American educator, school administrator, businessperson, and minister
James McHenry Jones
|
---|
![Black and white photographic portrait of Jones](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/James_McHenry_Jones.jpg/220px-James_McHenry_Jones.jpg) Portrait of Jones ca. 1903
|
|
|
In office
1898?1909
|
Preceded by
| John H. Hill
|
---|
Succeeded by
| Byrd Prillerman
|
---|
|
In office
1882?1898
|
Preceded by
| Mrs. Gaskins
|
---|
Succeeded by
| Flem B. Jones
|
---|
|
|
Born
| (
1859-08-28
)
August 28, 1859
Gallipolis, Ohio
, U.S.
|
---|
Died
| September 22, 1909
(1909-09-22)
(aged 50)
Institute, West Virginia
, U.S.
|
---|
Resting place
| Cabell Cemetery, Institute
|
---|
Spouse(s)
| Carrie M. Harrison
Elizabeth Moore
|
---|
Profession
| Educator, school administrator, businessperson, and minister
|
---|
|
James McHenry Jones
(August 28, 1859 ? September 22, 1909) was an American educator, school administrator, businessperson, and minister. Jones was the third principal of the
West Virginia Colored Institute
(present-day West Virginia State University) from 1898 until 1909 and is considered by West Virginia State as the institution's third president.
[a]
Jones was born in 1859 in
Gallipolis, Ohio
, and raised in
Burlington
and
New Richmond
, before his family settled in
Pomeroy
along the
Ohio River
. There, he attended Kerr's Run Colored School and the all-white Pomeroy High School, where he graduated with honors in 1882. At 17, he joined the
Free Will Baptist
church, and was
ordained
a minister to churches in Pomeroy and
Middleport, Ohio
. While ministering to his two churches, Jones began his career in education as a schoolteacher outside Pomeroy. In 1882, he was elected principal of the Lincoln School in
Wheeling, West Virginia
. Lincoln School was the first African-American public school in the United States, established in 1866 following the
American Civil War
. During his 16-year tenure as principal there, he raised the school to high school standards, and it became one of West Virginia's top African-American public schools. Jones doubled the size of the faculty and the student body, expanded the school's curriculum, and rebuilt the school after a fire in 1893.
Jones was elected principal of the West Virginia Colored Institute in
Institute, West Virginia
, in 1898. He increased federal and state funding to the institute, and expanded the campus through the construction of classroom, dormitory, and industrial mechanics buildings. He also broadened the institute's curriculum to include teacher and military training programs. While serving as principal, Jones was an incorporator and director of the Wilgera Oil and Gas Company, which was likely one of the first
African American-owned
fossil fuel
companies in the United States. He also served as the Grand Master of the
Grand United Order of Odd Fellows in America
. Jones died in 1909, and
Byrd Prillerman
succeeded him as principal of the institute. Jones Hall, which houses West Virginia State's University Printing Services and the National Center for Human Relations, was named by the university in his honor.
Early life and education
[
edit
]
19th-century illustration of
Pomeroy, Ohio
, from the
Ohio River
Jones was born on August 28, 1859, in
Gallipolis, Ohio
, the son of Joseph Jones and Temperance Reed Jones.
[2]
[3]
[4]
He was the sixth of ten children, nine of whom were boys.
[2]
[3]
Jones's parents, inspired by Baptist preacher Thomas Jefferson Ferguson, aspired to be
middle class
and emphasized the importance of education to their children.
[2]
Jones was raised in
Burlington
and
New Richmond
, before his family settled in
Pomeroy, Ohio
, along the
Ohio River
.
[3]
[4]
He also spent time on his grandmother's farm in
Lawrence County, Ohio
.
[4]
As a child, Jones learned the trade of a
cooper
and worked in this profession before and after school.
[4]
Jones attended Kerr's Run Colored School in the Kerr's Run area of Pomeroy's First Ward.
[5]
West Virginia
state auditor
J. S. Darst cited Jones as a person who rose to prominence, despite his early unfavorable environment?the "tough", "bloody First" Ward of Pomeroy.
[6]
Darst was a childhood playmate of both Jones and educational administrator
James Edwin Campbell
.
[6]
At 16, Jones became a schoolteacher and taught two terms in the district schools of
Meigs County, Ohio
.
[4]
He then received permission to attend the all-white Pomeroy High School, where he studied for four years, and, in 1882, graduated first in his class out of seven students with honors.
[2]
[3]
[4]
Jones was the first African American to graduate from the school.
