American journalist
James Wright Foley
(October 18, 1973 ?
c.
August 19, 2014) was an American
journalist
and video reporter. While working as a freelance
war correspondent
during the
Syrian Civil War
, he was abducted on November 22, 2012, in northwestern
Syria
. He was
murdered by decapitation
in August 2014 purportedly as a response to
American airstrikes in Iraq
, thus becoming the first American citizen killed by the
Islamic State of Iraq and Syria
(ISIS).
[1]
Before becoming a journalist, Foley was an instructor for
Teach For America
.
[2]
[3]
By spring 2008, in Iraq, he became an embedded journalist with an
Indiana National Guard
unit,
[4]
writing a story for
In These Times
, about condolence payments paid to Iraqis.
[5]
In 2008, he became an embedded journalist with
USAID
-funded development projects in Iraq, and in 2011 he wrote for the military newspaper
Stars and Stripes
in Afghanistan, and
GlobalPost
in Libya. There, he was captured by
Gaddafi
loyalist forces and held for 44 days. The next year, Foley was captured in Syria while he was working for
Agence France-Presse
and
GlobalPost
.
Early life
[
edit
]
Foley was born in
Evanston, Illinois
,
[6]
[7]
the oldest of five children born to Diane and John Foley of
Rochester, New Hampshire
.
[8]
He grew up in
Wolfeboro, New Hampshire
, where he attended
Kingswood Regional High School
.
[9]
He was raised as a
Catholic
.
[10]
[11]
In 1996, he graduated from
Marquette University
, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in history and Spanish,
[12]
followed by a
Master of Fine Arts
in creative writing from the
University of Massachusetts Amherst
in 2002, and a Master of Science
[13]
from
Northwestern University
's
Medill School of Journalism
in 2008.
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
Career
[
edit
]
Foley began his career as a teacher in
Arizona
for
Teach For America
. In 1999, Foley decided to pursue his MFA in creative writing at the
University of Massachusetts Amherst
. Upon completion of his MFA in 2003, Foley returned to Phoenix for one year before relocating to Chicago in the summer of 2004 and taking a job teaching writing to young felons at the Cook County Boot Camp. In 2007, Foley enrolled in Northwestern's Medill School of Journalism.
[18]
Starting in 2008, Foley worked for
USAID
-funded 'Tatweer' development projects in
Baghdad
.
[19]
He helped organize conferences and training seminars for a program designed to rebuild Iraq's civil service, crippled by decades of isolation and autocratic administration.
In 2008, he became an embedded journalist, in Iraq, with the U.S.
101st Airborne Division
.
[20]
In 2009, he became an embedded journalist, in
Nuristan
,
Nangahar
and
Kunar
,
Afghanistan
, with the United States
4th Infantry Division
and
10th Mountain Division
.
[20]
In 2010, he left Iraq and applied for
military embed-journalist accommodation status
in
Afghanistan
to become a freelance journalist.
[21]
He was an embedded journalist with U.S. troops in Iraq, where his brother was serving as an officer in the
United States Air Force
.
[21]
In January 2011, Foley joined
Stars and Stripes
as a reporter on assignment in Afghanistan. Two months later he was removed from his post after being detained by U.S. military police at
Kandahar Air Field
on suspicion of possessing and using
marijuana
. On March 3, 2011, Foley admitted that he had marijuana in his possession and resigned his position.
[22]
[23]
[24]
In 2011, while working for the Boston-based
GlobalPost
, Foley went to Libya to cover
the uprising
against
Muammar Gaddafi
, embedding himself with rebel fighters.
[18]
2011 detention in Libya
[
edit
]
According to media reports, on the morning of April 5, 2011, Foley, fellow American
Clare Morgana Gillis
, a freelance reporter (
Atlantic Monthly
,
Christian Science Monitor
,
USA Today
), as well as Spanish photographer
Manu Brabo
, were attacked and captured near
Brega
,
Libya
, by forces loyal to Gaddafi; fellow photojournalist
Anton Hammerl
was killed.
