한국   대만   중국   일본 
Jorð - Wikipedia Jump to content

Jorð

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Stone statue of a seated female figure with two children on her lap
Moder Jord (Mother Earth) by Stephan Sinding

Jorð ( Old Norse : J?rð , lit.   ' earth ') is the personification of earth and a goddess in Norse mythology . She is the mother of the thunder god Thor and a sexual partner of Odin . [1] Jorð is attested in Danish history Gesta Danorum , composed in the 12th century by Danish historian Saxo Grammaticus ; the Poetic Edda , compiled in the 13th century by an unknown individual or individuals; and the Prose Edda , also composed in the 13th century. Her name is often employed in skaldic poetry and kennings as a poetic term for land or earth.

Name [ edit ]

Etymology [ edit ]

Old Norse j?rð means 'earth, land', serving both as a common noun ('earth') and as a theonymic incarnation of the noun ('Earth-goddess'). It stems from Proto-Germanic *erþ? - ('earth, soil , land'), as evidenced by the Gothic airþa , Old English eorþ , Old Saxon ertha , or Old High German (OHG) erda . [2] [3] [4] The Ancient Greek word era ( ?ρα ; 'earth') is also possibly related. [2] [4] The word is most likely cognate with Proto-Germanic *erwa or erw?n- , meaning 'sand, soil' (cf. Old Norse j?rfi 'sand, gravel', OHG ero 'earth'). [3] [4]

Alternative names [ edit ]

Fjorgyn is considered by scholars to be another name for Jorð. She is similarly described as Thor 's mother and her name is also used as a poetic synonym for 'land' or 'the earth' in skaldic poems. [5] [6] The name Hloðyn , mentioned in Voluspa (50) (as "son of Hlodyn" for Thor), is most likely also used as a synonym for Jorð. [7] The etymology of Hloðyn remains unclear, although it is often thought to be related to the goddess Hludana , to whom Romano-Germanic votive tablets have been found on the Lower Rhine. [8] [9]

Attestations [ edit ]

Gesta Danorum [ edit ]

Jorð receives mention in Danish historian Saxo Grammaticus 's Gesta Danorum as Iuritha . [10]

Poetic Edda [ edit ]

In the Poetic Edda , Jorð receives mention in the poems Voluspa and Lokasenna . In Voluspa , Thor is referred to as m?gr Hloðyniar and Fj?rgyniar burr (child of Hloðyn, Fjorgyn's child). [11] [12] Hloðyn, although etymologically unclear, must therefore have been another name of Jorð. [7]

In Lokasenna , Thor is called Jarðar burr ("son of Jorð"). [13] [14]

Prose Edda [ edit ]

Jorð is attested in the Prose Edda books Gylfaginning and Skaldskaparmal . According to section 10 of Gylfaginning : [15] Additionally, the section describes Jorð's ancestry as follows (the included note is Faulkes's own; Faulkes uses the anglicization Iord throughout his edition of the Prose Edda ):

Narfi or Narfi was the name of a giant who lived in Giantland. He had a daughter called Night. She was black and dark in accordance with her ancestry. She was married to a person called Naglfari. Their son was called Aud. Next she was married to someone called Annar. Their daughter was called Iord [Earth]. [16]

This section, however, varies by manuscript (see discussion below).

Section 25 of Gylfaginning lists Jorð among the asynjur (Old Norse 'goddesses', singular asynja ):

Thor's mother Iord and Vali's mother Rind are reckoned among the Asyniur. [17]

Skaldskaparmal mentions Jorð numerous times, including in several quotes from skaldic poetry. The second section 4 of the book list kennings for the god Thor, including "son of Odin and Iord". [18] Section 17 quotes Þjoðolfr of Hvinir 's composition Haustlong , in which the skald refers to Thor as "the son of Iord" twice. The poem is quoted again in section 23. [19] Section 18 quotes Eilifr Goðrunarson 's composition Þorsdrapa , in which the skald refers to Thor as "Iord's son". [20]

Section 19 contains a list of kennings for the goddess Frigg, including "rival of Iord and Rind and Gunnlod and Gerd ". [21] Section 90 contains a list of kennings for Jorð, referencing a variety of skaldic kennings for the goddess:

How shall earth be referred to? By calling it Ymir 's flesh and mother of Thor, daughter of Onar, bride of Odin, rival of Frigg and Rind and Gunnlod, mother-in-law of Sif, floor and base of winds' hall, sea of the animals, daughter of Night, sister of Aud and Day. [22]

The section contains quotes from poems by Hallfreðr vandræðaskald and Þjoðolfr of Hvinir . [23] The Nafnaþulur section of Skaldskaparmal includes Jorð in a list of asynjur names. [24]

Additionally, as the common noun jorð also simply means 'earth', references to earth occur throughout the Prose Edda . [25]

Scholarly reception [ edit ]

According to philologist Rudolf Simek , Jorð is "[a]n Æsir goddess, even though she is also called a giantess". Simek highlights parallels between Thor and the Vedic deity Indra : "Just as Thor's counterpart in Indian mythology, Indra, is begotten by the god of the heavens Dyaus and the Earth, so Thor is also the son of the Earth, just like the proto-ancestor Tuisto ... ". [26]

According to folklorist John Lindow , "Jord must have been a giantess in the beginning. If so, Odin’s marriage (or, more likely, sexual relationship outside marriage, perhaps not even a willing one on her part) to Jord should be regarded as parallel to his other strategically minded relationships with giantesses." [1]

