Period of social and economic change from agrarian to industrial society
Industrialisation
(
UK
)
or
industrialization
(
US
) is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an
agrarian society
into an
industrial society
. This involves an extensive reorganisation of an
economy
for the purpose of
manufacturing
.
[3]
Industrialisation is associated with increase of
polluting
industries heavily dependent on
fossil fuels
. With the increasing focus on
sustainable development
and
green industrial policy
practices, industrialisation increasingly includes
technological leapfrogging
, with direct investment in more advanced, cleaner technologies.
The reorganisation of the economy has many
unintended consequences
both economically and socially. As industrial workers' incomes rise, markets for consumer goods and services of all kinds tend to expand and provide a further stimulus to industrial
investment
and
economic growth
. Moreover, family structures tend to shift as extended families tend to no longer live together in one household, location or place.
Background
[
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]
The first transformation from an agricultural to an industrial economy is known as the
Industrial Revolution
and took place from the mid-18th to early 19th century. It began in Great Britain, spreading to Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, and France and eventually to other areas in
Europe
and North America.
[4]
Characteristics of this early industrialisation were technological progress, a shift from rural work to industrial labour, and financial investments in new industrial structures.
[5]
Later commentators have called this the First Industrial Revolution.
[6]
The "
Second Industrial Revolution
" labels the later changes that came about in the mid-19th century after the refinement of the
steam engine
, the invention of the
internal combustion engine
, the harnessing of
electricity
and the construction of canals, railways, and electric-power lines. The invention of the
assembly line
gave this phase a boost. Coal mines, steelworks, and textile factories replaced homes as the place of work.
[7]
[8]
[9]
By the end of the 20th century,
East Asia
had become one of the most recently industrialised regions of the world.
[10]
The
BRICS
states (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) are undergoing the process of industrialisation.
There is considerable literature on the factors facilitating industrial modernisation and enterprise development.
[11]
Social consequences
[
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]
The
Industrial Revolution
was accompanied by significant changes in the social structure, the main change being a transition from farm work to factory-related activities.
[12]
This has resulted in the concept of
Social class
, i.e., hierarchical social status defined by an individual's economic power. It has changed the family system as most people moved into cities, with
extended family
living apart becoming more common. The movement into more dense urban areas from less dense agricultural areas has consequently increased the transmission of diseases. The place of women in society has shifted from primary caregivers to breadwinners, thus reducing the number of children per household. Furthermore, industrialisation contributed to increased cases of
child labour
and thereafter education systems.
[13]
Urbanisation
[
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]
As the Industrial Revolution was a shift from the agrarian society, people migrated from villages in search of jobs to places where factories were established. This shifting of rural people led to urbanisation and an increase in the population of towns. The concentration of labour in factories has increased urbanisation and the size of settlements, to serve and house the factory workers.
Exploitation
[
edit
]
Changes in family structure
[
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]
Family structure changes with industrialisation. Sociologist
Talcott Parsons
noted that in pre-industrial societies there is an
extended family
structure spanning many generations who probably remained in the same location for generations. In industrialised societies the
nuclear family
, consisting of only parents and their growing children, predominates. Families and children reaching adulthood are more mobile and tend to relocate to where jobs exist. Extended family bonds become more tenuous.
[14]
Industrialisation in East Asia
[
edit
]
Between the early 1960s and 1990s, the
Four Asian Tigers
underwent rapid industrialisation and maintained exceptionally high growth rates.
[15]
Current situation
[
edit
]
As of 2018
[update]
the
international development
community (
World Bank
,
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
, many United Nations departments,
FAO
WHO
ILO
and
UNESCO
,
[16]
endorses development policies like water purification or
primary education
and
co-operation amongst third world communities
.
[17]
Some members of the
economic communities
do not consider contemporary industrialisation policies as being adequate to the
global south
(Third World countries) or beneficial in the longer term, with the perception that they may only create
inefficient
local industries unable to compete in the
free-trade
dominated political order which industrialisation has fostered.
[
citation needed
]
Environmentalism
and
Green politics
may represent more visceral reactions to industrial growth. Nevertheless, repeated examples in history of apparently successful industrialisation (Britain, Soviet Union, South Korea, China, etc.) may make conventional industrialisation seem like an attractive or even natural path forward, especially as populations grow,
consumerist
expectations rise and agricultural opportunities diminish.
The relationships among
economic growth, employment, and poverty reduction
are complex, and higher
productivity
can sometimes lead to static or even lower
employment
(see
jobless recovery
).
[18]
There are differences across
sectors
, whereby manufacturing is less able than the
tertiary sector
to accommodate both increased productivity and employment opportunities; more than 40% of the world's employees are "
working poor
", whose incomes fail to keep themselves and their families above the $2-a-day
poverty line
.
[18]
There is also a phenomenon of
deindustrialisation
, as in the former
USSR
countries' transition to market economies, and the
agriculture sector
is often the key sector in absorbing the resultant unemployment.