[25]
[26]
[27]
When the shooting started, Foley and Gillis both heard Hammerl yell out, "Help!" Foley, Gillis, and Brabo were beaten by the pro-Gaddafi forces and then taken as their prisoners.
[28]
[29]
[26]
Foley stated: "Once I saw Anton lying there dead, it was like everything had changed. The whole world has changed. I don't even know that I felt some of the blows."
[30]
Gillis said, "We all glanced down at him as we were being taken by, and I saw him just lying in a pool of blood. And then we were put into the truck and our heads were pushed down. We weren't able to see anything that happened after that to him."
[31]
Foley was released from jail 44 days later.
[27]
On May 18, Foley, Gillis and Brabo, as well as Nigel Chandler (an English journalist also being held), were brought to the
Rixos Hotel
in Tripoli after release. Foley returned to
Milwaukee
to thank the community for praying for his safe return.
[32]
In an interview, he said, "You go through different emotions when you're in captivity... These weird extreme ideas of where you are based on this capture. You don't want to be defined as that guy who got captured in 2011. I believe front line journalism is important [without it] we can't tell the world how bad it might be."
[33]
Foley also wrote an article for
Marquette Magazine
about how
rosary prayers
helped get him through his captivity.
[34]
[35]
His experience of being captured did not deter him; he quickly returned to Libya, and was at the scene of
Muammar Gaddafi's capture
with
GlobalPost
correspondent
Tracey Shelton
on October 20, 2011.
[36]
Kidnapping in Syria, hostage negotiations, and rescue attempt
[
edit
]
During the
Syrian Civil War
, Foley continued working as a freelancer for
GlobalPost,
in addition to other media outlets, such as
Agence France-Presse
.
[37]
On November 22, 2012, Foley was kidnapped by an organized gang after departing from an
internet cafe
with British journalist
John Cantlie
, in northwestern
Syria
while on their way to the
Turkish
border.
[38]
[39]
Their taxi driver and Foley's translator were not taken.
[40]
[41]
They were reportedly working on a film depicting Cantlie's abduction and dramatic rescue by four members of the
Free Syrian Army
in July 2012.
[42]
[43]
Sources close to the family said that they believed Foley was kidnapped by the
Shabiha
militia, a group loyal to Syrian President
Bashar al-Assad
. He was later reportedly held in a
Syrian Air Force Intelligence
complex in
Damascus
.
[44]
[45]
During negotiations from November to December 2013, Foley's captors demanded
€
100 million in
ransom
(approximately US$132 million) from Foley's family,
GlobalPost
(his employer), and the U.S. in exchange for his release.
[24]
[46]
[47]
The chief executive officer of
GlobalPost
, Philip Balboni, stated that the company spent millions on efforts to bring Foley home, including hiring an international security firm,
Kroll Inc.
[48]
In September 2013, the firm was able to locate Foley and track his location. He was moved many times during his captivity.
[47]
[49]
[50]
Kroll's research led to
GlobalPost
reporting that Foley was being held in a Damascus prison run by Syrian Air Force Intelligence, along with at least one other Western journalist, possibly
Austin Tice
.
[48]
In June 2014, ISIS released Danish photojournalist and fellow hostage Daniel Rye Ottosen, and Ottosen called Foley's family to recite a memorized message that came to be known as Foley's final letter. In it, Foley addressed members of his family, and described his captivity in a cell with seventeen other hostages, who passed the time with improvised strategy games and lectures. The family released the letter on their
Facebook
page shortly after Foley's death.
[51]
In July 2014, U.S. President
Barack Obama
authorized a "substantial and complex" rescue operation after the
U.S. intelligence community
said a "broad collection of intelligence" led them to believe that the hostages were being held at a specific location in Syria. However, the
mission failed
because the hostages had been moved.
[52]
The operation involved
special operations forces
from multiple branches of the
US military
, including: the
160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment
, helicopters, fixed wing aircraft, and drones.
[53]
When
Delta Force
commandos landed in the eastern Syrian city of
Raqqa
, they were met with gunfire, and it became apparent that the hostages had been moved.
