Ethnic group
Ethnic group
Indo-Trinidadians and Tobagonians
or
Indian-Trinidadians and Tobagonians
are people of
Indian origin
who are nationals of
Trinidad and Tobago
, whose ancestors came from
India
and the wider
subcontinent
beginning in 1845 during the period of colonization.
Indo-Trinidadians and Tobagonians are a subgroup of
Indo-Caribbeans
, which is a subgroup of the wider
Indian diaspora
. Generally, most Indians in Trinidad and Tobago can trace their ancestry back to
northern India
, especially the
Bhojpur
and
Awadh
regions of the
Hindi Belt
, which lies in the
Gangetic plains
, a plain that is located between the
Ganga
and
Yamuna
rivers and faces the mountain ranges of the
Himalayas
, the
Kaimur
, and the
Vindhyas
. However, some Indians may trace their ancestry to other parts of South Asia, notably
southern India
. Indians first arrived in Trinidad and Tobago as indentured laborers from India through the
Indian indenture system
from 1845 till 1917, and some Indians and other South Asians, along with their families, later came as entrepreneurs, businesspeople, religious leaders, doctors, engineers, and other professional occupations beginning in the mid-20th century and continuing till present day. Some Indians from many other Caribbean nations, such as
Guyana
,
Grenada
,
Martinique
, and
Saint Croix
, also immigrated to Trinidad and Tobago.
Indo-Trinidadians and Tobagonians are the largest ethnic group in Trinidad and Tobago, identified by the official census, about 35.43% of the population in 2011.
[1]
History
[
edit
]
In his book
Perspectives on the Caribbean: A Reader In Culture, History, and Representation
, Philip W. Scher cites figures by Steven Vertovec, Professor of Anthropology; Of 94,135 Indian immigrants to Trinidad, between 1874 and 1917, 50.7 percent were from the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, 24.4 percent hailed from
Oudh State
, 13.5 percent were from
Bihar Province
and lesser numbers from various other parts of the British Raj, such as the
Madras Presidency
,
Bengal Presidency
,
Central Provinces
,
Chota Nagpur Division
,
Bombay Presidency
, and
Punjab Province
.
[3]
Out of 134,118 indentured labourers from India, 5,000 who left from the
Port of Madras
distinguished themselves as "Madrasi" and the immigrants who left from the
Port of Calcutta
distinguished themselves as "Kalakatiyas". However, this did not equate to their
ethnolinguistic group
. While, most Indians who left from the Port of Madras were
Tamils (Madrasis)
, not all were ethnic-Madrasis, some were
Telugu
,
Kannadiga
,
Malayali
,
Gondi
,
Kodava
,
Tulu
, or
Deccani
, and most Indians who left from the Port of Calcutta were not ethnic-
Bengalis (Kalakatiyas)
, but they were Purabias (
Bhojpuri
and
Awadhi
), however there were small numbers of
Bengalis
, as well as small numbers of
Maithils
,
Magahis
,
Baghelis
,
Brajis
,
Bundelis
,
Kannaujis
,
Kauravis
,
Pashtuns
,
Nagpuris
,
Kurukhs
,
Haryanvis
,
Gujaratis
,
Marwari
,
Sadans
,
Chhattisgarhis
,
Kashmiris
,
Dogras
,
Punjabis
,
Marathis
,
Odias
,
Garhwalis
,
Kumaonis
,
Madheshis
,
Parsees
,
Assamese
,
Newars
,
Tharus
and
Khas
who came via the Port of Calcutta.
[4]
[5]
Many were people who were escaping
poverty in India
and seeking employment offered by the British for jobs either as indentured labourers, workers or educated servicemen, primarily, between 1845 and 1917.
[6]
[7]
The demand for Indian indentured labourers increased dramatically after the abolition of slavery in 1834. They were sent, sometimes in large numbers, to plantation colonies producing high-value crops such as sugar in Africa and the Caribbean.
