English lawyer, judge, writer, and philosopher (1829?1894)
Sir James Fitzjames Stephen
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![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/James_Fitzjames_Stephen.jpg/220px-James_Fitzjames_Stephen.jpg) James Fitzjames Stephen, by Bassano, 1886
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|
|
In office
1879?1891
|
|
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Born
| (
1829-03-03
)
3 March 1829
Kensington
,
London
, England
|
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Died
| 11 March 1894
(1894-03-11)
(aged 65)
Red House Park Nursing Home,
Ipswich
,
Suffolk
, England
|
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Political party
| Liberal
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Spouse
| Mary Richenda Cunningham
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Children
| 7, including
Katharine Stephen
|
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Parents
| |
---|
Alma mater
| King's College, London
Trinity College, Cambridge
University of London
|
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Occupation
| Queen's Counsel
, Legal member of the
Council of India
, judge
|
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|
Sir James Fitzjames Stephen, 1st Baronet
,
KCSI
(3 March 1829 – 11 March 1894) was an English
lawyer
,
judge
, writer, and philosopher. One of the most famous critics of
John Stuart Mill
, Stephen achieved prominence as a philosopher, law reformer, and writer.
Early life and education, 1829–1854
[
edit
]
James Fitzjames Stephen was born on 3 March 1829 at
Kensington Gore
,
London
, the third child and second son of
Sir James Stephen
and Jane Catherine Venn. Stephen came from a distinguished family. His father, the drafter of the
Slavery Abolition Act 1833
, was
Permanent Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies
and
Regius Professor of Modern History
at
Cambridge
. His grand-father
James Stephen
and uncle
George Stephen
were both leading
anti-slavery
campaigners. His younger brother was the author and critic
Sir Leslie Stephen
, whilst his younger sister
Caroline Stephen
was a philanthropist and a writer on
Quakerism
. Through his brother Leslie Stephen, he was the uncle of
Virginia Woolf
, He was also a cousin of the jurist
A.V. Dicey
.
Stephen was first educated at the Reverend Benjamin Guest's school in Brighton from the age of seven, before spending three years at
Eton College
from 1842. Strongly disliking Eton, Stephen completed his pre-university education by attending
King's College, London
for two years.
In October 1847 he entered
Trinity College, Cambridge
.
[1]
Although an outstanding intellect, he took an undistinguished BA in Classics in 1851, being, in his own words, one of the "most unteachable of human beings". He was, however, well-known as a strong debater at the
Cambridge Union
. He was also elected to the exclusive
Cambridge Apostles
, his proposer being
Henry Maine
, the newly-appointed
Regius Professor of Civil Law
, who became a lifelong friend despite their differing temperaments. At Apostles meetings, he frequently sparred with
William Harcourt
, later leader of the
Liberal Party
, in debates described by contemporaries as "veritable battles of the gods". Another Apostles contemporary was the physicist
James Clerk Maxwell
.
Being conscious of the slightness of his legal education, he then read for an LL.B. from the University of London.
[2]
This was an unusual step for its day, and it was there that he first seriously engaged with the works of
Jeremy Bentham
.
Early career, 1854–1869
[
edit
]
Sir James Fitzjames Stephen, by
George Frederic Watts
, 1886
After leaving Cambridge, Stephen chose to enter a legal career, though his father had hoped for a clerical career. He was
called to the bar
in January 1854 by the
Inner Temple
, and joined the Midland Circuit.
[3]
His own estimation of his professional success?written in later years?was that in spite of such training rather than because of it, he became a moderately successful
advocate
and a rather distinguished judge.
In his earlier years at the bar he supplemented his income from a successful but modest practice as a journalist. He contributed to the
Saturday Review
from the time it was founded in 1855. He was in company with Maine, Harcourt,
G. S. Venables
, Charles Bowen,
E. A. Freeman
,
Goldwin Smith
and others. Both the first and the last books published by Stephen were selections from his papers in the
Saturday Review
(
Essays by a Barrister
, 1862, anonymous;
Horae sabbaticae
, 1892). These volumes embodied the results of his studies of publicists and
theologians
, chiefly English, from the 17th century onwards. He never professed his essays to be more than the occasional products of an amateur's leisure, but they were well received.
