Political movements inspired by the Arab Spring
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.
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
(
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|
Impact of the Arab Spring
|
---|
|
![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Locations_of_Global_2011_Protests.png/300px-Locations_of_Global_2011_Protests.png) Locations of global protests in 2011. Blue refers to
Occupy movement
protests, red refers to
Arab spring
and later protests, and green refers to protests inspired by the Arab Spring outside the
Occupy movement
.
|
Date
| Early 2011?2012
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Location
| Worldwide outside the Arab countries
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Caused by
| Arab Spring
|
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The
impact of the Arab Spring
concerns protests or by the way attempts to organize growing protest movements that were inspired by or similar to the
Arab Spring
in the
Arab-majority
states of
North Africa and the Middle East
, according to commentators, organisers, and critics.
[1]
These demonstrations and protest efforts have all been critical of the government in their respective countries, though they have ranged from calls for the incumbent government to make certain policy changes to attempts to bring down the current political system in its entirety. In some countries, protests have become large or widespread enough to effect change at the national level, as in
Armenia
, while in others, such as
Djibouti
, were swiftly suppressed.
[2]
Protests considered to be inspired by the Arab Spring have taken place on every inhabited continent, with varying degrees of success and prominence.
[3]
On 15 October 2011, the subsidiary
"Occupy"
and
Indignants
movements inspired
protests in 950 cities in 82 countries
.
Background
[
edit
]
A number of popular protests by citizens against their governments occurred in nations around the world, both following and concurrently with the Arab Spring, and many of these were reported to have been inspired by events in the Arab World starting at the end of 2010, creating a network of diffusion.
[4]
[5]
Some potentially vulnerable states that have not yet seen such protests have taken a variety of preemptive measures to avoid such displays occurring in their own countries; some of these states and others have experienced political fallout as a result of their own governmental actions and reactions to events which their own citizens are seeing reported from abroad.
[4]
[6]
[7]
[8]
Government overthrown
Civil war
Sustained civil disorder and governmental changes
Protests and governmental changes
Major/Large scale protests
Minor protests
Africa
[
edit
]
Djibouti
[
edit
]
On 2 February, demonstrations began when about three hundred people protested peacefully against President
Ismail Omar Guelleh
in
Djibouti City
, urging him to not run for another term; the protesters further asked for more liberty as well as for political and social reform. Protests soon increased, however, as thousands rallied against the president, many vowing to remain at the site until their demands were met. On 18 February, an estimated 30,000 Dijiboutians protested in central Djibouti City against the president, maintaining that the constitutional change of the previous year, which allowed him a third term, was illegal. The demonstration escalated into clashes with the police, and at least two persons were killed and many injured when police used live ammunition and teargas against the protesters.
[9]
On 19 and 24 February, protest leaders were arrested and after they failed to turn up on the 24th, opposition leader Bourhan Mohammed Ali stated he feared the protests had lost momentum.
[9]
The last protest was planned for 11 March, but security forces stopped the protest and detained 4 opposition leaders. No protests or planned protests have occurred since.
Ivory Coast
[
edit
]
In
Cote d'Ivoire
(Ivory Coast), peace activist
Aya Virginie Toure
organized thousands of women
[10]
in numerous peaceful protests across the country.
[11]
They were met by security forces with tanks that opened fire.
[12]
In an impassioned interview on
BBC News
, Toure compared the
Second Ivorian Civil War
[13]
to the
2011 Libyan civil war
and asked for support from the
international community
. She called for military intervention to remove
Laurent Gbagbo
from power.
[14]
Nigerian Foreign Minister
Henry Odein Ajumogobia
accused the
international community
of "contradictions" by imposing a no-fly zone over Libya and focusing on the civil war in Libya, but failing to take action to protect civilians in the Ivory Coast.
[15]
Oil production in Libya is seen as a more strategic commodity than cocoa in the Ivory Coast,
[16]
which influenced the international response to the turmoil facing both countries.
[17]
Gabon
[
edit
]
On 29 January, riot police in
Gabon
fired tear gas to break up a protest by around 5,000 opposition supporters, where according to witnesses, up to 20 people were wounded. It was the second such protest since opposition leader
Andre Mba Obame
declared himself president on January 25 and urged people to take inspiration from the
Tunisian Revolution
.