Religion
[
edit
]
Religion of Indo-Trinidadians and Tobagonians
Religion
|
Census 1921
[a]
|
Census 1931
[8]
|
Census 1970
[9]
|
Census 2000
[10]
|
Census 2011
[11]
|
Number
|
%
|
Number
|
%
|
Number
|
%
|
Number
|
%
|
Number
|
%
|
Hinduism
|
99,564
|
82
|
94,125
|
67.88
|
228,758
|
61.24
|
245,459
|
55.00
|
232,104
|
49.54
|
Islam
|
19,427
|
16
|
20,747
|
14.96
|
57,105
|
15.29
|
57,042
|
12.78
|
54,543
|
11.64
|
Presbyterianism
|
6,071
|
5
|
10,335
|
7.45
|
34,844
|
9.33
|
31,277
|
7.00
|
26,631
|
5.68
|
Roman Catholicism
|
4,857
|
4
|
8,469
|
6.11
|
33,312
|
8.92
|
31,823
|
7.13
|
30,350
|
6.48
|
Anglicanism
|
2,428
|
2
|
3,946
|
2.85
|
6,192
|
1.66
|
3,035
|
0.68
|
2,637
|
0.56
|
Other Christian denominations
|
-
|
-
|
433
|
0.31
|
191
|
0.05
|
34,491
|
7.73
|
58,782
|
12.55
|
Zoroastrianism
|
607
|
0.5
|
278
|
0.2
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Buddhism
|
364
|
0.3
|
119
|
0.09
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
Sikhism
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
300
|
0.06
|
Trinidad Orisha
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
1,466
|
0.31
|
Rastafari
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
97
|
0.02
|
Other
|
-
|
-
|
215
|
0.16
|
13,136
|
3.52
|
35,540
|
7.96
|
27,210
|
5.81
|
Not Stated
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
3,498
|
0.78
|
29,518
|
6.30
|
None
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
4,108
|
0.92
|
4,887
|
1.04
|
Total
|
121,420
|
138,667
|
373,538
|
446,273
|
468,524
|
Religious Makeup of Indo-Trinidadians (2011)
Not Stated (6.3%)
Other (5.87%)
According to the most recent census (2011) conducted in Trinidad and Tobago, Hinduism is the religion followed by a plurality of Indo-Trinidadians. The breakdown of religious affiliation for Indo-Trinidadians is as follows
[11]
-
- Hinduism
? 49.54%
- Islam
? 11.64%
- Pentecostalism
/
Evangelicalism
/
Full Gospel
? 9.67%
- Roman Catholicism
? 6.48%
- Not Stated ? 6.30%
- Other ? 5.81%
- Presbyterianism
/
Congregationalism
? 5.68%
- None
? 1.04%
- Spiritual Baptist
? 0.96%
- Seventh-day Adventist Church
? 0.91%
- Jehovah's Witnesses
? 0.73%
- Anglicanism
? 0.56%
- Trinidad Orisha
? 0.31%
- Other
Baptists
? 0.21%
- Sikhism
? 0.06%
[12]
- Methodism
? 0.05%
- Rastafari
? 0.02%
- Moravian Church
? 0.007%
Hindus in Trinidad and Tobago are represented by several sects, organizations and entities the largest of which is the
Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha
, a
San?tan?
Hindu organization. Other Hindu organizations and sects include SWAHA International,
Arya Samaj
,
Chinmaya Mission
,
Kabir panth
,
ISKCON
, the
Sathya Sai Baba movement
,
Shirdi Sai Baba movement
,
Ramanandi Sampradaya
, Seunariani (Sieunarini/Siewnaraini/Shiv Narayani),
Aughar (Aghor/Owghur)
,
Kali Mai (Madrasi)
,
Murugan (Kaumaram)
,
Bharat Sevashram Sangha
,
Jagadguru Kripalu Parishat (Radha Madhav)
,
Ganapathi Sachchidananda movement
,
Divine Life Society
,
Brahma Kumaris
, and Blue Star.
[13]
[14]
A majority of Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian Muslims are
Sunni
, however there are notable
Shia
and
Ahmadiyya
minorities. The major Muslim organisation representing Muslims in Trinidad and Tobago is the
Anjuman Sunnat-ul-Jamaat Association
(ASJA). Other Islamic organizations include the Trinidad Muslim League, Darul Uloom, Ummah T&T, the Muslim Federation, and the Tackveeyatul Islamic Association.
[15]
The
Sikh
community in Trinidad and Tobago, numbering at about 300, consists of the descendants of the few
Punjabis
who came during the indentureship period,
Punjabi Sikhs
who came in the twentieth and twenty-first century, and
Sindhi Hindus
and
Punjabi Hindus
who also came in the twentieth and twenty-first century and who are, in addition to being Hindu,
Nanakpanthis
, followers of the Sikh
Guru Nanak
. The Sikhs have a
gurdwara
(temple) in
Tunapuna
dating back to 1929.