[4]
At 17, he joined the
Free Will Baptist
church, and despite his young age, he was
ordained
a minister to churches in Pomeroy and
Middleport, Ohio
, because of his "special fitness".
[3]
Career in education
[
edit
]
Lincoln School
[
edit
]
Before his graduation from Pomeroy High School, Jones was elected as the principal of Lincoln School in
Wheeling, West Virginia
, on April 6, 1882.
[2]
[3]
[4]
[7]
He competed successfully for this position against six other applicants.
[4]
Founded in 1866 following the
American Civil War
, Lincoln School was the first African-American public school in the United States.
[7]
[8]
Jones began his term as principal in June 1882.
[4]
Because of the school's growth during his first year of leadership, Jones hired an additional teacher in 1883, his future wife Carrie M. Harrison.
[7]
Jones had the school's building remodeled during the summer of 1884, and had two rooms added to it.
[7]
Lincoln School in
Wheeling, West Virginia
In 1885, during Jones's tenure as principal, Lincoln School participated in the Wheeling City Public Schools' graduation ceremony for the first time. There Lincoln School's graduating class received their diplomas at the same time and on the same stage as white students from other city schools.
[4]
[7]
According to
The Cleveland Gazette
, this commencement was the first integrated graduation south of the
Mason?Dixon line
.
[4]
West Virginia Attorney General
Alfred Caldwell Jr.
decided that it was illegal for African-American and white children to attend the same school or be classified together, which led to
racially segregated
commencement ceremonies in 1886.
[7]
In 1889, Jones made a further addition to the Lincoln School building, and another teacher was elected to the school's faculty.
[7]
Fire destroyed the Lincoln School building in January 1893, and Jones operated the school from a market hall while he led the rebuilding of a new school facility.
[2]
[9]
The new building was completed and opened in April 1894.
[9]
His successor as principal, Flem B. Jones, described the new school building as a "monument" to Jones's "untiring labor".
[9]
Under Jones's leadership, Wheeling's board of education added a high school department at Lincoln School in the fall of 1896, which was identical to the high school course offered at the white Wheeling High School.
[3]
[8]
[9]
By 1897, the total number of students in all grades numbered around 300.
[10]
During his 16-year tenure as principal at Lincoln, the school became one of the top African-American public schools in West Virginia.
[3]
[8]
By the end of his tenure, Jones had doubled the size of the school's faculty and student body and had greatly expanded the school's curriculum.
[2]
West Virginia Colored Institute
[
edit
]
East Hall
, as it appeared in 2018
The State Board of Regents elected Jones as principal of the
West Virginia Colored Institute
on September 21, 1898,
[3]
[11]
[a]
to fill the vacancy left by the resignation of
John H. Hill
.
[3]
The institute had been founded in 1891 under the
Morrill Act of 1890
to provide West Virginia's African Americans with education in agricultural and mechanical studies.
[12]
[13]
When Jones was elected principal in 1898,
East Hall
became his residence, and became known as the "President's House".
[14]
During Jones's tenure at the institute, he increased federal and state funding, and expanded the campus with the construction of classroom, dormitory, and industrial mechanics buildings.
[2]
Jones added two new buildings to the campus, and added large additions to two existing buildings.
[3]
The student body also doubled in size during his tenure.
[3]
In addition, he broadened the institute's curriculum by adding a
normal department
and military training programs.
[1]
[2]
Under his leadership, students spent half of their time receiving instruction on academic studies and the other half learning trade and vocational skills.
[2]
By 1904, the institute had grown to include six departments:
Normal
, Agriculture, Mechanical, Domestic, Commercial, and Musical.
[15]
It had a total enrollment of 185 students?its largest enrollment since its establishment.
[15]
Following his death in office in 1909, a committee of the State Board of Regents elected
Byrd Prillerman
to succeed Jones as president of the institute.
[16]
Political and social activities
[
edit
]
Jones became an influential figure in West Virginia through his participation in African-American religious and fraternal institutions.
[2]
While in Wheeling, Jones became affiliated with the Simpson Methodist Episcopal Church (later known as Simpson United Methodist Church), and worked to develop and grow the church and its community.
[3]
He spoke at the church's elaborate
Masonic
cornerstone laying ceremony in 1893.
[17]
Jones was active in the movement for African-American advancement, and became a frequently invited speaker throughout West Virginia,
[3]
using this platform to deliver speeches that highlighted African-American achievements.
[2]
He became well known as a speaker on
Chautauqua
circuits.
[18]
At 18, Jones became a member of the
Grand United Order of Odd Fellows in America
, an African-American
fraternal order
.
