
as well as being one of the three
national flowers
of Indonesia, where it is known as
melati putih
.
Description
[
edit
]
Jasminum sambac
is an
evergreen
vine
or
shrub
reaching up to 0.5 to 3 m (1.6 to 9.8 ft) tall.
[10]
The species is highly variable, possibly a result of
spontaneous mutation
, natural
hybridization
, and
autopolyploidy
. Cultivated
Jasminum sambac
generally do not bear seeds and the plant is reproduced solely by
cuttings
,
layering
,
marcotting
, and other methods of
asexual propagation
.
[6]
[11]
[12]
The leaves are
ovate
, 4 to 12.5 cm (1.6 to 4.9 in) long and 2 to 7.5 cm (0.79 to 2.95 in) wide. The
phyllotaxy
is opposite or in whorls of three, simple (not
pinnate
, like most other jasmines).
[13]
They are smooth (glabrous) except for a few hairs at the
venation
on the base of the leaf.
[11]
The flowers bloom all throughout the year and are produced in clusters of 3 to 12 together at the ends of branches.
[12]
They are strongly scented, with a white corolla 2 to 3 cm (0.79 to 1.18 in) in diameter with 5 to 9 lobes. The flowers open at night (usually around 6 to 8 in the evening), and close in the morning, a span of 12 to 20 hours.
[6]
The
fruit
is a purple to black
berry
1 cm (0.39 in) in diameter.
[11]
Taxonomy and nomenclature
[
edit
]
Jasminum sambac
is classified under the
genus
Jasminum
under the
tribe
Jasmineae
.
[14]
It belongs to the
olive
family
Oleaceae
.
[15]
The English
common name
of "Arabian jasmine",
Jasminum sambac
is due to it being widely cultivated in Southwest of
Saudi Arabia
,
Yemen
and
Oman
. Early Chinese records of the plant points to the origin of
Jasminum sambac
as eastern South Asia and Southeast Asia.
Jasminum sambac
(and nine other species of the
genus
) were
spread
into
Arabia
and
Persia
by man, where they were cultivated in gardens. From there, they were introduced to Europe where they were grown as ornamentals and were known under the common name "sambac" in the 18th century.
[16]
[17]
The Medieval Arabic term
"zanbaq"
denoted jasmine flower-oil from the flowers of any species of jasmine. This word entered late medieval Latin as
"sambacus"
and
"zambacca"
with the same meaning as the Arabic, and then in post-medieval Latin
plant taxonomy
the word was adopted as a label for the
J. sambac
species.
[18]
The
J. sambac
species is a good source for jasmine flower-oil in terms of the quality of the fragrance and it continues to be cultivated for this purpose for the perfume industry today. The
Jasminum officinale
species is also cultivated for the same purpose, and probably to a greater extent.
In 1753,
Carl Linnaeus
first described the plant as
Nyctanthes
sambac
in the first edition of his famous book
Systema Naturae
. In 1789,
William Aiton
reclassified the plant to the genus
Jasminum
. He also coined the common English name of "Arabian jasmine".
[19]
Cultivation
[
edit
]
The sweet, heady fragrance of
Jasminum sambac
is its distinct feature. It is widely grown throughout the tropics from the
Arabian peninsula
to Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands as an ornamental plant and for its strongly scented flowers.
[20]
Numerous cultivars currently exist.
[13]
Typically, the flowers are harvested as
buds
during early morning. The flower buds are harvested on basis of color, as firmness and size are variable depending on the weather. The buds have to be white, as green ones may not emit the characteristic fragrance they are known for.
[12]
Open flowers are generally not harvested as a larger amount of them is needed to extract oils and they lose their fragrance sooner.
[6]
J. sambac
does not tolerate being frozen, so in temperate regions must be grown under glass, in an unheated greenhouse or conservatory. It has an intense fragrance which some people may find overpowering. In the UK this plant has gained the
Royal Horticultural Society
's
Award of Garden Merit
.
[21]
[22]
Cultivars
[
edit
]
There are numerous
cultivars
of
Jasminum sambac
which differ from each other by the shape of leaves and the structure of the
corolla
. The cultivars recognized include:
- '
Maid of Orleans'
? possesses flowers with a single layer of five or more oval shaped petals. It is the variety most commonly referred to as
sampaguita
and
pikake
.
[6]
[12]
It is also known as 'Mograw', 'Motiya', or 'Bela'.
[23]
- '
Belle of India'
? possesses flowers with a single or double layer of elongated petals.
[23]
- '
Grand Duke of Tuscany'
? possesses flowers with a doubled petal count. They resemble small white
roses
and are less fragrant than the other varieties. It is also known as 'Rose jasmine' and 'Butt Mograw'.
