Involving more than one country
Internationality
is the concept of something "involving more than a single
country
", and may suggest
interaction
between or encompassing more than one nation, or generally beyond national boundaries. For example,
international law
, which is applied by more than one
country
and usually everywhere on
Earth
, and
international language
which is a language spoken by residents of more than one country. "International" is therefore also sometimes used as a synonym for "global".
As the
United Nations
noted in its
Yearbook of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law
:
[T]here was a well-established tradition at the Hague Conference on Private International Law of not defining internationality. Comparative studies show that at least two concepts of internationality coexist in most countries: a legal concept and an economic concept. The legal concept consists in taking account of either the nationality or the geographical location of the parties concerned. The economic concept relates to the flow of goods, persons, financiers and so forth across borders. According to the latter sense of the term, a relationship qualifies as "international*' if it was entered into by partners located in the same territory but with one of the elements of the relationship to be performed in a different State.
[1]
Origin of the word
[
edit
]
The term
international
is of relatively recent vintage compared to much of the
English language
. It was coined by the
utilitarian
philosopher
Jeremy Bentham
in his
An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
, which was printed for publication in 1780 and published in 1789, with Bentham writing: "The word
international
, it must be acknowledged, is a new one; though, it is hoped, sufficiently analogous and intelligible. It is calculated to express, in a more significant way, the branch of law which goes commonly under the name of the
law of nations
.
[2]
The word was adopted in French in 1801.
[3]
Thomas Erskine Holland
noted in his article on Bentham in the 11th edition of the
Encyclopædia Britannica
that "Many of Bentham's phrases, such as 'international,' 'utilitarian,' 'codification,' are valuable additions to our language; but the majority of them, especially those of Greek derivation, have taken no root in it." In 1825, James Douglas of Cavero used the noun form when he wrote that "[a]n Influence, highly favourable to the Grecian States, consisted in their Internationality".
[4]
Internationality in politics and law
[
edit
]
In
politics
, "The International" may refer to a
political international
, specifically meaning a
transnational organization
of
political parties
having similar
ideology
or political orientation (e.g.
communism
,
socialism
, and
Islamism
).
[5]
The international works together on points of agreement to co-ordinate activity. An
international organization
(also known as an "international institution" or an "
intergovernmental organization
") is a stable set of norms and rules meant to govern the behavior of states and other actors in the international system.
[6]
[7]
Organizations may be established by a
treaty
or be an instrument governed by
international law
and possessing its own legal personality, such as the
United Nations
, the
World Health Organization
and
NATO
.
[8]
[9]
International law, also known as the law of nations and international ethics,
[10]
is the set of rules, norms, and standards generally recognized as binding between
nations
.
[11]
[12]
It establishes normative guidelines and a common conceptual framework for states across a broad range of domains, including war, diplomacy, trade, and human rights. International law aims to promote the practice of stable, consistent, and organized international relations.
[13]
Public international law
and
international criminal law
are particularly important areas.
The
sources of international law
include
international custom
(general state practice accepted as law),
treaties
, and general principles of law recognized by most national legal systems. International law may also be reflected in
international comity
, the practices and customs adopted by states to maintain good relations and mutual recognition, such as saluting the flag of a foreign ship or
enforcing a foreign legal judgment
. International law differs from state-based
legal systems
in that it is primarily?though not exclusively?applicable to countries, rather than to individuals, and operates largely through consent, since there is no universally accepted authority to enforce it upon
sovereign states
. Consequently, states may choose to not abide by international law, and even to break a treaty.
[14]
Internationality in other fields
[
edit
]
In linguistics, an international language, or
world language
, is one spoken by the people of more than one nation.
English
,
Spanish
,
French
and
Arabic
are considered to be world languages.
[15]
In
interlinguistics
, international often has to do with languages rather than nations themselves. An "international word" is one that occurs in more than one language. These words are collected from widely spoken source or control languages, and often used to establish language systems that people can use to communicate internationally, and sometimes for other purposes such as to learn other languages more quickly. The vocabulary of
Interlingua
has a particularly wide range, because the
control languages
of Interlingua were selected to give its words and affixes their maximum geographic scope.
[16]
In part, the language
Ido
is also a product of interlinguistic research.
In
arts
, an international
art movement
is an art movement with artists from more than one country, usually by many. Some international art movements are
Letterist International
,
Situationist International
,
Stuckism International
.
In
team sports
, an "international" match is a
match
between two
national teams
, or two players
capped
by a national team.
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
United Nations Commission On International Trade Law,
Yearbook of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law, 1999, Vol. XXX
(2001), p. 102.
- ^
Oxford English Dictionary
.
- ^
Le Nouveau Petit Robert 2010
.
- ^
James Douglas (of Cavero),
The Advancement of Society in Knowledge and Religion
(1825), p. 32.
- ^
Wood, Tim (2015).
"Reinforcing Participatory Governance Through International Human Rights Obligations of Political Parties"
(PDF)
.
Harvard Human Rights Journal
.
28
: 147?203.
- ^
Simmons, Beth; Martin, Lisa (2002).
International Organizations and Institutions
. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. p. 94.
- ^
Duffield, John (2007).
"What Are International Institutions?"
.
International Studies Review
.
9
(1): 1?22.
doi
:
10.1111/j.1468-2486.2007.00643.x
.
ISSN
1521-9488
.
S2CID
29990247
.
- ^
"Articles on the Responsibility of International Organisations"
.
legal.un.org
. Retrieved
2019-08-21
.
- ^
Bouwhuis, Stephen (2012-01-01).
"The International Law Commission's Definition of International Organizations"
.
International Organizations Law Review
.
9
(2): 451?465.
doi
:
10.1163/15723747-00902004
.
ISSN
1572-3747
.
- ^
"International law"
.
Encyclopedia Britannica
.
Archived
from the original on 29 June 2019
. Retrieved
26 April
2019
.
- ^
"
international law
"
. Houghton Mifflin Company.
Archived
from the original on 5 December 2011
. Retrieved
13 September
2011
.
- ^
The term was first used by
Jeremy Bentham
in his "Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation" in 1780. See
Bentham, Jeremy
(1789),
An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
, London: T. Payne, p. 6,
archived
from the original on 11 December 2012
, retrieved
5 December
2012
- ^
Slomanson, William (2011).
Fundamental Perspectives on International Law
. Boston, USA: Wadsworth. pp. 4?5.
- ^
Slomanson, William (2011).
Fundamental Perspectives on International Law
. Boston, USA: Wadsworth. p. 4.
- ^
Language Map
.
- ^
Gode, Alexander
,
Interlingua: A Grammar of the International Language
.
New York: Frederick Ungar, 1951.
External links
[
edit
]
Sources
[
edit
]
- Ankerl, Guy (2000).
Global communication without universal civilization
. INU societal research. Vol. 1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations : Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU Press.
ISBN
978-2-88155-004-1
.