[16]
[17]
Politics
[
edit
]
Most Indo-Trinidadians have traditionally given their political support to parties opposed to the
People's National Movement
(PNM) which has historically been perceived as a
Christian
African
-
Creole
party.
[18]
Voting patterns amongst Indo-Trinidadians have also been influenced by religion where, for periods of time Muslim Indo-Trinidadians and non-Presbyterian Christian Indo-Trinidadians supported the PNM because the prevailing parties for Indo-Trinidadians ? the
PDP
,
DLP
, and
ULF
were felt to be Hindu and Presbyterian Indian dominated parties.
[18]
With the advent of the
NAR
and then the
UNC
this polarization by religion has been on the decline however its existence is still felt with the UNC fielding a Muslim candidate in every election for the San Juan/Barataria seat since 1995 owing to the presence of a large Indo-Trinidadian Muslim population within this constituency.
Notable Indo-Trinidadian politicians include:
Culture
[
edit
]
Indo?Trinidadian and Tobagonians have retained their distinctive heritage and culture, while also functioning in a multicultural society. The
South Asian languages
of their ancestors have largely been lost, although a number of these words have entered the Trinidadian vernacular.
Indian
movies, music, and cuisine have entered the mainstream culture of Trinidad and Tobago.
Chutney
and
chutney soca
music rivals
calypso
and
soca music
during the
Carnival
season.
Holidays and festivals
[
edit
]
Diwali
,
Eid ul-Fitr
, and
Indian Arrival Day
are national holidays, and
Phagwah/Holi
,
Maha Shivratri
,
Hanuman Jayanti
,
Ram Naumi
,
Sita
Naumi,
Navratri
,
Vijayadashami
,
Krishna Janmashtami
,
Radhastami
,
Saraswati Jayanti
,
Raksha Bandhan
,
Vivaha Panchami
,
Guru Purnima
,
Ganesh Chaturthi
,
Kartik Snan
,
Ratha Saptami
,
Karagam Puja
,
Kalbhairo Jayanti
,
Mesha Sankranti
,
Makar Sankranti
,
Tulsi Vivah
,
Gita Jayanti
,
Datta Jayanti
,
Ratha Yatra
,
Gurpurab
,
Buddha Purnima
,
Ramadan
,
Hosay
(
Ashura
),
Eid al-Adha
,
Mawlid
,
Shab-e-barat
,
Chaand Raat
,
Islamic New Year
, and other
Hindu
and
Muslim holidays
are widely celebrated.
Cuisine
[
edit
]
Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian cuisine is mostly derived from the
Bhojpuri
and
Awadhi
cuisines of
North India
, with considerable
South Indian
, especially
Tamil
, influence on preparation and ingredients in the tropical environment of Trinidad and Tobago that was similar to the tropical environment of South India, where a significant minority of Indians came from. There is also influence from other ethnic cuisines on the island such as
Creole
,
Chinese
,
West African
,
Indigenous
,
French
,
British
,
North American
,
Portuguese
,
Arab
, and
Latin American
cuisines. It is unlike the mainstream
Indian
-
South Asia
cuisines, which is mostly based on Punjabi, Rajasthani, Mughlai, Gujarati, Bengali, Udupi, and Tamil cuisines. This "mainstream" Indian cuisine was brought to the country by more recent immigrants and is termed as East Indian cuisine in Trinidad and Tobago and is contrasted from the local Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian or local-Indian cuisine.
Breakfast
[
edit
]
A traditional Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian breakfast consists of
sada
roti
, a type of unleavened bread made with flour, baking powder and water. The dough is rolled out and cooked on flat, cast-iron skillet, called a
tawa
. The cooked dough is cut into quarters and served with a variety of fried vegetables,
tarkaris
or chokhas.
[19]
Sometimes
fried bake
is eaten instead and is made using with flour, baking powder and yeast and is then fried in oil. Usually breakfast is vegetarian, however
salt fish
is sometimes added. Some breakfast dishes include
baigan chokha
(roasted and mashed
eggplant
),
damadol chokha
[20]
(roasted and mashed
tomatoes
),
pepper chokha
(roasted and mashed peppers),
aloo chokha
(boiled, roasted, and mashed
potatoes
),
karaili chokha
(roasted and mashed
bittermelon
),
murtani
or
upar ghar
(combination of roasted and mashed eggplant, tomato, pepper, and okra), fried or
curried
bodi
(
long beans
), fried or curried aloo (potatoes), fried or curried
ochro/bhindhi
(okra), fried or curried
seim
(
hyacinth beans
), fried or curried
karaili
(
bittermelon
), pumpkin or
kohra
tarkari
(pumpkin simmered with spices and seasoning), fried or curried
saijan
(
drumstick
), fried or curried
lauki
(
bottle gourd
),
bhaji
(made with young
dasheen bush (taro)
leaves,
spinach
leaves,
saijan (drumstick)
leaves, or
chaurai (spiny amaranth)
leaves), and/or fried
plantains
.