[23]
In the Philippines, it is known as
kampupot
.
[6]
- '
Mysore Mallige'
? resembles the 'Belle of India' cultivar but has slightly shorter petals with distinct and immense fragrance.
[23]
- '
Arabian Nights'
? possesses a double layer of petals but is smaller in size than the 'Grand Duke of Tuscany' cultivar.
[23]
Chemical composition
[
edit
]
Jasminum sambac
contains
dotriacontanoic acid
,
dotriacontanol
,
oleanolic acid
,
daucosterol
,
hesperidin
, and [+]-jasminoids A, B, C, D in its roots. Leaves contains
flavonoids
such as
rutin
,
quercetin
and
isoquercetin
, flavonoids rhamnoglycosides as well as
α-amyrin
and
β-sitosterol
. A novel plant
cysteine
-rich
peptide
family named jasmintides were isolated from this plant.
Its aroma is caused by a variety of compounds including
benzyl alcohol
, tetradecamethylcycloheptasiloxane,
methyl benzoate
,
linalool
,
benzyl acetate
, (-)-(
R
)-jasmine lactone,
(
E
,
E
)-α-farnesene
, (
Z
)-3-hexenyl benzoate, N-acetylmethylanthranilate, dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane,
(
E
)-methyl jasmonate
,
benzyl benzoate
and
isophytol
.
[
citation needed
]
Importance
[
edit
]
Southeast Asia
[
edit
]
Philippines
[
edit
]
Jasminum sambac
(
Filipino
and
Philippine Spanish
:
sampaguita
) was adopted by the
Philippines
as the
national flower
on 1 February 1934 via Proclamation No. 652 issued by
American
Governor-General
Frank Murphy
.
[24]
[25]
[26]
Its most widespread modern common name "sampaguita" is derived from the
Philippine Spanish
sampaguita
; from
Tagalog
sampaga
("jasmine", a direct
loanword
from the Indian
sanskrit
word
campaka
), and the Spanish diminutive suffix
-ita
.
[27]
[28]
It is also by native common names, including
kampupot
in
Tagalog
;
kulatai
,
pongso
, or
kampupot
in
Kapampangan
;
manul
in the
Visayan languages
;
lumabi
or
malul
in
Maguindanao
; and
hubar
or
malur
in
Tausug
.
[29]
Filipinos
string the flowers into leis,
corsages
, and sometimes crowns.
[30]
[31]
These garlands are available as loose strings of blossoms or as tight clusters of buds, and are commonly sold by vendors outside churches and near street intersections.
[32]
Sampaguita garlands are used as a form of bestowing honour, veneration, or accolade.
[33]
These are primarily used to adorn religious images, religious processions and photographs of the dead on altars. These are placed around the necks of living persons such as dignitaries, visitors, and occasionally to graduating students. Buds strung into ropes several metres long are often used to decorate formal events such state occasions at
Malacanang Palace
, weddings, and are sometimes used as the ribbon in
ribbon cutting ceremonies
. Though edible, the flower is rarely used in cuisine, with an unusual example being flavouring for ice cream.
Jasminum sambac
is the subject of the
danza
song
La Flor de Manila
, composed by
Dolores Paterno
in 1879. The song was popular during the
Commonwealth
and is now regarded as a
romantic
classic.
[34]
The flower is also the namesake of the song
El Collar de Sampaguita
. The design of the ceremonial torch for the
2019 Southeast Asian Games
, designed by Filipino sculptor Daniel Dela Cruz, was inspired by the sampaguita.
[35]
[36]
Indonesia
[
edit
]
Jasminum sambac
(
Indonesian
:
melati putih
) is one of the three
national flowers
in
Indonesia
, the other two being the
moon orchid
and the
giant padma
.
[25]
Although the official adoption were announced only as recent as 1990 during World Environment Day and enforced by law through Presidential Decree No. 4 in 1993,
[37]
the importance of
Jasminum sambac
in
Indonesian culture
long predates its official adoption. Since the formation of Indonesian republic during the reign of
Sukarno
,
melati putih
is always unofficially recognized as the national flower of Indonesia. The reverence and its elevated status mostly due to the importance of this flower in Indonesian tradition
since ancient times
.
It has long been considered a sacred flower in Indonesian tradition, as it symbolizes purity, sacredness, and
sincerity
. It also represents the beauty of
modesty
; a small and simple white flower that can produce such sweet fragrance. It is also the most prevalent flower in wedding ceremonies for ethnic
Indonesians
, especially in the island of
Java
.