[54]
ISIS suffered numerous casualties, while American forces suffered a single minor injury. The operation was only declassified after Foley's death. It represented the first confirmation of U.S. troops operating on the ground within Syria during the
Syrian Civil War
.
[52]
On August 12, 2014, ISIS sent Foley's parents an email saying that U.S. government?unlike other governments?had refused to pay ransoms or negotiate
prisoner exchanges
, and saying that they would kill Foley.
[55]
The email's authors said they had left the U.S. alone since its "disgraceful defeat in Iraq," but would "avenge"
the U.S. bombings
, initially with the death of Foley.
[55]
John Foley, the father of James, said he did not realize how "brutal" his captors were. Even after receiving the email, he held out hope that his son's release could still be negotiated. The family had reportedly been preparing to break U.S. law by offering to pay a ransom for his release. Due to his nationality, Foley's captors subjected him to regular torture and
mock executions
during his captivity.
[56]
Beheading
[
edit
]
Foley's whereabouts were unknown to most until August 19, 2014, when ISIS uploaded a video to
YouTube
entitled "A Message to America". Though quickly deleted, it continued to circulate elsewhere on the Internet.
[note 1]
Filmed in several takes,
[59]
the video started with Obama's announcement of the first U.S. airstrikes against ISIL in Iraq. It then cut to Foley kneeling in the desert next to a masked, black-clad ISIL terrorist and reading a long message expressing regret.
[14]
[60]
After Foley finished the message, the terrorist condemned U.S. airstrikes and threatened that any aggression by America would "result in the bloodshed of your people."
[61]
The actual beheading took place in less than ten seconds, although the entire recording was longer than four-and-a-half minutes.
[60]
[61]
It did not show the actual moment of Foley's decapitation unlike previous beheading videos, which typically showed the entire act.
[60]
[62]
After Foley's beheaded corpse was shown, his murderer revealed that ISIL was holding another American journalist,
Time
magazine contributor
Steven Joel Sotloff
, and that he would be murdered if President Obama failed to halt air strikes against ISIL.
[14]
[63]
A video showing the beheading of Sotloff was released on September 2, 2014.
[64]
The video of Foley being beheaded was shot at an unknown desert location, and media sources gave the name
Jihadi John
to the man (later discovered to be Mohammed Emwazi) who made the threats and spoke with a "
Multicultural London English
" accent.
[65]
[66]
The video was produced and distributed by
Al-Furqan Media Foundation
, a media outlet of ISIL and part of its propaganda arm, the Al-Itisam Establishment for Media Production, which targeted Western and non-Arabic speaking audiences.
[67]
[68]
Foley's family confirmed his death on August 19.
[69]
[70]
His mother, Diane Foley, posted on the
Free James Foley
page on
Facebook
: "We have never been prouder of our son Jim, he gave his life trying to expose the world to the suffering of the Syrian people".
[12]
On August 20, the
United States National Security Council
confirmed that the video was authentic.
[71]
ISIL appeared to have used
post-production
techniques on the murder video.
[72]
[73]
[74]
On August 22, fellow hostage
Peter Moore
, who had been held in Iraq, called on Foley's captors to release his body to his family.
[75]
British analyst
Eliot Higgins
offered photographic and video forensic evidence that Foley was murdered at a spot in the hills south of the Syrian city
Raqqa
.
[76]
[77]
[78]
Foley's remains were never recovered, despite efforts to do so.
[79]
Death of perpetrator
[
edit
]
The U.S. Justice Department conducted a criminal investigation into Foley's death. Attorney General
Eric Holder
said in 2014: "We will not forget what happened and people will be held accountable, one way or the other."
[80]
Mohammed Emwazi
, who murdered Foley, was killed in a targeted drone strike in Raqqa in November 2015.
[81]
Video
[
edit
]
In response to the widespread posting, viewing, and commenting on the video depicting Foley's murder,
Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis
Sir Bernard Hogan-Howe
warned "We would like to remind the public that viewing, downloading or disseminating extremist material within the UK may constitute an offence under
terrorism legislation
." He went on to explain that while viewing the video was technically a crime, his officers would be focused on tracking down those who shared the footage or glorified it.