[18]
Obame subsequently hid out in the local
United Nations Development Programme
office, while President
Ali Bongo Ondimba
shut down TV stations and allegedly kidnapped members of the opposition. The UN is accusing Gabon's police of invading and beating students within the university. Although initial protests overwhelmingly consisted of opposition loyalists, the unrest appears to be developing into a wider social conflict, with students leading the protests.
[19]
Malawi
[
edit
]
Mali
[
edit
]
A
Tuareg rebellion
in early 2012 that forced the
armed forces
of
Mali
, a
West African
country with significant holdings in the
Sahara
, to withdraw south of the line the
National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad
(MNLA) claimed as the
Tuareg
homeland's southwestern frontier by April.
[20]
The conflict was exacerbated by a
coup d'etat
by the
Malian Armed Forces
that forced President
Amadou Toumani Toure
from power and briefly installed a
junta
in
Bamako
, the capital.
[21]
With government forces pushed to
Mopti
and southward by the MNLA and other armed groups, including
Ansar Dine
and the
Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa
, the MNLA's secretary general,
Bilal Ag Acherif
, declared
Azawad
an independent state on 6 April 2012.
[22]
The Wall Street Journal
, among other media outlets, has drawn a connection between the secular MNLA's vision for a democratic Azawad to the Arab Spring revolts, though as with many of the uprisings in the
Middle East
,
Islamist
factions have contested this view of Azawad's future.
[22]
Ansar Dine has called for
sharia
law throughout all of Mali, not just Azawad. The
Azawadi declaration of independence
has also faced significant pushback from the international community, with no state or international body recognising the
de facto
state
and the
Economic Community of West African States
(ECOWAS) mulling options for an international military intervention against the rebels.
[23]
The rebellion and coup have been described as "fallout" from the Arab Spring, as the success of the Tuareg rebellion where it had failed in
previous efforts
throughout the 20th century has been attributed largely to heavy weaponry carted out of
Libya
by Tuareg fighters on either side of the
Libyan Civil War
in 2011.
[20]
[21]
[24]
Mozambique
[
edit
]
According to
Al Jazeera
, a 2011 protest in Mozambique was related to the Arab Spring. An elite police unit crushed a workers' protest on 6 April, detaining a number of demonstrators and leaving several injured. At least one protester died as a result of the crackdown. The Mozambican Human Rights League called for an investigation and demanded the commander of the unit step down.
[25]
Uganda
[
edit
]
Ugandan
President
Yoweri Museveni
was
declared the winner of Uganda's 2011 general election
on 11 February amidst opposition denunciations.
Kizza Besigye
, the chairman of the opposition coalition finished second with 26.01% of the vote. Besigye warned that Uganda was ripe for an Egypt-style revolt after Museveni's more than two decades in power.
[26]
The protesters failed to amass in large numbers because, as the
Christian Science Monitor
suggested, a failure to tally its own results through its own
SMS
system was disrupted by the government, who also arrested hundreds of opposition
field agents
. They also suggested that Besigye did not believe his own claim of sparking a revolution.
[27]
With unrest growing at the rising prices of food and fuel, the arrest of Kizza Besigye on 28 April was the catalyst for protests and riots across the Ugandan capital,
Kampala
, in which two were killed.
[28]
Zimbabwe
[
edit
]
Munyaradzi Gwisai
, a former opposition member of the
Parliament of Zimbabwe
, organised a meeting to discuss the uprisings in North Africa on 21 February. He, along with 45 others, were arrested and allegedly tortured and face a charge of
treason
that carries the death penalty. Many
Zimbabwean migrants to South Africa
, who number in the hundreds of thousands, are free to talk of the events. However, past violence in elections and many of the youth and educated middle classes having fled the country there were questions about the pool of protesters to carry out such actions.
[29]
[30]
A Million Citizen March
[31]
called for in
Harare
on 1 March went unheeded after a heavy police presence since 26 February continued and a curfew was declared on the night of 28 February.