From 1858 to 1861, Stephen served as secretary to a
Royal Commission
on popular education, whose conclusions were promptly put into effect. In 1859 he was appointed Recorder of
Newark
. In 1863 he published his
General View of the Criminal Law of England
,
[4]
the first attempt made since
William Blackstone
to explain the principles of
English law
and justice in a literary form, and it enjoyed considerable success. The foundation of the
Pall Mall Gazette
in 1865 gave Stephen a new literary avenue. He continued to contribute until he became a judge.
Stephen's practice at the Bar was an uneven one, though he appeared in two notable cases. In 1861–62, he unsuccessfully defended the Reverend
Rowland Williams
in the Court of Arches against charges of heresy, though he was ultimately acquitted in the
Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
. In 1865–66, Stephen was retained (along with
Edward James
QC) by the
Jamaica Committee
, which sought to prosecute
Edward Eyre
, Governor of
Jamaica
, for his excesses in suppressing the
Morant Bay rebellion
of 1865. They produced a legal opinion, which charged Eyre and his officers with serious breaches of English criminal law, some of them capital.
In early 1867, Stephen was retained by the Jamaica Committee to prosecute
Alexander Abercromby Nelson
and Herbert Brand, two military officers who had sat on the court martial which sentenced
George William Gordon
to death; but the grand jury declined to return a
true bill
. He was then retained to prosecute Eyre: when he began his case, Stephen surprised observers by praising Eyre as a courageous man who had acted honourably in an emergency. Eyre was discharged and Stephen fell out with the Jamaica Committee. His friendship with
John Stuart Mill
, who was a leading member of the Committee, was permanently damaged. Stephen was a critic of Mill's "sentimental liberalism", arguing that the British government was justified in applying force to prevent subject societies from descending into anarchy.
[5]
Meanwhile, Stephen's legal career proceeded apace, and in 1868, he became a
Queen's Counsel
, one of fifteen that year. However, he suffered a setback in January 1869, when he was passed over for the
Whewell Professorship of International Law
in favour of his old rival William Harcourt.
Stephen in India, 1869–1872
[
edit
]
Sir James Fitzjames Stephen,
c.
1870s
The decisive point of Stephen's career was in the summer of 1869, when he accepted the post of legal member of the
Viceroy's Executive Council
in India. His appointment was at the recommendation of his friend
Henry Maine
, who was his immediate predecessor. He arrived in India in December 1869. During his time in India, Stephen would draft twelve acts and eight other enactments, most of which are still in force.
Guided by Maine's comprehensive talents, the government of India had entered a period of systematic legislation which was to last about twenty years. Stephen had the task of continuing this work by conducting the Bills through the Legislative Council. The
Native Marriages Act
of 1872 was the result of deep consideration on both Maine's and Stephen's part. The
Indian Contract Act
had been framed in England by a learned commission, and the draft was materially altered in Stephen's hands before, also in 1872, it became law.
Indian Evidence Act
[
edit
]
The
Indian Evidence Act
of the same year, entirely Stephen's own work, made the rules of evidence uniform for all residents of India, regardless of caste, social position, or religion. Besides drafting legislation, at this time Stephen had to attend to the current administrative business of his department, and he took a full share in the general deliberations of the viceroy's council. His last official act in India was the publication of a minute on the administration of justice which pointed the way to reforms not yet fully realized, and is still a valuable tool for anyone wishing to understand the judicial system of
British India
.
Return to England, 1872–1879
[
edit
]
Stephen returned, mainly for family reasons, to England in the spring of 1872. During the voyage he wrote a series of articles which resulted in his book
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
(1873?1874)--a protest against
John Stuart Mill
's neo-
utilitarianism
. Around this time, Leslie Stephen noted the influence of
Thomas Carlyle
on his brother's thought.
[6]
This showed in Stephen's famous attack on the thesis of John Stuart Mill's essay
On Liberty
, arguing for legal compulsion, coercion and restraint in the interests of morality and religion.
[7]
[8]
Stephen argued, "Force is an absolutely essential element of all law whatever."