Street foods
[
edit
]
Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian foods like
doubles
,
[21]
aloo pie
,
[22]
pholourie
, saheena, baiganee,
bara
, and
kachori
are popular street foods throughout the country and are served with various
chutneys
,
achars
, and pepper sauce.
Doubles
is made with two
bara
s (flat fried dough) and
curried
channa
(
chickpeas
) and is served with toppings, like
pepper sauce
,
kuchela
, and
tamarind
,
mango
,
pommecythere
,
cucumber
,
coconut
and
bandhaniya
chutneys
. It is one of the most popular breakfast foods eaten on the islands, however, it is eaten at any time throughout the day. Another Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian street food that is popular is
roti
, which consists of
roti
(usually
paratha
or dhalpuri) that wraps curried vegetables, curried channa (chickpeas) and aloo (potatoes), curried chicken, curried shrimp, curried goat, curried duck, curried conchs, or any other spicy fillings. The town of
Debe
in southern Trinidad is a popular destination for these street foods.
[23]
Festival foods
[
edit
]
Traditional
Diwali
and other
Hindu festivals
and prayers foods include appetizers such as
pholourie
, saheena, baiganee,
bara
, and
kachori
. Main dishes include
roti
(most commonly dalpuri and
paratha
) and
karhi
and rice served with condiments such as
achar or anchar
,
kuchela
, mother-in-law (pickled vegetables),
pepper sauce
, and dishes such as
curried
mango,
bhaji
(
dasheen bush
or any spinach), pumpkin or kohra tarkari (pumpkin), curry channa and aloo (
chickpeas
and
potatoes
), fried or curried
baigan
(
eggplant
), fried or curried
bodi
(
long beans
), fried or curried
seim
(
hyacinth beans
), curry
eddoes
(arui), curry chataigne or katahar (
breadnut
), and other
tarkaries
(
vegetarian
curries
). Desserts include
mohan bhog (parsad)
,
lapsi
and suhari,
burfi
,
khurma
,
gulab jamun
,
pera
,
rasgulla
, batasa,
gujiya
,
gulgula
, roat,
kheer (sweet rice)
,
laddu
, and
jalebi
. It is traditionally served on a
sohari
(
Calathea lutea
) leaf.
[24]
Special
Eid
,
Hosay
, and other Muslim festival foods include
curry goat
, curry channa and aloo,
sawine
,
burfi
,
rasgulla
, sirnee,
maleeda
, and
halwa
.
Condiments
[
edit
]
Indo-Trinidadians and Tobagonians accompany their meals with various condiments; these can include pepper sauces, chutneys and pickles and are often homemade.
Pepper sauces are made by using
scotch bonnet
or other hot peppers, either minced or chopped and added to vinegar or lime or lemon juice and sometimes pickled together with carrots, sour cherries,
bitter melon
, or
daikon
(murai).
Mother-in-law
is another popular condiment which is a coarsely chopped spicy medley of peppers, pimentos, carrots, bitter melon, and other spices.
Chutneys
are popular as well and often include
mango
,
tamarind
,
cucumber
,
pommecythere
,
bandhaniya
,
dhaniya
,
chalta
, and
coconut
. They are most commonly eaten with
doubles
,
aloo pie
,
saheena
, baiganee,
kachori
, and
pholourie
. There are a variety of popular pickles known locally as
achar
or
anchar
which are commonly used.
Kuchela
a grated spicy version, usually made from mango but sometimes made from
pommecythere
, the mango version being most popular. Other version of achars are made from mango,
pommecythere
, tamarind,
amla
,
lemon
,
lime
,
chayote
, chalta, and
green apple
.
