American politician (born 1957)
This article is about the American politician. For the alternative rock musician, see
Johnette Napolitano
.
"Secretary Napolitano" redirects here. For the former Italian President and regional Secretary of the Italian Communist Party, see
Giorgio Napolitano
.
Janet Napolitano
|
---|
Napolitano in 2018
|
|
|
|
Assumed office
May 4, 2022
|
President
| Joe Biden
|
---|
|
In office
September 30, 2013 ? August 1, 2020
|
Preceded by
| Mark Yudof
|
---|
Succeeded by
| Michael V. Drake
|
---|
|
In office
January 21, 2009 ? September 6, 2013
|
President
| Barack Obama
|
---|
Deputy
| Jane Holl Lute
Rand Beers
(acting)
|
---|
Preceded by
| Michael Chertoff
|
---|
Succeeded by
| Jeh Johnson
|
---|
|
In office
January 6, 2003 ? January 21, 2009
|
Preceded by
| Jane Dee Hull
|
---|
Succeeded by
| Jan Brewer
|
---|
|
In office
January 4, 1999 ? January 6, 2003
|
Governor
| Jane Dee Hull
|
---|
Preceded by
| Grant Woods
|
---|
Succeeded by
| Terry Goddard
|
---|
|
In office
November 19, 1993 ? November 1, 1997
|
President
| Bill Clinton
|
---|
Preceded by
| Linda Akers
|
---|
Succeeded by
| Jose de Jesus Rivera
|
---|
|
|
Born
| Janet Ann Napolitano
(
1957-11-29
)
November 29, 1957
(age 66)
New York City
, U.S.
|
---|
Political party
| Democratic
|
---|
Education
| Santa Clara University
(
BS
)
University of Virginia
(
JD
)
|
---|
Signature
| |
---|
|
Janet Ann Napolitano
(
;
[1]
born November 29, 1957)
[2]
is an American politician, lawyer, and academic administrator. She served as president of the
University of California
from 2013 to 2020, on the faculty at the
Goldman School of Public Policy
at the
University of California, Berkeley
since 2015, the
United States secretary of homeland security
from 2009 to 2013 (during the administration of President
Barack Obama
), and the
governor of Arizona
from 2003 to 2009.
[3]
[4]
Prior to her election as governor, she served as
attorney general of Arizona
from 1999 to 2003. She was the first woman and the 23rd person to serve in that office. Napolitano had earlier served as the
United States attorney
for the
District of Arizona
. She has been the first woman to serve in several offices, including attorney general of Arizona, secretary of homeland security, and president of the University of California.
Forbes
ranked her as the world's ninth most powerful woman in 2012
[5]
and eighth most powerful woman in 2013. In 2008, she was listed by
The New York Times
as one of the women most likely to become the first female
president of the United States
.
[6]
[7]
[8]
Napolitano also sits on the bipartisan advisory board of States United Democracy Center.
[9]
She was elected to the
American Philosophical Society
in 2018.
[10]
Early life and education
[
edit
]
Janet Napolitano was born on November 29, 1957, in New York City, the daughter of Jane Marie (nee Winer) and Leonard Michael Napolitano, who was the dean of the
University of New Mexico School of Medicine
.
[11]
Her father was of
Italian
descent and her mother had German and Austrian ancestry.
[11]
[12]
Her grandfather was named Filippo Napolitano.
Napolitano is a
Methodist
.
[13]
She is the oldest of three children, with a younger brother and sister. She was raised in
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
,
[14]
and also in
Albuquerque, New Mexico
, where she graduated from
Sandia High School
in 1975.
[15]
Napolitano received a
Bachelor of Science
summa cum laude
with a major in political science from
Santa Clara University
in 1979 and a
Juris Doctor
from the
University of Virginia
in 1983.
[16]
Napolitano was Santa Clara's first female valedictorian, a Truman Scholar, and a member of
Phi Beta Kappa
.
[17]
[14]
[15]
After graduation, she worked as an analyst for the
United States Senate Committee on the Budget
.
[15]
In 1978, she studied for a term at the
London School of Economics
as part of Santa Clara's exchange program through
IES Abroad
.
[18]
She then went to the
University of Virginia School of Law
[15]
after which she served as a law clerk for Judge
Mary M. Schroeder
of the
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
, then joined Schroeder's former firm,
Lewis and Roca
, in
Phoenix
.
[15]
She was named a partner of the firm in 1989.