[5]
Fitzjames Stephen stood in an
1873 by-election
as a
Liberal
for
Dundee
, but came in last place. The same year, he was elected to the
Metaphysical Society
; he gave seven papers to the Society, making him one of its most active members. In 1875, he was appointed Professor of Common Law at the
Inns of Court
. He also sat on government commissions on fugitive slaves (1876), extradition (1878), and copyright (1878). He also appeared irregularly as counsel in the
Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
.
Experience in India gave Stephen opportunity for his next activity. The government of India had been driven by the conditions of the Indian judicial system to recast a considerable part of the English law which had been informally imported.
Criminal law
procedure, and a good deal of
commercial law
, had been or were being put into easily understood language, intelligible to civilian magistrates. The rational substance of the law was preserved, while disorder and excessive technicalities were removed. Using
Jeremy Bentham
's ideal of codification, he attempted to get the same principles put into practice in the United Kingdom. As a preparatory step, Stephen also privately published digests in code form of the
law of evidence
(1876) and criminal law (1877).
In August 1877, Stephen's proposals were taken up by the government and he was asked to draft a
criminal code for England
. He completed his draft in early 1878 and it was debated in Parliament, after which it was referred to a Royal Commission under the chairmanship of
Lord Blackburn
, with Stephen as a member. In 1879, the Commission produced a draft bill, which received opposition from many quarters. It did, however, serve as the basis of the criminal codes of many parts of the British Empire, including those of Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.
Judicial career and final years, 1879–1894
[
edit
]
Judges,
No. 14,
Vanity Fair
, 7 March 1885
After his return from India, Stephen had sought a judgeship for both professional and financial reasons. In 1873, 1877, and 1878, he went on circuit as a
commissioner of assize
. In 1878, he was considered, but not selected as
Recorder of London
in succession to
Russell Gurney
. In 1873, he had also been proposed as
Solicitor-General
by
Sir John Coleridge
, the
Attorney-General
, though
Sir Henry James
was chosen instead.
When Stephen was charged with the preparation of the English criminal code, he was virtually promised a judgeship, though no explicit promise could be made. Finally, in January 1879, Stephen was appointed a
Justice of the High Court
, in succession to
Sir Anthony Cleasby
. He was initially assigned to the Exchequer Division. When that division was merged into the Queen's Bench Division in 1881, Stephen was transferred to the latter, where he remained until his retirement. Occupied with the preparation of the criminal code, he only made his first appearance as a judge in April 1879 at the
Old Bailey
, when he passed a death sentence against a matricide.
Distracted by his literary and intellectual pursuits, his time as a judge was unimpressive relative to the rest of his career, though his judgments were of a high quality. He had transient hopes of an Evidence Act being brought before
Parliament
, and in 1878 the Digest of Criminal Law became a Ministerial Bill with the cooperation of
Sir John Holker
, who was Attorney-General in the second government of
Benjamin Disraeli
. The Bill was referred to a judicial commission, which included Stephen, but ultimately failed, and was revised and reintroduced in 1879 and again in 1880. It dealt with procedure as well as substantive law, and provided for a court of criminal appeal, though after several years of judicial experience Stephen changed his mind as to the wisdom of this course.
[
citation needed
]
However, no substantial progress was made during any sessions of Parliament. In 1883 the part relating to procedure was brought in separately by
Gladstone
's law officer
Sir Henry James
, and went to the grand committee on law, which found that there was insufficient time to deal with it satisfactorily in the course of the session.
Stephen's final years were undermined first by physical and then steady mental decline. In 1885, he had his first stroke. Despite accusations of unfairness and bias regarding the murder trials of
Israel Lipski
in 1887 and
Florence Maybrick
in 1889, Stephen continued performing his judicial duties. However, by early 1891 his declining capacity to exercise judicial functions had become a matter of public discussion and press comment, and following medical advice Stephen resigned in April of that year, whereupon he was made a
baronet
.
[3]
Even during his final days on the bench, Stephen is reported to have been 'brief, terse and to the point, and as lucid as in the old days'. Having lost his intellectual power, however, 'as the hours wore on his voice dropped almost to a whisper'.
[9]
Stephen died of chronic renal failure on 11 March 1894 at Red House Park, a nursing home near
Ipswich
, and was buried at
Kensal Green Cemetery
, London.
[10]
His wife survived him.