[18]
See also
[
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]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Bairoch, Paul (1995).
Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes
. University of Chicago Press. p. 95.
ISBN
978-0-226-03463-8
.
Archived
from the original on 27 September 2022
. Retrieved
7 July
2021
.
- ^
"Annual CO₂ emissions"
.
Our World in Data
.
Archived
from the original on 31 March 2024.
- ^
O'Sullivan, Arthur
; Sheffrin, Steven M. (2003).
Economics: Principles in Action
. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 472.
ISBN
0-13-063085-3
.
OCLC
50237774
.
- ^
Griffin, Emma, A Short History of the British Industrial Revolution. In 1850 over 50 percent of the British lived and worked in cities. London: Palgrave (2010)
- ^
Sampath, Padmashree Gehl (2016). "Sustainable Industrialization in Africa: Toward a New Development Agenda".
Sustainable Industrialization in Africa
. Springer. p. 6.
doi
:
10.1007/978-1-137-56112-1_1
.
ISBN
978-1-349-57360-8
.
Contemporary notions of industrialization can be traced back to the experience of Great Britain, Western Europe and North America during the 19th and early 20th centuries (Nzau, 2010). The literature that reviews the experiences of these countries seems to agree that, although the early-industrializing countries started at different stages of growth, they followed more or less a similar format of change that led to their transformation. Marked by the shift from a subsistence/agrarian economy to more industrialized/mechanized modes of production, hallmarks of industrialization include technological advance, widespread investments into industrial infrastructure, and a dynamic movement of labor from agriculture into manufacturing (Lewis, 1978; Todaro, 1989; Rapley, 1994).
- ^
Pollard, Sidney: Peaceful Conquest. The Industrialisation of Europe 1760?1970, Oxford 1981.
- ^
Buchheim, Christoph: Industrielle Revolutionen. Langfristige Wirtschaftsentwicklung in Großbritannien, Europa und in Ubersee, Munchen 1994, S. 11-104.
- ^
Jones, Eric: The European Miracle: Environments, Economics and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia, 3. ed. Cambridge 2003.
- ^
Henning, Friedrich-Wilhelm: Die Industrialisierung in Deutschland 1800 bis 1914, 9. Aufl., Paderborn/Munchen/Wien/Zurich 1995, S. 15-279.
- ^
Industry & Enterprise: A International Survey of Modernisation & Development
, ISM/Google Books, revised 2nd edition, 2003.
ISBN
978-0-906321-27-0
.
[1]
Archived
11 May 2016 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
Lewis F. Abbott,
Theories of Industrial Modernisation & Enterprise Development: A Review
, ISM/Google Books, revised 2nd edition, 2003.
ISBN
978-0-906321-26-3
.
[2]
- ^
revolution, social.
"social effects of industrial revolution"
.
Archived
from the original on 17 March 2012
. Retrieved
1 April
2021
.
- ^
revolution, social.
"social effect of industrial revolution"
.
[
permanent dead link
]
- ^
The effect of industrialisation on the family, Talcott Parsons, the isolated nuclear family
Archived
20 November 2010 at the
Wayback Machine
Black's Academy. Educational Database. Accessed April 2008.
- ^
"Four Asian Tigers"
.
Corporate Finance Institute
. Retrieved
27 January
2023
.
- ^
Child, development.
"development and the whole child"
(PDF)
.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on 17 January 2021
. Retrieved
23 September
2020
.
- ^
United Nations
Millennium Development Goals
https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/
/
Archived
4 May 2007 at the
Wayback Machine
. Un.org (20 May 2008). Retrieved on 2013-07-29.
- ^
a
b
c
Claire Melamed, Renate Hartwig and Ursula Grant 2011.
Jobs, growth and poverty: what do we know, what don't we know, what should we know?
Archived
20 May 2011 at the
Wayback Machine
London:
Overseas Development Institute
Further reading
[
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]
- Chandler Jr., Alfred D. (1993).
The Visible Hand: The Management Revolution in American Business
. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
ISBN
978-0674940529
.
- Hewitt, T., Johnson, H. and Wield, D. (Eds) (1992)
industrialisation and Development
, Oxford University Press: Oxford.
- Hobsbawm, Eric (1962):
The Age of Revolution.
Abacus.
- Kemp, Tom (1993)
Historical Patterns of Industrialisation
, Longman: London.
ISBN
0-582-09547-6
- Kiely, R (1998)
industrialisation and Development: A comparative analysis
, UCL Press:London.
- Landes, David. S. (1969).
The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present
. Cambridge, New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
ISBN
0-521-09418-6
.
- Pomeranz, Ken (2001)
The Great Divergence: China, Europe and the Making of the Modern World Economy
(Princeton Economic History of the Western World) by (Princeton University Press; New Ed edition, 2001)
- Tilly, Richard H.:
Industrialization as an Historical Process
,
European History Online
, Main:
Institute of European History
, 2010, retrieved: 29 February 2011.
External links
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