Conservation process
In situ conservation
is the on-site
conservation
or the conservation of
genetic resources
in natural populations of plant or animal species, such as
forest genetic resources
in natural populations of tree species.
[1]
This process protects the inhabitants and ensures the sustainability of the environment and ecosystem.
Its converse is
ex situ conservation
, where threatened species are moved to another location. These can include places like seed libraries, gene banks and more where they are protected through human intervention.
[2]
Methods
[
edit
]
Nature reserves
[
edit
]
Waterton Biosphere Reserve
in Canada
Nature reserves
(or biosphere reserves) cover very large areas, often more than 5000 km
2
. They are used to protect species for a long time. There are 3 different classifications for these reserves:
- Strict Natural Areas
- Managed Natural Areas
- Wilderness Areas
Strict natural areas are creates to protect the state of nature in a given region. It is not made for the purpose of protecting any species within its limits. managed natural areas alternatively are made specifically for the purpose of protecting a certain species or community that is at the point it may be at risk being in a strict natural area. This is a more controlled environment that is created to be the most optimal habitat for the species concerned to thrive. Finally, a wilderness area serves a dual purpose of providing a protection for the natural region as well as providing recreational opportunities for patrons (excluding motorized transport)
[3]
National parks
[
edit
]
A
national park
is an area dedicated for the conservation of wildlife along with its environment. A national park is an area which is used to conserve scenery, natural and historical objects. It is usually a small reserve covering an area of about 100 to 500 square kilometers. Within biosphere reserves, one or more national parks may also exist.
Wildlife sanctuaries
[
edit
]
Wildlife sanctuaries can provide a higher quality of life for animals who are moved there. These animals are placed in specialized habitats that allows for more species-specific behaviors to take place. Wildlife sanctuaries are often used for animals that have been in zoos, circuses, laboratories and more for a long time, and then live the rest of their lives with greater autonomy in these habitats.
[4]
Biodiversity hotspots
[
edit
]
Biodiversity hotspots across the world
Several international organizations focus their conservation work on areas designated as
biodiversity hotspots
.
According to
Conservation International
, to qualify as a biodiversity hotspot a region must meet two strict criteria:
- it must contain at least 1,500 species of vascular plants (? 0.5% of the world's total) as endemics,
- it has to have lost at least 70% of its original habitat.
Biodiversity hotspots make up 1.4% of the earth's land area, yet they contain more than half of our planets species.
[5]
Gene sanctuary
[
edit
]
A gene sanctuary is an area where plants are conserved. It includes both biosphere reserves as well as national parks. Biosphere reserves are developed to be both a place for biodiversity conservation as well as sustainable development. The concept was first developed in the 1970s and include a core, buffer and transition zones. These zones act together to harmonize the conservation and development aspects of the biosphere.
[6]
Since 2004, and 30 years following the invention of the biosphere reserve concept, there have been about 459 conservation areas developed in 97 countries.
[7]
Benefits
[
edit
]
One benefit of
in situ
conservation is that it maintains recovering populations in the environment where they have developed their distinctive properties. Another benefit is that this strategy helps ensure the ongoing processes of evolution and adaptation within their environments. As a last resort,
ex situ
conservation
may be used on some or all of the population, when
in situ
conservation is too difficult, or impossible. The species gets adjusted to the natural disasters like drought, floods, forest fires and this method is very cheap and convenient.
Reserves
[
edit
]
Wildlife and livestock conservation involves the protection of wildlife habitats. Sufficiently large reserves must be maintained to enable the target species to exist in large numbers. The population size must be sufficient to enable the necessary
genetic diversity
to survive, so that it has a good chance of continuing to
adapt
and
evolve
over time. This reserve size can be calculated for target species by examining the population density in naturally occurring situations. The reserves must then be protected from intrusion or destruction by man, and against other catastrophes.
Agriculture
[
edit
]
In
agriculture
,
in situ
conservation techniques are an effective way to improve, maintain, and use traditional or native varieties of agricultural crops. Such methodologies link the positive output of scientific research with farmers' experience and field work.
First, the accessions of a variety stored at a
germplasm
bank and those of the same variety multiplied by farmers are jointly tested in the producers field and in the laboratory, under different situations and stresses. Thus, the scientific knowledge about the production characteristics of the native varieties is enhanced. Later, the best tested accessions are crossed, mixed, and multiplied under replicable situations. At last, these improved accessions are supplied to the producers. Thus, farmers are enabled to crop improved selections of their own varieties, instead of being lured to substitute their own varieties with commercial ones or to abandon their crop. This technique of conservation of agricultural biodiversity is more successful in marginal areas, where commercial varieties are not expedient, due to climate and
soil fertility
constraints, or where the taste and cooking characteristics of traditional varieties compensate for their lower yields.