Honours
[
edit
]
Stephen was knighted as a
Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India
(KCSI) in January 1877. He was created a
Baronet
, of
De Vere Gardens
in the parish of Saint Mary Abbott, Kensington, in the County of London, on 29 June 1891, shortly after his resignation from the bench. He was a member of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
, a corresponding member of the
Institut de France
(1888). He received honorary doctorates from the University of Oxford (1878) and the University of Edinburgh University (1884), and was elected an honorary fellowship of Trinity College, Cambridge (1885).
Legacy
[
edit
]
Criminal appeal was discussed and an Act passed in 1907; otherwise nothing has been done in the UK with either part of the draft code since. The historical materials which Stephen had long been collecting took permanent shape in 1883 as his
History of the Criminal Law of England
. He lacked time for a planned
Digest of the Law of Contract
(which would have been much fuller than the Indian Code). Thus none of Stephen's own plans of English codification took effect. The
Parliament of Canada
used a version of Stephen's Draft Bill revised and augmented by
George Burbidge
, at the time Judge of the
Exchequer Court of Canada
, to codify its criminal law in 1892 as the
Criminal Code, 1892
. New Zealand followed with the
New Zealand Criminal Code Act 1893
and a number of Australian colonies adopted their own versions as Criminal Codes in following years
His book
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
was called the "finest exposition of conservative thought in the latter half of the 19th century" by
Ernest Barker
.
[11]
It was listed as one of Ten Conservative Books to read in the chapter of that name in
The Politics of Prudence
by
Russell Kirk
. According to Princeton University political theorist Greg Conti, Stephen's political thought had liberal characteristics, even though he has frequently been characterized as conservative or religious authoritarian.
[12]
According to Conti, Stephen "articulated robustly both technocratic and pluralistic visions of politics. Perhaps more stridently than any Victorian, he put forward an argument for the necessity and legitimacy of expert rule against claims for popular government. Yet he also insisted on the plurality of perspectives on public affairs and on the ineluctable conflict between them."
[12]
The 1957
Wolfenden report
recommended the decriminalisation of homosexuality and this sparked off the
Hart
-
Devlin
debate on the relationship between politics and morals. Lord Devlin's 1959 critique of the Wolfenden report (titled 'The Enforcement of Morals') resembled Stephen's arguments, although Devlin had arrived at his opinions independently, having never read
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
.
[13]
Hart claimed that "though a century divides these two legal writers, the similarity in the general tone and sometimes in the detail of their arguments is very great".
[13]
[14]
Afterwards, Devlin tried to obtain a copy of
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
from his local library but could only do so with "great difficulty"; the copy, when it arrived, was "held together with an elastic band".
[13]
[15]
Hart, an opponent of Stephen's views, regarded
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
as "sombre and impressive".
[16]
[14]
An eleven-volume set of his collected writings is currently
[
when?
]
being prepared for
Oxford University Press
by the
Editorial Institute
at
Boston University
.
Personal life
[
edit
]
Monument, Kensal Green Cemetery
Stephen married Mary Richenda Cunningham, daughter of
John William Cunningham
,
[17]
on 19 September 1855. They had three sons and at least four daughters surviving to adulthood, but only one grandchild:
- Katharine Stephen
(1856?1924), librarian and Principal of
Newnham College, Cambridge
;
- Sir Herbert Stephen, 2nd Baronet (1857?1932), barrister and
clerk of assize
, who succeeded him in the baronetcy;
- James Kenneth Stephen
(1859?1892), poet and tutor to
Prince Albert Victor
, who predeceased his father;
- Sir Harry Lushington Stephen, 3rd Baronet
(1860?1945), Judge of the
High Court of Calcutta
, 1901?1914,
[3]
who succeeded his eldest brother as the 3rd baronet;
- Helen Stephen
(1862?1908);
- Rosamond Emily Stephen
(1868?1951), lay missionary in the
Church of Ireland
in Belfast and advocate of ecumenism;
- Dorothea Jane Stephen
(1871?1965), teacher of religion in India.
Quotations
[
edit
]
On
capital punishment
:
"Some men, probably, abstain from murder because they fear that, if they committed murder, they would be hung. Hundreds of thousands abstain from it because they regard it with horror. One great reason why they regard it with horror is, that murderers are hung with the hearty approbation of all reasonable men".