[14]
Career
[
edit
]
In 1991, while a partner at
Lewis and Roca LLP
, Napolitano served as an attorney for
Anita Hill
.
[15]
[19]
Hill testified in the U.S. Senate that then U.S. Supreme Court nominee
Clarence Thomas
had sexually harassed her ten years earlier when she was his subordinate at the
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
.
[20]
In 1993, Napolitano was appointed by President
Bill Clinton
as
United States attorney
for the
District of Arizona
.
[15]
As U.S. attorney, she was involved in the investigation of Michael Fortier of
Kingman, Arizona
, in connection with the
Oklahoma City bombing
. She ran for and won the position of
Arizona attorney general
in 1998. During her tenure as attorney general, she focused on consumer protection issues and improving general law enforcement.
While serving as attorney general, she spoke at the
2000 Democratic National Convention
just three weeks after having a
mastectomy
. Napolitano recalled that the pain was so unbearable that she could not stand up. "Work and family helped me focus on other things while I battled the cancer," says Napolitano. "I am very grateful for all the support I had from family, friends and Arizonans."
[21]
Governor of Arizona
[
edit
]
In 2002, Napolitano narrowly won the
gubernatorial election
with 46 percent of the vote, succeeding
Republican
Jane Dee Hull
and defeating her Republican opponent, former congressman
Matt Salmon
, who received 45 percent of the vote. She was Arizona's third
female governor
and the first female elected governor in the United States to succeed another elected female governor.
[22]
She was also the first Democrat popularly elected to the governorship since
Bruce Babbitt
left office in 1987, and the first female governor of Arizona to be elected outright.
She spoke at the
2004 Democratic Convention
,
[23]
where some initially considered her to be a possible running mate for presidential candidate Sen.
John Kerry
in the
2004 presidential election
. Kerry selected Senator
John Edwards
instead. In November 2005,
Time
magazine named her one of the five best governors in the U.S.
[24]
As Governor, Napolitano set records for total number of
vetoes
issued. In 2005, she set a single-session record of 58 vetoes, breaking
Jane Dee Hull
's 2001 record of 28.
[25]
[26]
This was followed in June 2006, less than four years into her term, when she issued her 115th veto and set the all-time record for vetoes by an Arizona governor. The previous record of 114 vetoes was set by
Bruce Babbitt
during his nine years in office.
[26]
[27]
By the time she left office, Napolitano had issued 180 vetoes.
[28]
Napolitano supported many educational initiatives. She successfully negotiated the creation of voluntary full-day kindergarten in Arizona. The state previously only funded half-day programs.
[29]
She created a literacy program, and acquired funding for an increase in teacher salaries.
[30]
She spearheaded significant investments in higher education, including funding a
Phoenix
campus for the University of Arizona College of Medicine.
[31]
She also built the state's rainy day fund to more than $650 million, at the time the highest ever.
[32]
She played a leading role in the successful bid to host
Super Bowl
XLII in Glendale, Arizona, expanded the number of teams in the
Cactus league
and invested heavily in tourism and economic development initiatives.
[33]
She was one of the first governors to call for the National Guard at the border after declaring a state emergency related to border security.
[34]
In November 2006, Napolitano was
re-elected as governor
, defeating the Republican challenger,
Len Munsil
, by a nearly 2:1 ratio. She was the first woman to be re-elected to that office and the first gubernatorial candidate in state history to win every county and every legislative district in Arizona. Arizona's constitution limits its governors to two consecutive terms,
[35]
so Napolitano would not have been eligible to seek a third term in office in 2010.
In January 2006, Napolitano won the
Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service
. She served as a member of the
Democratic Governors Association
Executive Committee. She has also served previously as chair of the
Western Governors Association
, and the
National Governors Association
. She served as NGA chair from 2006 to 2007,
[14]
and was the first female governor and first governor of Arizona to serve in that position.
Secretary of homeland security
[
edit
]
In February 2006, Napolitano was named by
The White House Project
as one of "8 in '08", a group of eight female politicians who were suggested as possible candidates for president in 2008.
[36]
On January 11, 2008, she endorsed then Illinois Senator
Barack Obama
as the Democratic nominee for president.
[37]
On November 5, 2008, she was named to the advisory board of the
Obama-Biden Transition Project
.
[38]
On December 1, 2008,
Barack Obama
introduced Napolitano as his nominee for
United States Secretary of Homeland Security
.