Philologist Haukur Thorgeirsson points out that the four manuscripts of Gylfaginning vary in their descriptions of the family relations between Nott , Jorð, Dagr , and Dellingr . Depending on the manuscript, either Jorð or Nott is the mother of Dagr and partner of Dellingr. Haukur details that "the oldest manuscript, U, offers a version where J?rð is the wife of Dellingr and the mother of Dagr while the other manuscripts, R, W and T, cast Nott in the role of Dellingr's wife and Dagr's mother", and argues that "the version in U came about accidentally when the writer of U or its antecedent shortened a text similar to that in RWT. The results of this accident made their way into the Icelandic poetic tradition". [27]

Some 19th-century scholars proposed that Thor's brother Meili 's should be understood as the son of Jorð. [28]

See also [ edit ]

  • Æcerbot , an Old English charm and ritual invoking the personified Earth
  • Mat Zemlya , the Slavic 'Mother Earth'

References [ edit ]

  1. ^ a b Lindow 2002 , p. 205.
  2. ^ a b de Vries 1962 , p. 295.
  3. ^ a b Orel 2003 , p. 86.
  4. ^ a b c Kroonen 2013 , p. 118.
  5. ^ Simek 1996 , p. 86.
  6. ^ Lindow 2002 , p. 117.
  7. ^ a b Lindow 2002 , p. 206.
  8. ^ de Vries 1962 , p. 239: "... aber die deutung bleibt ungewiss."
  9. ^ Dronke 1997 , p. 150.
  10. ^ McKinnell 2022 , p. 541.
  11. ^ Voluspa 53 (56).
  12. ^ Dronke 1997 , p. 22.
  13. ^ Lokasenna 58.
  14. ^ In Harbarðsljoð 9, Thor calls himself son of Odin and brother of Meili , who therefore may also be Jorð's son.
  15. ^ Faulkes 1995 , p. 13.
  16. ^ Faulkes 1995 , pp. 13?14.
  17. ^ Faulkes 1995 , p. 31.
  18. ^ Faulkes 1995 , p. 72.
  19. ^ Faulkes 1995 , pp. 80?81, 89.
  20. ^ Faulkes 1995 , p. 85.
  21. ^ Faulkes 1995 , p. 86.
  22. ^ Faulkes 1995 , p. 90.
  23. ^ Faulkes 1995 , pp. 90?91.
  24. ^ Faulkes 1995 , p. 157.
  25. ^ Faulkes highlights these occurrences in the index of his translation of the Prose Edda ; cf. Faulkes (1995) , p. 244
  26. ^ Simek 2007 , p. 179.
  27. ^ Thorgeirsson 2008 , pp. 159?168.
  28. ^ Examples include Pierer (1844) , p. 204, Barth (1846) , p. 396, and Uhland (1868) , p. 18.

Bibliography [ edit ]

  • Barth, Christian K. (1846). Teutschlands Urgeschichte [ Germany's prehistory ] (in German). Vol. 5. Erlangen: J. J. Palm & Ernst Enke.
  • de Vries, Jan (1962). Altnordisches Etymologisches Worterbuch [ Old Norse Etymological Dictionary ] (in German) (1977 ed.). Brill . ISBN   978-90-04-05436-3 .
  • Dronke, Ursula (1997). The Poetic Edda II: Mythological Poems . Clarendon Press . ISBN   978-0198111818 .
  • Edda . Translated by Faulkes, Anthony. Everyman. 1995 [1989]. ISBN   0-460-87616-3 .
  • Thorgeirsson, Haukur (2008). "Hinn fagri foldar son" [The beautiful fold son]. Gripla XIX (in Icelandic). Arni Magnusson Institute for Icelandic Studies : 159?168.
  • Kroonen, Guus (2013). Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic . Brill . ISBN   9789004183407 . Archived from the original on 20 April 2023 . Retrieved 9 April 2020 .
  • Lindow, John (2002). Norse Mythology: A Guide to Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs . Oxford University Press . ISBN   978-0-19-983969-8 .
  • McKinnell, John (2022). "The Earth as Body in Old Norse" . Religionsvidenskabeligt Tidsskrift . 74 : 534?550. doi : 10.7146/rt.v74i.132122 . S2CID   248289445 . Archived from the original on 21 August 2023 . Retrieved 20 July 2022 .
  • Orchard, Andy (1997). Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend . Cassell. ISBN   978-0-304-34520-5 .
  • Orel, Vladimir E. (2003). A Handbook of Germanic Etymology . Brill . ISBN   978-90-04-12875-0 .
  • Pierer, Heinrich A. (1844). Universallexikon der Gegenwart und Vergangenheit [ Universal dictionary of the present and the past ] (in German). Vol. 21. Altenburg: H. A. Pierer.
  • Simek, Rudolf (1996). Dictionary of Northern Mythology . D.S. Brewer. ISBN   978-0-85991-513-7 . Archived from the original on 20 April 2023 . Retrieved 31 May 2020 .
  • Simek, Rudolf (2007). Dictionary of Northern Mythology . Translated by Angela Hall. D.S. Brewer . ISBN   0-85991-513-1 .
  • Uhland, Ludwig (1868). Schriften zur Geschichte der Dichtung und Sage [ Writings on the history of poetry and legend ] (in German). Vol. 6. Stuttgart: Verlag der J. G. Cotta'schen Buchhandlung.
Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jorð&oldid=1222085747 "