[38]
Jasmine flower buds that have not fully opened are usually picked to create strings of jasmine
garlands
(
Javanese
:
roncen melati
). On wedding days, a traditional
Javanese
or
Sundanese
bride's hair is adorned with strings of jasmine garlands arranged as a hairnet to cover the
konde
(
hair bun
). The intricately intertwined strings of jasmine garlands are left to hang loose from the bride's head. The groom's
kris
is also adorned with five jasmine garlands called
roncen usus-usus
(intestine garlands) to refer its intestine-like form and also linked to the legend of
Arya Penangsang
. In Makassar and
Bugis
brides, the hair is also adorned with buds of jasmine that resemble pearls. Jasmine is also used as floral offerings for
hyangs
, spirits and deities especially among
Balinese
Hindu
, and also often present during funerals. In South Sumatran traditional costume, the
bungo melati
pattern in
Palembang
songket
fabrics depicts the jasmine to represent beauty and femininity.
The jasmine symbolizes a wide variety of things in Indonesian traditions; it is the flower of life, beauty and festive wedding, yet it is also often associated with spirits and death; the sudden scent of jasmine is often an
ominous sign
for the
superstitious
, as it may herald the presence of a
ghost
or
jinn
. In Indonesian patriotic songs and poems, the fallen
melati
is often the representation of
fallen heroes
that
sacrificed their lives and died for the country
, a very similar concept to fallen
sakura
that represents fallen heroes in Japanese tradition.
Ismail Marzuki
's patriotic song
"Melati di Tapal Batas"
(jasmine on the border) (1947) and
Guruh Sukarnoputra
's
"Melati Suci"
[39]
(sacred jasmine) (1974) clearly refer jasmine as the representation of fallen heroes, the eternally fragrant flower that adorned
Ibu Pertiwi
(Indonesian
national personification
). Iwan Abdurachman's
"Melati Dari Jayagiri"
(jasmine from Jayagiri mountain) refers to jasmine as the representation of the pure unspoiled beauty of a girl and also a long-lost love
[
clarification needed
]
.
In Indonesia,
essential oils
are extracted from jasmine flowers and buds by using the
steam distillation
process. Jasmine essential oil is one of the most expensive
commodities
in the
aromatherapy
and
perfume industry
.
[
citation needed
]
Cambodia
[
edit
]
In
Cambodia
, the flower is used as an offering to the
Buddha
. During flowering season which begins in June, Cambodians thread the flower buds onto a wooden needle to be presented to the
Buddha
.
[40]
Thailand
[
edit
]
In
Thailand
, this flower is often strung into a garland for offerings to Buddha.
[41]
Its name is called in
Thai
as
"mali la"
(
Thai
:
??????
) or
"mali son"
(
Thai
:
????????
). Their names are referenced in
central folk songs
, until it is widely known and popular. It has been adapted into a sports song.
[42]
In addition, the flower is also used as a symbol on
Mother's Day
in Thailand as well which falls on August 12, birthday of
Queen Sirikit
.
[43]
[44]
East Asia
[
edit
]
China
[
edit
]
In China, the flower (
Chinese
:
茉莉花
;
pinyin
:
Moli hu?
) is processed and used as the main flavoring ingredient in
jasmine tea
(茉莉花茶).
[16]
It is also the subject of a popular
folk song
Mo Li Hua
.
Hawaii
[
edit
]
In Hawaii, the flower is known as
p?kake
, and is used to make fragrant
leis
.
[12]
The name 'p?kake' is derived from the Hawaiian word for "
peacock
", because the Hawaiian
Princess Ka?iulani
was fond of both the flowers and the bird.
[12]
[26]
The Middle East
[
edit
]
In
Oman
,
Jasminum sambac
features prominently on a child's first birthday.
[
citation needed
]
They are used to make thick garlands used as hair adornments. Flowers are sprinkled on the child's head by other children while chanting "hol hol". The fragrant flowers are also sold packed in between large leaves of the Indian almond (
Terminalia catappa
) and sewn together with strips of
date palm
leaves.
[20]
In
Bahrain
The flower is made into a pin along with the leaf of a palm tree to commemorate the martyrs of the country, similar to the White Poppy flower.
[
citation needed
]
South Asia
[
edit
]
Jasmine is considered to be a sacred flower in
Hinduism
. It is one of the most commonly grown ornamentals in India, Bangladesh and Pakistan, where it is native.
[10]
[26]
At Indian weddings, the bride often adorns her hair with garlands made of mogra, either around a bun or wrapped across a braid.
Sri Lanka
[
edit
]
In Sri Lanka it is widely known as
pichcha
or
gaeta pichcha
. The name
sithapushpa
and
katarolu
are also used in older texts. The flowers are used in Buddhist temples and in ceremonial garlands.