[82]
Twitter
and
YouTube
executives also warned objectionable material would be deleted and accounts that posted it, or spread it, would be blocked.
[82]
Legacy
[
edit
]
Since 2014,
[83]
the
James Foley Medill Medal for Courage in Journalism
, from
Medill School of Journalism
, at
Northwestern University
, "is given to the individual or team of journalists working for a U.S.-based media outlet who best display moral, ethical or physical courage in the pursuit of a story or series of stories."
[13]
In 2014,
Agence France-Presse
(AFP) also released a statement saying that it would "no longer accept work from freelance journalists who travel to places where we ourselves would not venture."
[84]
Former students and colleagues from Lowell Elementary (where he taught for three years) have since started a scholarship in his name.
The James Foley Scholarship in the J. William and Mary Diederich College of Communication was established at
Marquette University
in his honor.
[85]
[86]
On August 22, 2014,
Indian
sand artist
Sudarsan Pattnaik
created a sculpture depicting the face of Foley, made of four tons of sand on the beach of
Puri
city in the eastern province of
Odisha
. The sculpture, with a message reading "Don't kill innocents!", drew a sizeable crowd on the beach.
[87]
In 2014, Boston-based
GlobalPost
, for which Foley had been a contributor, released a statement saying, "While we continue to send staff
correspondents
to Syria, we no longer accept freelance work from that war zone."
[88]
In 2014,
Pope Francis
called Foley's family to express his condolences.
[89]
In 2014, Foley's brother said he believed the U.S. government could have done more to save James during hostage negotiations, adding he hoped the government would "take another look at our approach to terrorist and hostage negotiation."
[90]
In 2014, Foley's family started the James W. Foley Legacy Fund to work in three areas: "building a resource center for families of American hostages and fostering a global dialog on governmental policies in hostage crises; supporting American journalists reporting from conflict zones and promoting quality educational opportunities for urban youth."
[91]
The James W. Foley Legacy Foundation (JWFLF) was established following his death. His family and friends felt challenged to continue his legacy of commitment to the truth and compassion for those without a voice. The foundation seeks to "advocate for the safe return of Americans taken hostage [and] educate student journalists about staying safe in dangerous situations."
[92]
In 2016, the documentary film
Jim: The James Foley Story
was released, directed by Brian Oakes and distributed by
Dogwoof
.
In November 2016,
Sting
, an English singer, wrote and recorded "
The Empty Chair
", a song about Foley's fate, appearing as the last track on his solo studio album
57th & 9th
released .
[93]
The song was nominated for the
Academy Award for Best Original Song
.
In 2018, according to
Charlie Savage
, writing in
The New York Times
, Foley's mother Diane has called for the individuals who murdered him and abused him to be given a fair trial, not tried through a
Guantanamo Military Commission
.
[94]
She argued that an unfair trial would aid the terrorist cause.
In 2019, the Danish
biographical narrative film
Daniel
, about fellow ISIS hostage Daniel Rye Ottosen, released for ransom, includes Foley, as played by
Toby Kebbell
.
In 2024 on the 4th of January, author Colum McCann (with Diane Foley) wrote a tribute to the Foley family in loving memory of James as seen through the perspective of his mother, Diane, the book: "American Mother".
See also
[
edit
]
kidnapped journalists
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
A copy of the YouTube video that was posted to
LiveLeak
was deleted by that site out of concerns of promoting ISIS.
[57]
The legality of viewing or sharing the video in Britain has been questioned.
[58]
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[
edit
]
- ^
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.
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- ^
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.
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"
.
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Ms. Shaheen is working with the parents of James Foley, the American journalist who was beheaded in August 2014, apparently by another Beatle who was killed in 2015. His mother, Diane Foley, said in an interview that the two should be held accountable in a "fair trial," arguing that Guantanamo would make them martyrs, fueling the Islamic State's ideology
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