[39]
[40]
On January 20, 2009, Napolitano was confirmed, becoming the
first woman
appointed as Secretary in the relatively new department, and the fourth person to hold the position overall (including one acting secretary). Arizona Secretary of State
Jan Brewer
became governor of Arizona.
In March 2009, Napolitano told the German news site
Der Spiegel
that while there is always a threat from terrorism, she preferred to talk about "man-caused' disasters" as a way "to move away from the politics of fear toward a policy of being prepared for all risks that can occur."
[41]
In April 2009, in an interview defending her plans to tighten the
Canada?US border
, Napolitano incorrectly implied that the
September 11 attack
perpetrators entered the United States from Canada. This claim was made by several politicians based upon erroneous news reports in the days after the attack. Napolitano explained that she misunderstood the question and was referring to other individuals who had planned attacks and entered through Canada, but Canadian diplomats rebuked her for helping perpetuate a myth.
[42]
In response to criticism, she later said that while she knew no 9/11 terrorists entered the U.S. through Canada, "there are other instances … when suspected terrorists have attempted to enter our country from Canada to the United States... [s]ome of these are well known to the public, such as the
millennium bomber
, while others are not due to security reasons." There has only been one publicly reported case of terrorists coming to the United States through Canada, that of
Ahmed Ressam
, an Algerian citizen who was in Canada illegally and who had planned an attack on
Los Angeles International Airport
(LAX) as part of the 2000 millennium attack plots. Nevertheless, Napolitano later claimed that "Canada allows people into its country that we do not allow into ours" as a justification for treating the Mexican and Canadian borders equally.
[43]
H1N1 flu
[
edit
]
As Secretary, Napolitano was a central leader in the federal response to the
2009 flu pandemic
.
[44]
Rather than closing schools and businesses, which would have led to wide-scale disruption, Napolitano advanced a strategy of proactive education for prevention. This included a basic virus-prevention education program.
[45]
Ultimately, as a result of the programs implemented by Napolitano and others, much of the damage expected from this flu was mitigated.
[46]
Right-wing extremism memo
[
edit
]
Napolitano was the subject of controversy after the release of a Department of Homeland Security
threat assessment
report that was seen as derogatory towards armed forces veterans.
[
citation needed
]
The report focused on potential threats from the radical right.
[47]
Rightwing
[
sic
]
Extremism: Current Economic and Political Climate Fueling Resurgence in Radicalization and Recruitment
[48]
was made public in April 2009. The report suggested several factors, including the election of the first
black
or
mixed race
president in Barack Obama, concerns regarding future
gun control
measures,
illegal immigration
, the economic downturn beginning in 2008,
abortion controversy
, and disgruntled military veterans' possible vulnerability to recruitment efforts by extremist groups as potential risk factors regarding right-wing extremism recruitment.
[49]
Napolitano made multiple apologies for offending veterans groups by the reference to veterans in the assessment, and promised to meet with those groups to discuss the issue.
[48]
The Department of Homeland Security admitted a "breakdown in an internal process" by ignoring objections by the Office of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties to a portion of the document.
[50]
While the
American Legion
reportedly criticized the assessment, Glen M. Gardner Jr., the national commander of the 2.2 million-member Veterans of Foreign Wars, generally defended it, saying it "should have been worded differently" but served a vital purpose. "A government that does not assess internal and external security threats would be negligent of a critical public responsibility", he said in a statement.
[47]
Reaction to Northwest Airlines Flight 253
[
edit
]
Napolitano was criticized
[51]
for stating in an interview with CNN's
Candy Crowley
that "the system worked" with regard to an attempted terrorist attack on
Northwest Airlines Flight 253
approaching Detroit on Christmas Day 2009. She said:
What we are focused on is making sure that the air environment remains safe, that people are confident when they travel. And one thing I'd like to point out is that the system worked. Everybody played an important role here. The passengers and crew of the flight took appropriate action. Within literally an hour to 90 minutes of the incident occurring, all 128 flights in the air had been notified to take some special measures in light of what had occurred on the Northwest Airlines flight. We instituted new measures on the ground and at screening areas, both here in the United States and in Europe, where this flight originated. So the whole process of making sure that we respond properly, correctly and effectively went very smoothly.
[52]
She later went on
NBC's Today Show
with host
Matt Lauer
and admitted that the security system had indeed failed.
[53]
She said that her earlier statement was "taken out of context" and maintained "air travel is safe", but admitted, "our system did not work in this instance" and no one "is happy or satisfied with that".