[2]
[4]
By 1880, he represented the Ohio District Lodge at the order's convention.
[4]
Jones continued to rise within the order, being elected as District Deputy Master in
Springfield
, in 1882; District Master in
Columbus
in 1883; and reelected District Master in
Dayton, Ohio
, in 1884.
[4]
In 1888, he was elected leader of the order's District No. 24 consisting of Michigan, Ohio, and West Virginia.
[4]
At the order's 1896 convention in
Indianapolis
, Jones was elected the order's first fraternal delegate to participate in the
British Odd Fellows'
annual meeting in the United Kingdom, which Jones attended in 1897.
[2]
[18]
[19]
During his speech to the British Odd Fellows in 1897, Jones remarked that, "African-Americans could decrease the force of racism and acquire acceptance in the social order ... through the associations of class and especially middle-class values and morals".
[2]
In 1902, Jones became the Grand Master of the Grand United Order of Odd Fellows.
[3]
[18]
He served in this position for two terms, spanning four years total.
[3]
Jones was also a member of the interracial
Epworth League
religious organization,
[20]
and in 1908, the league selected him to speak at its Quadrennial Convention in
Seattle
, Washington.
[3]
Jones was also a member of the West Virginia Teachers' Association, and participated in the association's third annual meeting in
Parkersburg, West Virginia
, in 1893.
[21]
Jones also became influential through his political contacts.
[2]
He was a supporter of
George W. Atkinson
, a Wheeling attorney, newspaper editor, and
Republican
politician.
[2]
In 1896, Jones was invited to speak at West Virginia's Republican Convention in Parkersburg.
[22]
In his speech, Jones seconded Atkinson's nomination as the Republican candidate for
Governor of West Virginia
in 1896.
[2]
[22]
Jones also founded the Atkinson Republican Club, which was an integrated organization with 100 African-American voters.
[2]
He used his political influence to advocate for equal rights for African Americans and fought for equal public accommodations for African Americans to include railcars.
[18]
While Jones was a supporter of the state's Republican Party, he did not run for elected public office, nor did he accept any appointments.
[18]
Writing career
[
edit
]
Jones served as an associate editor of Charleston's African-American newspaper,
The Advocate
.
[18]
In 1896, he wrote and published a novel entitled
Hearts of Gold
.
[2]
[20]
[23]
In it Jones details a community of African-American leaders combating racism and systemic injustice in the post-American Civil War era, and highlights their dedication to education, journalism, and fraternal organizations for African-Americans abandoned by the white political system.
[2]
[20]
African-American literature
scholar
Robert Bone
stated that
Hearts of Gold
reflected a growing belligerence in response to white discrimination and violence against African Americans in the 1890s, and cited his characterization of this repression as "the reign of poor whites".
[24]
Literary scholar John G. Mencke stated the novel's character, Regenia Underwood, represents a movement in African-American literature where the heroine devotes herself to the profession of teaching in the American South, rather than pursue a more comfortable life elsewhere.
[25]
Hugh Gloster
assessed that
Hearts of Gold
"presents decorous characters and probes the consequences of interbreeding in the
Reconstruction period
".
[26]
He concluded that
Hearts of Gold
was noteworthy because it was the first American novel with a leading character who was the offspring of a lawful marriage between a white woman and an African-American man.
[27]
By 2010, only eight known copies of
Hearts of Gold
had survived until the
West Virginia University Press
republished the novel in February of that year.
[2]
[20]
Jones reportedly wrote several other novels; however, literary critics have only located
Hearts of Gold
.
[20]
Business activities
[
edit
]
In December 1902, Jones was an incorporator of the Wilgera Oil and Gas Company, with $50,000 in initial stock.
[28]
[29]
[30]
The company's other incorporators were George A. Weaver, Wilbur F. Jones, and journalist
Ralph Waldo Tyler
.
[28]
[30]
[31]
This company was likely one of the first
African American-owned
fossil fuel
companies in the United States.
[28]
[31]
Jones served as a director of the company.
[28]
[29]
[31]
Honors and awards
[
edit
]
In recognition of his management of West Virginia Colored Institute,
Wilberforce University
awarded Jones an
honorary
Master of Arts
degree.
[3]
In 1908, he received an honorary
Doctor of Literature
degree from
Rust College
in
Holly Springs, Mississippi
.
[3]
Death and legacy
[
edit
]
Jones died on September 22, 1909, at 11:22 p.m. in Institute.
[3]
[11]
[32]
He had experienced poor health in the final year of his life and was diagnosed with
Bright's disease
in August 1909.