Sweets and Desserts
[
edit
]
Indian sweets and dessers
are commonplace in Trinidad and Tobago and are distributed especially at Indian weddings and religious events. They include
kheer
(sweet rice or
meetha bhat
),
sawine
,
khurma
,
gulab jamoon
,
burfi
, roat,
laddu
,
jalebi
,
halwa
,
mohan bhog (parsad)
, sirnee,
lapsi
and suhari,
rasgula
, tilly cake,
gulgula
, paynuse,
pera
,
modak
,
gujiya
, and batasa.
Dance
[
edit
]
Indian dance forms
are prevalent among Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonians.
[25]
Kathak
,
Odissi
, and
Bharatanatyam
are the most popular
Indian classical dance forms
in Trinidad and Tobago.
[26]
Indian folk dances
, such as
launda ke naach
,
Bollywood dancing
, and
chutney
dancing are also popular Indian dance forms.
[26]
Music
[
edit
]
Theatre
[
edit
]
Indian theatre
is also popular throughout Trinidad and Tobago.
Nautankis
and dramas such as
Raja Harishchandra
,
Raja Nal
,
Raja Rasalu
,
Sarwaneer (Sharwan Kumar)
,
Indra Sabha
,
Bhakt Prahalad
,
Lorikayan
,
Gopichand
, and
Alha-Khand
were brought by Indians to Trinidad and Tobago, however they had largely began to die out, till preservation began by Indian cultural groups.
[27]
Ramleela
, the drama about the life of the
Hindu
deity
Rama
, is largely popular throughout the country during the time between
Sharad Navaratri
and
Vijayadashami
leading up to
Diwali
, with almost each locale having their own celebration. The Ramlila celebrations end with the burning of an
effigy
of
Ravana
, the main antagonist of the ancient
Ramayana
and its 16th century vernacular variation, popular among Hindus in Trinidad and Tobago, the
Ramcharitmanas
.
Rasleela (Krishnaleela)
, the drama about the life of the Hindu deity
Krishna
, is popular around the time of
Krishna Janmashtami
.
[28]
[29]
[30]
Influence on Trinidad and Tobago
[
edit
]
The Indian?South Asian influence is very much noticeable in
Trinidad and Tobago
as they are the largest ethnic groups in the country.
Mandirs
,
masijids
, jhandis (
Hindu
prayer flags
), Hindu schools, Muslim schools,
roti
shops and stalls, puja stores, Indian groceries/markets, and Indian clothing stores and expos dot the landscape of the country. Many businesses also bear names of Indian-South Asian origin. Many towns, settlements, villages, avenues, traces, and streets in Trinidad and Tobago are named after Indian cities and people, such as Calcutta Settlement, Madras Settlement, Delhi Settlement, Jai Ramkissoon Housing Settlement, Raghoo Village, Jaraysingh, Hasnalli, Hindustan Village, Patna Village, Gandhi Village, Kandahar Village, Cawnpore (Kanpur) Village, Nepal Village, Abdul Village, Samaroo Village, Basta Hall, Gopaul Lands, Sumadh Gardens, Mohammed Ville, Gobin Village, Nancoo Village,
Malabar
, Matura (Mathura), Bangladesh, Morang Village, Chandanagore (Chandinagar), Sadhoowa,
Divali Nagar
, Golconda,
Barrackpore
, and
Fyzabad
.
[31]
The holidays of
Diwali
,
Eid al-Fitr
, and
Indian Arrival Day
are
national holidays in Trinidad and Tobago
.
Trinidadian Hindustani
and
other South Asian languages
has had a great influence on the
Trinidadian English
lingua franca
. Most people of South Asian descent in
Trinidad and Tobago
also speak a unique
Hinglish
macaronic dialect
of
Trinidadian English
and
Trinidadian Hindustani
and they incorporate more Hindustani vocabulary into their Trinidadian English dialect than other ethnic groups in the country.
Notable persons
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
- ^
Percentages add up to more than 100% because many converts to Christianity answered twice as they still identified with their former religions of Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism, or Zoroastrianism
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
"Archived copy"
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 2008-02-27
. Retrieved
2008-01-29
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
link
)
- ^
a
b
c
"Indo-Caribbean Times December 2007 - Kidnapping - Venezuela"
.
Scribd
. Retrieved
17 August
2018
.
- ^
Vertovec, 1992
- ^
"Doc.pdf"
.
- ^
Jha, J. C. (1973).
"Indian Heritage in Trinidad, West Indies"
.
Caribbean Quarterly
.
19
(2): 28?50.
doi
:
10.1080/00086495.1973.11829152
.
JSTOR
23050197
.
- ^
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