[53]
Lauer then asked her whether the system failed up until the moment the bomber had tried to blow up the plane, and Napolitano answered, "It did [fail]."
[53]
In response to the NW253 bomb attempt, Napolitano instituted emergency enhanced pat-down screening until airport security technology could be deployed that could detect non-metallic explosives. After
full body scanners
were deployed, the enhanced pat-downs were used selectively on passengers who triggered an alarm when passing through the detection equipment.
[54]
TSA PreCheck and Global Entry
[
edit
]
To reduce the time consumed by airport security checks Napolitano created the popular program
TSA PreCheck
, which allows travelers to provide background information about themselves to the
Transportation Security Administration
(TSA) in return for expedited security screening.
[55]
TSA PreCheck reduces the number of unknown passengers arriving at security screening lines in airports. She also expanded the
U.S. Customs and Border Protection
trusted traveler program, Global Entry, to include more American travelers and some from verified partners abroad.
[56]
Secure Communities
[
edit
]
Secure Communities
, or SComm, is a deportation program managed by
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
, a subdivision of Homeland Security. Napolitano came under scrutiny for contradicting herself about whether the program is voluntary or mandatory for local jurisdictions. On September 7, 2010, Napolitano said in a letter to Congresswoman
Zoe Lofgren
that jurisdictions that wished to withdraw from the program could do so. However, in October 2010 a
Washington Post
article quoted an anonymous senior ICE official saying: "Secure Communities is not based on state or local cooperation in federal law enforcement ... State and local law enforcement agencies are going to continue to fingerprint people and those fingerprints are forwarded to FBI for criminal checks. ICE will take immigration action appropriately."
[57]
Napolitano later modified her position: "What my letter said was that we would work with them on the implementation in terms of timing and the like ... But we do not view this as an opt-in, opt-out program."
[58]
At the same time
Arlington, Virginia
passed a resolution to opt out of SComm.
[59]
A DHS employee commented at a policy conference: "Have we created some of the confusion out there? Absolutely we have."
[60]
Border security
[
edit
]
Under Napolitano's leadership, the DHS invested heavily in border security and border security technology.
[61]
These investments included a border security supplement passed by Congress to fund an increase in technology and infrastructure along the southern border with Mexico. This technology was used to replace
Boeing's
SBI Net
,
[62]
which was widely criticized as expensive and dysfunctional.
[63]
Printer bomb attempt
[
edit
]
After the
2010 transatlantic aircraft bomb plot
, which used printer cartridges to conceal bombs, Napolitano issued a ban for
toner and ink cartridges
weighing more than one pound on passenger flights.
[64]
Walmart?DHS partnership
[
edit
]
On December 6, 2010,
Walmart
announced it was partnering with the DHS.
[65]
The partnership included a video message from Napolitano on TV screens in Walmart stores playing a "public service announcement" to ask customers to report suspicious activity to a Walmart manager. Napolitano compared the undertaking to "the
Cold War
fight against
communists
."
[66]
Tucson memorial
[
edit
]
On January 12, 2011, together with President Barack Obama, Napolitano was one of the speakers selected to express sympathy to the community of
Tucson
, the
State of Arizona
, and the rest of the nation in a televised memorial for the
2011 Tucson shooting
.
[67]
Discrimination lawsuit
[
edit
]
In July 2012, Napolitano was accused of allowing
discrimination
against male staffers within the Department of Homeland Security.
[68]
[69]
The
federal discrimination lawsuit
, filed in the
United States District Court for the District of Columbia
, was filed by James Hayes Jr., at the time a
special agent
of
Immigration and Customs Enforcement
(ICE) in
New York City
.
[70]
The suit alleged that managers Dora Schriro and Suzanne Barr mistreated male staffers, and that promotions were given to women who were friends of Napolitano. The suit also claimed that when the abuse was reported to the
Equal Employment Opportunity
office Napolitano launched a series of misconduct investigations against the reporting party, Hayes.
[71]
This allegation was never proven. The spokesperson for ICE declined to comment on "unfounded claims".
[72]
Suzanne Barr, who was one of Napolitano's first appointments after she became secretary in 2009, went on leave after Hayes filed his lawsuit and resigned on September 1, 2012. She called the allegations in the lawsuit "unfounded."