[32]
Jones's body
lay in state
at the institute's Hazelwood Assembly Hall on September 25 and was visited by hundreds of mourners.
[3]
Jones's funeral was held in
Charleston
, and was attended by West Virginia's governor
William E. Glasscock
, state auditor John S. Darst, the state superintendent of schools, and former justice of the state's
Supreme Court of Appeals
Henry C. McWhorter
.
[3]
Governor Glasscock spoke at the service and said of Jones: "Always his hands, heart, and mind were engaged in lifting up his fellow man, in making smoother the path of adversity, and throwing the light of knowledge into the dark corners of ignorance. His idea of life was to make the world better and happier."
[3]
Jones was
interred
at Cabell Cemetery on the campus of West Virginia State.
[1]
A later memorial service for Jones was held in December 1909 at the Kanawha Light Lodge No. 1637 in Charleston.
[33]
In 1911, the Lincoln School Alumni Association unveiled a white marble memorial plaque at the school in Jones's memory.
[34]
The university named West Virginia State's Jones Hall in his honor.
[1]
[35]
Jones Hall was built in 1924 and originally served as the institute's elementary training school and laboratory for observation and directed teaching of elementary-level grades.
[35]
Jones Hall is currently home to West Virginia State's University Printing Services, and the National Center for Human Relations, a forum for "communication, understanding, and cooperation among people, groups, and institutions with a special focus on issues of human diversity and race relations".
[35]
[36]
Personal life
[
edit
]
Marriage and family
[
edit
]
On December 27, 1888, Jones married Carrie M. Harrison of
Harmar, Marietta
, Ohio.
[4]
They were married until Harrison's death in 1893; the couple had no children together.
[3]
Jones then married Elizabeth Moore of
Cincinnati
.
[3]
They remained married until his death in 1909, and had no children.
[3]
Both of Jones's wives had been teachers hired by him at the schools he headed.
[2]
References
[
edit
]
Explanatory notes
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
c
West Virginia State University was founded as the West Virginia Colored Institute in 1891, and was later known as West Virginia Collegiate Institute (1915), West Virginia State College (1929), and finally West Virginia State University (2004). Jones was titled as the institute's third principal during his tenure; however, West Virginia State University considers him the university's third president.
[1]
Citations
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
c
d
"Office of the President: Past Presidents"
.
West Virginia State University
. 2020. Archived from
the original
on May 25, 2020
. Retrieved
May 25,
2020
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
"Biography: J. McHenry Jones"
. Ohio County Public Library. 2020. Archived from
the original
on August 8, 2020
. Retrieved
August 8,
2020
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
x
y
z
"Impressive Were Last Rites"
(PDF)
.
The Advocate
.
Charleston, West Virginia
. September 30, 1909. p. 1. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on August 7, 2020
. Retrieved
August 7,
2020
– via
Chronicling America
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
"James McHenry Jones"
.
The Cleveland Gazette
.
Cleveland, Ohio
. January 26, 1889. p. 1. Archived from
the original
on September 27, 2020
. Retrieved
September 27,
2020
– via
Ohio History Connection
.
- ^
Hawley, Sarah (January 21, 2019).
"Marking a piece of history"
.
The Daily Sentinel
.
Pomeroy, Ohio
. Archived from
the original
on June 7, 2020
. Retrieved
June 7,
2020
.
- ^
a
b
"Governor Glasscock and State Auditor Darst Orators at Lincoln Day Memorial Exercises"
(PDF)
.
The Advocate
.
Charleston, West Virginia
. February 17, 1910. p. 1. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on September 3, 2020
. Retrieved
May 29,
2020
– via
Chronicling America
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
Board of Education of the City of Wheeling, West Virginia 1899
, p. 19.
- ^
a
b
c
"Lincoln School: Historical Sketch"
. Ohio County Public Library. 2020. Archived from
the original
on August 8, 2020
. Retrieved
August 8,
2020
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Board of Education of the City of Wheeling, West Virginia 1899
, p. 20.
- ^
Woodson 1922
, p. 39.
- ^
a
b
West Virginia Collegiate Institute 1924
, p. 22 of the PDF.
- ^
"Our History Runs Deep"
.
West Virginia State University
. 2020. Archived from
the original
on February 29, 2020
. Retrieved
February 29,
2020
.
- ^
Jones 1904
, p. 285.
- ^
Bickley & Collins 1988
, pp. 4?5 of the PDF file.
- ^
a
b
Jones 1904
, p. 287.