[18]
On evidence obtained by
duress
or
torture
:
"It is far pleasanter to sit comfortably in the shade rubbing red pepper in some poor devil's eyes, than to go about in the sun hunting up evidence."
[19]
Arms
[
edit
]
Coat of arms of James Fitzjames Stephen
|
- Crest
- An eagle displayed with two heads Sable resting the dexter claw on an increscent and the sinister on a decrescent both Or.
- Escutcheon
- Argent on a chevron between two crescents in chief and a sinister hand couped at the wrist in base Gules an escallop between two mullets of the first.
- Motto
- Sursum (upwards)
[20]
|
Works
[
edit
]
- Essays by a Barrister.
London: Elder and Co., 1862.
- A General View of the Criminal Law of England.
London: Macmillan & Co., 1890 (1st Pub. 1863).
- The Indian evidence act (I. of 1872): With an Introduction on the Principles of Judicial Evidence.
London: Macmillan and Co., 1872.
- Liberty, Equality, Fraternity.
New York: Holt & Williams, 1873 (2nd ed.)
1874
.
- A History of the Criminal Law of England,
Vol. 2
,
Vol. 3
. London: Macmillan & Co., 1883.
- The Story of Nuncomar and the Impeachment of Sir Elijah Impey,
Vol. 2
. London: Macmillan and Co., 1885.
- Horae Sabbaticae: Reprint of Articles Contributed to the Saturday Review.
First Series. London: Macmillan & Co., 1892.
- Horae Sabbaticae: Reprint of Articles Contributed to the Saturday Review.
Second Series. London: Macmillan & Co., 1892.
- Horae Sabbaticae: Reprint of Articles Contributed to the Saturday Review.
Third Series. London: Macmillan & Co., 1892.
Selected articles
[
edit
]
- "Responsibility and Mental Competence,"
Transactions of the
National Association for the Promotion of Social Science
,
1865.
- "Codification in India and England,"
The Fortnightly Review,
Vol. XVIII, 1872.
- "Parliamentary Government,"
Part II
,
The Contemporary Review,
Vol. XXIII, December 1873/May 1874.
- "Caesarism and Ultramontanism,"
[21]
Part II
,
The Contemporary Review,
Vol. XXIII, December 1873/May 1874.
- "Necessary Truth,"
The Contemporary Review,
Vol. XXV, December 1874/May 1875.
- "The Laws of England as to the Expression of Religious Opinion,"
The Contemporary Review,
Vol. XXV, December 1874/May 1875.
- "Mr. Gladstone and Sir George Lewis on Authority in Matters of Opinion,"
The Nineteenth Century,
March/July, 1877.
- "Improvement of the Law by Private Enterprise,"
The Nineteenth Century,
Vol. II, August/December, 1877.
- "Suggestions as to the Reform of the Criminal Law,"
The Nineteenth Century,
Vol. II, August/December, 1877.
- "The Influence Upon Morality of a Decline in Religious Belief."
In:
A Modern Symposium,
Rose-Belford Publishing Co., 1878.
- "Gambling and the Law,"
The Nineteenth Century,
Vol. XXX, July/December, 1891.
- "Criminal Procedure from the Thirteenth to the Eighteenth Century."
In:
Select Essays in Anglo-American Legal History,
Vol. II, Little, Brown & Company, 1908.
Miscellany
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"Stephen, James Fitzjames (STFN846JF)"
.
A Cambridge Alumni Database
. University of Cambridge.
- ^
Heydon, John (2010).
"Reflections on James Fitzjames Stephen"
(PDF)
.
University of Queensland Law Journal
: 24 – via Austlii.
- ^
a
b
c
Smith, K. J. M. "Stephen, Sir James Fitzjames, first baronet (1829?1894)".
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
doi
:
10.1093/ref:odnb/26375
.
(Subscription or
UK public library membership
required.)
- ^
The second edition of 1890 was practically a new book.
- ^
a
b
Elkins, Caroline (2022).
Legacy of Violence: A History of the British Empire
. Knopf Doubleday. pp. 63?64.
ISBN
978-0-593-32008-2
.
- ^
Kirk, Russell (2016).