[73]
In November 2012, Hayes' attorney said that the "parties have come to an agreement in principle" to settle the case for $175,000 plus a settlement that would include other conditions, including Hayes keeping his job.
[74]
Napolitano was also sued by an
Immigration and Customs Enforcement
agent who claims he was pulled from his post at
JFK Airport
after making a series of employment-discrimination complaints.
[75]
DACA and comprehensive immigration reform
[
edit
]
Napolitano was a long-term advocate for comprehensive immigration reform, starting with her terms as governor of Arizona.
[76]
In 2012, in an effort to provide relief for the so-called
DREAM Act
population, or DREAMers, Napolitano used
prosecutorial discretion
to create the
Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals
program (DACA).
[77]
DREAMers were brought to the U.S. by their parents as minors and have no experience of living in their countries of citizenship.
[
citation needed
]
The program deferred removal proceedings against DREAMers, providing them with the legal status to remain in the United States without fear of deportation.
DACA was announced by President Obama in a
Rose Garden
ceremony shortly after its creation. It was criticized by some members of Congress as an abuse of executive authority.
[78]
Napolitano's successor,
Jeh Johnson
, later attempted to expand the program to include parents of DREAMers, but that expansion was subsequently overturned in courts.
[79]
As of 2019
[update]
DACA remains in place and has never been found unconstitutional by a U.S. court.
[80]
University of California
[
edit
]
In July 2013, Napolitano announced she would leave her post as Secretary of Homeland Security to become president of the
University of California
(UC).
[81]
[82]
She was appointed the 20th president by the University of California Board of Regents on July 18, 2013, the first woman to lead the University of California,
[83]
and began her tenure as president on September 30, 2013.
[84]
On September 18, 2019, Napolitano announced her resignation as president, effective August 1, 2020.
Among her first acts as president was the allocation of more support for UC's undocumented students, and expanded efforts to diversify the ranks of UC graduate students and post-doctoral researchers.
[85]
She also initiated an ambitious ongoing plan for the ten-campus system to achieve
carbon neutrality
by 2025, saying that it was a 'moral imperative' for UC to find solutions to global climate change. In seeking to reduce UC's carbon footprint to zero, Napolitano authorized the university to register as an Electric Service Provider, allowing it to supply energy directly to some of its campuses and medical centers from an 80-MW solar farm in
Fresno
.
[86]
In 2017, Napolitano was awarded the Pat Brown Award from the California Council for Environmental and Economic Balance for her environmental leadership.
[87]
Napolitano has used her tenure as president to encourage more students to pursue public interest careers. She created a fund for fellowships for undergraduate students to offset costs related to public service internships in Sacramento and Washington D.C. She also created the President's Public Service Law Fellowship program, which awards $4.5 million annually to law students at
UC Berkeley
,
UC Davis
,
UC Irvine
and
UCLA
to make postgraduate work and summer positions more accessible for students who wish to pursue public interest legal careers but might be forced to seek private sector jobs out of financial need.
[88]
As part of her Global Food Initiative, which was launched in 2014, Napolitano committed $3.3 million to help students at the University of California access nutritious food. At the time it was the nation's most comprehensive, systematic plan to tackle the problem of food insecurity.
[89]
Napolitano led efforts to combat sexual violence and harassment at the University of California through improvements to the system's policies and procedures. On March 7, 2014 Napolitano wrote a letter to the UC community announcing a new presidential policy prohibiting sexual harassment and violence and providing support for victims and training for faculty, staff and students.
[90]
She also created a system-wide
Title IX
office and appointed the first system-wide Title IX coordinator in January 2017.
[91]
On October 26, 2017 the University of California announced the establishment of the National Center for Free Speech and Civic Engagement. Chaired by Napolitano, the center is devoted to research, education and advocacy on issues of free speech and civic engagement.
[92]
During Napolitano's time as president of UC, tuition for undergraduates has held steady, with one tuition increase of $282 in 2017.
[93]
Controversies
[
edit
]
In April 2016, Napolitano placed
Linda Katehi
, the chancellor of the
University of California, Davis
, on administrative leave following revelations that UC Davis attempted to suppress web searches relating to the
UC Davis pepper spray incident
, as well as charges of nepotism and allegation of misuse of student funds.
[94]
On April 25, 2017 the California State Auditor issued a report that Janet Napolitano and her University of California Office of the President failed to disclose $175 million and engaged in misleading budget practices.
[95]
After an investigation, the University of California took disciplinary action against Napolitano, issuing a public admonishment.