- ^
"Change Made in the Conduct of W. Va. Colored Institute"
(PDF)
.
The Advocate
.
Charleston, West Virginia
. September 30, 1909. p. 4. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on August 7, 2020
. Retrieved
August 7,
2020
– via
Chronicling America
.
- ^
Wheeling Heritage 2019
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
Robinson 1968
, p. 92.
- ^
Brooks 1902
, p. 271.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
"Hearts of Gold"
.
Morgantown, West Virginia
:
West Virginia University Press
. 2020.
Archived
from the original on October 5, 2015
. Retrieved
September 26,
2020
.
- ^
Woodson 1922
, p. 60.
- ^
a
b
Pickens, Jordan (February 6, 2019).
"The life of James McHenry Jones"
.
The Daily Sentinel
.
Pomeroy, Ohio
.
Archived
from the original on February 7, 2019
. Retrieved
September 22,
2020
.
- ^
Jones 1896
- ^
Bone 1958
, p. 32.
- ^
Mencke 1979
, pp. 157?158.
- ^
Gloster 1965
, pp. 31?32.
- ^
Gloster 1965
, p. 32.
- ^
a
b
c
d
"Big Oil Deal"
(PDF)
.
Sistersville Daily Oil Review
.
Sistersville, West Virginia
. December 29, 1902. p. 1. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on August 7, 2020
. Retrieved
August 7,
2020
– via
Chronicling America
.
- ^
a
b
"Refused $20,000 Cash"
(PDF)
.
The Colored American
. Washington, D.C. January 10, 1903. p. 8. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on August 7, 2020
. Retrieved
August 7,
2020
– via
Chronicling America
.
- ^
a
b
Dawson 1903
, p. 321.
- ^
a
b
c
"Money In Oil: The Wilgera Gas and Oil Co. Owned By Negroes"
.
The Colored American
. Washington, D.C. February 21, 1903. p. 1
. Retrieved
March 1,
2021
– via
Newspapers.com
.
- ^
a
b
West Virginia Colored Institute 1909
, p. 1.
- ^
"Charleston"
(PDF)
.
The Advocate
.
Charleston, West Virginia
. December 9, 1909. p. 5. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on August 7, 2020
. Retrieved
August 7,
2020
– via
Chronicling America
.
- ^
"Memorial Tablet to Prof. Jones Unveiled"
(PDF)
.
The Advocate
.
Charleston, West Virginia
. June 15, 1911. p. 2.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on September 26, 2020
. Retrieved
September 26,
2020
– via
Chronicling America
.
- ^
a
b
c
"Jones Hall - Campus Buildings and Artifacts, WVSU Archives & Special Collections"
.
West Virginia State University
. 2020. Archived from
the original
on September 9, 2015
. Retrieved
September 4,
2020
.
- ^
"National Center for Human Relations"
.
West Virginia State University
. 2020. Archived from
the original
on September 6, 2020
. Retrieved
September 6,
2020
.
Bibliography
[
edit
]
- Bickley, Ancella Radford
; Collins, Rodney S. (June 1988).
National Register of Historic Places Inventory ? Nomination Form: East Hall
(PDF)
.
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,
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. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on March 2, 2020
. Retrieved
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.
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Annual Report of the Public Schools of the City of Wheeling, W. Va. for the School Year Ending July 31st, 1899
.
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.
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(1958).
The Negro Novel in America
.
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.
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The Official History and Manual of the Grand United Order of Odd Fellows in America
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.
- Dawson, William M. O.
, ed. (1903).
Report of Secretary of State, Ex Officio Sup't Public Printing, and Sec'y Board of Public Works, for the Fiscal Years Ending Sept. 30, 1901 and Sept. 30, 1902
.
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.
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.
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.
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. Retrieved
September 19,
2020
– via Drain-Jordan Library, West Virginia State University.
- Wheeling Heritage (2019).
Wheeling's Historic Churches: A walking tour of their history and architecture
(PDF)
.
Wheeling, West Virginia
: Wheeling Heritage.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on September 26, 2020
. Retrieved
September 26,
2020
.
- Woodson, C. G. (January 1922).
Woodson, Carter G.
(ed.).
"Early Negro Education in West Virginia"
.
The Journal of Negro History
.
7
(1). Washington, D.C.:
Association for the Study of Negro Life and History
: 23?63.
doi
:
10.2307/2713579
.
hdl
:
2027/osu.32435074353632
.
JSTOR
2713579
.
S2CID
149565330
. Retrieved
February 29,
2020
– via
Internet Archive
.
External links
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]