The Conservative Mind
(Seventh revised ed.). Gateway Editions. p. 304.
- ^
Stephen, James Fitzjames (1873).
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
. New York: Holt & Williams
. Retrieved
7 November
2014
.
- ^
Kimball, Roger (2005).
"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity,"
Arma Virumque, The New Criterion
.
- ^
Law Times
(21 March 1891), p. 370.
- ^
Paths of Glory
. Friends of Kensal Green Cemetery. 1997. p. 94.
- ^
Ernest Barker,
Political Thought in England: 1848 to 1914
(London: Thornton Butterworth, 1915), p. 150.
- ^
a
b
Conti, Gregory (2021).
"How to Read James Fitzjames Stephen: Technocracy and Pluralism in a Misunderstood Victorian"
.
American Political Science Review
.
115
(3): 1034?1047.
doi
:
10.1017/S0003055421000411
.
ISSN
0003-0554
.
- ^
a
b
c
John Heydon, 'Reflections on James Fitzjames Stephen',
University of Queensland Law Journal
, 29, no. 1 (2010), p. 49.
- ^
a
b
H. L. A. Hart,
Law, Liberty and Morality
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963), p. 16.
- ^
Patrick Devlin,
The Enforcement of Morals
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1965), p. vii.
- ^
Heydon, p. 50.
- ^
"Cunningham, John William"
.
Dictionary of National Biography
. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885?1900.
- ^
Stephen, James Fitzjames (1863). "The Classification and Definition of Particular Crimes." In:
A General View of the Criminal Law of England.
London and Cambridge: Macmillan & Co., p. 99.
- ^
John H. Langbein
, "Torture and Plea Bargaining,"
University of Chicago Law Review
, Vol. 46, No. 1,
p.19
(Autumn 1978) (retrieved June 17, 2024) (The article attributes the quotation not to Stephen himself, to a work of Stephen's that attributes it to an Indian policeman.).
- ^
Burke's Peerage
. 1949.
- ^
Cardinal Manning.
"Ultramontanism and Christianity,"
The Contemporary Review,
Vol. XXIII, December 1873/May 1874.
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Annan, Noel
(1955). "The Intellectual Aristocracy." In
J.H. Plumb
(ed.),
Studies in Social History: A Tribute to G. M. Trevelyan.
London: Longmans, Green.
- Colaiaco, James A. (1983).
James Fitzjames Stephen and the Crisis of Victorian Thought.
London: Macmillan.
- DeGirolami, Marc O. (2012).
"Against Theories of Punishment: The Thought of Sir James Fitzjames Stephen,"
Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law,
Vol. 9, pp. 1?57.
- Kirk, Russell
(1952). "The Foreboding Conservatism of Stephen,"
Western Political Quarterly,
Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 563?577.
- Lipincott, Benjamin (1931). "James Fitzjames Stephen: Critic of Democracy,"
Economica,
No. 33, pp. 296?307.
- Livingston, James C. (1974). "The Religious Creed and Criticism of Sir James Fitzjames Stephen,"
Victorian Studies,
Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 279?300.
- Morse, Stephen J. (2008).
"Thoroughly Modern: Sir James Fitzjames Stephen on Criminal Responsibility,"
Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law,
Vol. 5, pp. 505?522.
- Posner, Richard A.
(2012).
"The Romance of Force: James Fitzjames Stephen on Criminal Law,"
Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law,
Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 263?275.
- Roach, John (1956). "James Fitzjames Stephen (1829?94),"
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
(New Series), Vol. 88, No. 1/2, pp. 1?16.
- Smith, K.J.M. (2002).
James Fitzjames Stephen: Portrait of a Victorian Rationalist.
Cambridge University Press.
- Stapleton, Julia (1998). "James Fitzjames Stephen: Liberalism, Patriotism, and English Liberty,"
Victorian Studies,
Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 243?263.
- Stephen, Leslie
(1895).
The Life of Sir James Fitzjames Stephen, Bart., K.C.S.I.: A Judge of the High Court of Justice.
London: Smith, Elder & Co.
- Wedgewood, Julia
(1909).
"James Fitzjames Stephen."
In:
Nineteenth Century Teachers and Other Essays.
London: Hodder & Stoughton, pp. 201?224.
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