[
citation needed
]
Toxicity
[
edit
]
The LD50 of jasmine extract is greater than 5 mg/kg by weight.
[45]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
"
Jasminum sambac
(L.) Aiton"
.
Germplasm Resources Information Network
.
Agricultural Research Service
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2011
.
- ^
Gines Lopez Gonzalez (2006).
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(in Spanish) (2 ed.). Mundi-Prensa Libros. p. 1295.
ISBN
978-84-8476-272-0
.
- ^
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- ^
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"
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.
- ^
Olveros-Belardo, Luz; Smith, Roger M.; Ocampo, Milagros P. (990).
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(PDF)
.
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.
12
(6): 129?140.
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a
b
c
d
e
f
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.
16
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.
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- ^
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.
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a
b
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ISBN
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a
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(Linnaeus) Aiton, Hort. Kew. 1: 8. 1789"
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a
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f
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(PDF)
.
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. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR), University of Hawai'i at Manoa
. Retrieved
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2011
.
- ^
a
b
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. Floriculture Today, National Botanical Research Institute. Archived from
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. Retrieved
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2011
.
- ^
Klaus Kubitzki; Joachim W. Kadereit, eds. (2004).
The families and genera of vascular plants: Flowering plants, Dicotyledons. Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae)
. Vol. 7. Springer. p. 299.
ISBN
978-3-540-40593-1
.
- ^
"
Jasminum sambac
(L.) Aiton: Arabian jasmine"
. PLANTS profile, Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture
. Retrieved
8 May
2011
.
- ^
a
b
胡秀英 (Hu Shiu-Ying) (2003).
秀苑?英
秀苑?英: 胡秀英敎授論文集
(in Chinese and English). 商務印書館(香港). pp. 263?265.
ISBN
978-962-07-3152-5
.
- ^
A.K. Singh (2006).
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. New India Publishing. pp. 193?205.
ISBN
978-81-89422-35-6
.
- ^
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, by L. Marcel Devic, year 1876, page 201;
downloadable
. Additional details at
zambacca
(Alphita, mid 15th century);
sambacus
(Simon of Genoa, late 13th century);
???? = ??? ????????
Archived
29 October 2013 at the
Wayback Machine
(
zanbaq
= "jasmine oil" in
Lisan al-Arab
, late 13th century).
- ^
William Aiton (1810).
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. Vol. 1 (2 ed.). Longman. p. 16.
- ^
a
b
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.
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.
- ^
"RHS Plantfinder ?
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"
. Retrieved
14 March
2018
.
- ^
"AGM Plants ? Ornamental"
(PDF)
. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 56
. Retrieved
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.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
"Jasmine"
. House Plants, HCC Southwest College. Archived from
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on 8 May 2011
. Retrieved
8 May
2011
.
- ^
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. National Commission for Culture and the Arts, Republic of the Philippines. Archived from
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on 15 September 2008
. Retrieved
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.
- ^
a
b
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. ASEAN secretariat. Archived from
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on 9 January 2011
. Retrieved
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2011
.
- ^
a
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c
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(2000).
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284
?285.
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.
- ^
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, p. 250.
- ^
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.
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. Retrieved
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.
- ^
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- ^
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.
- ^
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. UP Press. p. 230.
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.
- ^
Jericho (26 January 2024).
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.
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. Retrieved
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.
- ^
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- ^
Garcia, Maria Angelica (24 October 2019).
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.
GMA News
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.
- ^
Aglibot, Joanna Rose (23 August 2019).
"Sampaguita-inspired torch ready for 30th SEA Games"
.
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. Retrieved
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.
- ^
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(PDF)
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on 2 April 2012.
- ^
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. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
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.
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– via www.youtube.com.
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. Human Flower Project. Archived from
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"???????"
.
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- ^
"???????? ??????????????????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ??????????????"
.
Art & Culture
(in Thai). 3 March 2021
. Retrieved
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2023
.
- ^
"Jasmine - a Symbol of Mother's Day"
.
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. 8 August 2019
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- ^
"
'???????' ??????? '??????' ??????????????????????"
.
Bangkokbiznews
(in Thai). 10 August 2020
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- ^
Al-Snafi, Ali Esmail (2018).
"Pharmacological and Therapeutic Effects of Jasminum Sambac- A Review"
.
Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
.
05
(3): 1766?1778.
doi
:
10.5281/zenodo.1210527
.
External links
[
edit
]
|
---|
Official
| | |
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Unofficial
| |
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National heroes
| Implied
| |
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Declared from national legislation
| |
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From proposed laws
| |
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|
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|
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Jasminum sambac
| |
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Nyctanthes sambac
| |
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