[8]
In India
[
edit
]
About 4% of the total geographical area of India is used for
in situ
conservation.
There are 18
biosphere reserves in India
, including
Nanda Devi
in Uttarakhand,
Nokrek
in Meghalaya,
Manas National Park
in Assam and
Sundarban
in West Bengal.
There are 106
national parks in India
, including The
Kaziranga National Park
which conserves The
one-horned rhino
,
Periyar National Park
conserving the tiger and elephant, and
Ranthambore National Park
conserving the tiger.
There are 551
wildlife sanctuaries in India
.
Biodiversity hotspots include the
Himalayas
,
the Western Ghats
, the
Indo-Burma region
[9]
and the
Sundaland
.
India has set up its first gene sanctuary in the
Garo Hills
of Meghalaya for wild relatives of citrus. Efforts are also being made to set up gene sanctuaries for banana, sugarcane, rice and mango.
Community reserves were established as a type of protected area in India in the Wildlife Protection Amendment Act 2002, to provide legal support to community or privately owned reserves which cannot be designated as national park or wildlife sanctuary.
Sacred groves are tracts of forest set aside where all the trees and wildlife within are venerated and given total protection.
In China
[
edit
]
China has up to
[
clarification needed
]
2538 nature reserves which cover 15% of the entire country.
The majority of
in situ
conservation areas are concentrated in the regions of
Tibet
,
Qinghai
and
Xinjiang
. These provinces, all in western China, take up about 56% of the nature reserves in the country.
Eastern and southern China contain 90% of the country's population, and in these areas there are few nature reserves. In these regions, nature reserves actively compete with human development projects to support a growing demand for infrastructure. One consequence of this competing development has been the movement of the
South China tiger
out of its natural habitat.
In eastern and southern China many natural landscapes that remain undeveloped are fragmented; however nature reserves may provide crucial refuge for key species as well as ecosystem services.
[10]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Negi, Sharad Singh (1 January 1993).
Biodiversity and Its Conservation in India
. Indus Publishing. p. 40.
ISBN
9788185182889
.
- ^
Curry, Helen Anne (December 2019).
"Gene Banks, Seed Libraries, and Vegetable Sanctuaries: The Cultivation and Conservation of Heritage Vegetables in Britain, 1970?1985"
.
Culture, Agriculture, Food and Environment
.
41
(2): 87?96.
doi
:
10.1111/cuag.12239
.
ISSN
2153-9553
.
PMC
6999659
.
PMID
32051769
.
- ^
Dasmann, R.F (1973).
"Classification and use of protected natural and cultural areas"
(PDF)
.
- ^
Doyle, Catherine (1 January 2017).
"Captive Wildlife Sanctuaries: Definition, Ethical Considerations and Public Perception"
.
Animal Studies Journal
.
6
(2): 55?85.
ISSN
2201-3008
.
- ^
Trew, Brittany T.; Maclean, Ilya M. D. (April 2021). McGill, Brian (ed.).
"Vulnerability of global biodiversity hotspots to climate change"
.
Global Ecology and Biogeography
.
30
(4): 768?783.
doi
:
10.1111/geb.13272
.
ISSN
1466-822X
.
- ^
Van Cuong, Chu; Dart, Peter; Hockings, Marc (1 March 2017).
"Biosphere reserves: Attributes for success"
.
Journal of Environmental Management
.
188
: 9?17.
doi
:
10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.11.069
.
ISSN
0301-4797
.
PMID
27918925
.
- ^
Francis, George (1 January 2004).
"Biosphere Reserves in Canada: Ideals and some experience"
.
Environments: A Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies
.
32
(3): 2.
- ^
G. Avila, L. Guzman, M. Cespedes 2004.
Estrategias para la conservacion in situ de razas de maiz boliviano
. SINALERC,
Mar del Plata
- ^
WILDLIFE INSTITUTE OF INDIA DEHRADUN
- ^
Wu, Ruidong; Zhang, Shuang; Yu, Douglas W; Zhao, Peng; Li, Xinhai; Wang, Longzhu; Yu, Qian; Ma, Jian; Chen, Ai; Long, Yongcheng (September 2011).
"Effectiveness of China's nature reserves in representing ecological diversity"
.
Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
.
9
(7): 383?389.
doi
:
10.1890/100093
.
ISSN
1540-9295
.
Further reading
[
edit
]
External links
[
edit
]
|
---|
Types of zoos
| |
---|
Conservation
| |
---|
Lists
| |
---|
Related
| |
---|
|