[96]
According to an independent report by retired State Supreme Justice
Carlos R. Moreno
, Napolitano approved a plan that pressured the ten UC campuses to change their survey responses about Napolitano's administration from negative responses to positive ones.
[96]
[97]
[98]
On September 8, 2017 the University of California and Janet Napolitano filed
a lawsuit
against the United States Federal Government in response to President
Donald Trump's
decision to ultimately end the
Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals
or DACA,
[99]
making her the first former secretary of homeland security to sue the agency she once led over a policy that she created.
[100]
In 2020, Janet Napolitano fired 82
University of California, Santa Cruz
graduate students for withholding grades in a wildcat strike for a
Cost of Living Adjustment
to address living conditions.
[101]
Dismissed students faced loss of tuition remission, health benefits, and living stipends and international students faced loss of student visa status.
Later career
[
edit
]
Napolitano was repeatedly discussed as a contender for appointment to the
U.S. Supreme Court
.
[102]
[103]
[104]
[7]
Some political commentators also suggested a possible candidacy in the
2016 United States presidential election
.
[8]
[6]
In September 2014, when Attorney General
Eric Holder
announced his intention to step down, there was speculation that Napolitano might be a candidate for the next
United States attorney general
.
[105]
Instead,
Loretta Lynch
replaced Holder.
[106]
Napolitano serves as an advisor on the COVID-19 Technology Task Force, a technology industry coalition founded in March 2020 collaborating on solutions to respond to and recover from the
COVID-19 pandemic
.
[107]
Napolitano became a
UC Berkeley
faculty member within the
Goldman School of Public Policy
in 2015.
[4]
In May 2022, Napolitano was appointed to serve as a member of the
President's Intelligence Advisory Board
.
[108]
Personal life
[
edit
]
Napolitano is an avid basketball fan and regularly plays tennis and softball.
[109]
Whitewater rafting
and
hiking
are among her hobbies. She has hiked in Arizona's
Superstition Mountains
, New Mexico's
Sandia Mountains
, and the
Himalayas
, and has climbed
Mount Kilimanjaro
.
[110]
Napolitano has never married and has no children; as a result, some of her political opponents have speculated about her sexual orientation. In 2002, "vote
gay
" fliers were posted next to her campaign signs. Napolitano responded by saying that she is "just a straight, single
workaholic
".
[111]
Although they both share the same last name, Janet Napolitano has no relation to libertarian columnist
Andrew Napolitano
.
[112]
[113]
This is according to Andrew himself though he does note the coincidence and in his columns, sometimes jokingly refers to Janet as "Evil Cousin Janet".
[114]
[115]
Napolitano began undergoing
cancer
-related treatment in August 2016.
[116]
On January 17, 2017, Napolitano was hospitalized in Oakland due to complications from the cancer treatment.
[117]
[118]
She was released from hospital on January 23, 2017.
[119]
Electoral history
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"Playbook 24/7"
. Politico.Com. May 18, 2009.
Archived
from the original on October 22, 2013
. Retrieved
May 5,
2010
.
- ^
"UPI Almanac for Friday, Nov. 29, 2019"
.
United Press International
. November 29, 2019.
Archived
from the original on December 24, 2019
. Retrieved
January 11,
2020
.
…Janet Napolitano, former U.S. secretary of Homeland Security, in 1957 (age 62)
- ^
President, UC Office of the (September 18, 2019).
"University of California President Janet Napolitano announces decision to step down next year"
.
University of California
.
Archived
from the original on September 18, 2019
. Retrieved
September 18,
2019
.
- ^
a
b
"Curriculum Vitae as of October 2020"
(PDF)
. Goldman School of Public Policy, UC Berkeley. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on October 19, 2021
. Retrieved
April 11,
2024
.
- ^
"The 100 Most Powerful Women"
.
Forbes
. September 2012.
Archived
from the original on June 22, 2018
. Retrieved
September 1,
2017
.
- ^
a
b
Levy, Pema (February 13, 2014)
"What if Hillary Doesn't Run for President in 2016?"
Archived
February 9, 2018, at the
Wayback Machine
,
Newsweek
. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
- ^
a
b
Zernike, Kate (May 18, 2008).
"She Just Might Be President Someday"
.
New York Times
.
Archived
from the original on April 6, 2017
. Retrieved
February 17,
2017
.
- ^
a
b
Mucha, Peter (September 11, 2013)
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External links
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