[32]
Europe
[
edit
]
Bosnia and Herzegovina
[
edit
]
Greece
[
edit
]
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2010?12 Greek protests were a series of demonstrations and general strikes taking place across Greece. Greek protesters had taken its lead from the Arab spring.
Russia
[
edit
]
In March 2012
Sergei Mironov
, running in the
2012 Russian presidential election
, said that: "Whoever wins the
presidency
, if he does not immediately begin deep political and social reforms [...] Russia will be shaken by a kind of Arab Spring within two years." The
Telegraph
pointed out that since Mironov is a former ally of
Vladimir Putin
, he could have been trying to scaremonger "as a subtle way of endorsing a crackdown on street demonstrations that are expected in the days after the vote".
[33]
Imprisoned
oligarch
Mikhail Khodorkovsky
has claimed that the
protests which followed the 2011 Russian elections
were inspired by the example of the Arab Spring.
[34]
He told the
Guardian newspaper
, "We have only to reflect on the events in countries swept up in the Arab Spring to recognise the transformation taking place in the compact between the rulers and the ruled. While there are certainly many differences between those countries and Russia, there are some fundamental similarities."
[34]
Spain
[
edit
]
Turkey
[
edit
]
In Turkey supporters of the
Peace and Democracy Party
(BDP), the main pro-Kurdish party, have demonstrated against the
Justice and Development Party
(AKP) government before and after the general elections.
In 2013, protesters started a stand in a silent protest at
Gezi Park
, opposing a plan allegedly demolishing the park. The police intervention sparked bigger anti-government
protests
. The protesters included many leftists, including CHP and BDP party supporters.
Ukraine
[
edit
]
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The term "Ukrainian Spring" is sometimes used in reference to the
Arab Spring
, which was triggered by similar causes such as heavy-handed authoritarianism, widespread official corruption,
kleptocracy
, and lack of opportunity.
[35]
[36]
United Kingdom
[
edit
]
Asia
[
edit
]
Armenia
[
edit
]
Regional unrest reached
Armenia
in January as merchants protested a ban on street trading in
Yerevan
, the former
Soviet socialist republic
's capital. Protesters marched in front of municipal offices and called for Mayor
Karen Karapetyan
to "come down", demanding that the ban be lifted.
[37]
Seizing on this rising discontent in the capital city,
[38]
the
Armenian National Congress
, led by former President
Levon Ter-Petrosian
, started organizing larger, more sharply politicized rallies in Yerevan in February. Rallies have drawn tens of thousands and have continued through April. Protesters demand the release of political prisoners, socio-economic reforms, full access to Yerevan's
Freedom Square
, and that perpetrators of violence against opposition supporters in the wake of the
2008 presidential election
be brought to justice.
[39]
[40]
[41]
The government has made three major concessions: agreeing to revive and step up a hereto stagnant investigation of the 2008 protest deaths, opening Freedom Square to political rallies from 28 April forward,
[42]
and issuing a general amnesty covering jailed activists the opposition considers to be political prisoners.
[43]
President
Serzh Sargsyan
said in late April that he believed in cooperation between the government and the opposition and that his government was willing to make the "first steps" toward a compromise.
[44]
Azerbaijan
[
edit
]
Youth activists and opposition leaders, inspired by events of the Arab Spring, called for demonstrations on 11 and 12 March. The government responded with a crackdown on gatherings and widespread detentions.
Reuters
reported that at least 150 activists were arrested in
Azerbaijan
during March.
[45]
Police arrested close to 300 demonstrators in April,
[45]
detaining at least four journalists covering the incident as well.
[46]
[47]
Dozens more protesters, including at least one journalist who was later released, were arrested in May.
[48]
[49]
China
[
edit
]
China
unintentionally played a role in the Arab Spring due to the effects of a winter wheat crop failure and a massive
Chinese drought
that occurred in January 2011. This massive drought led the Chinese to buy wheat on the international market, henceforth doubling prices and leading to civil unrest in Egypt ? the world’s largest wheat importer. Egypt’s geography and population size have led to their dependence on international wheat imports. China’s domestic efforts to alleviate the drought had serious repercussions in Egypt, where food riots spurred further civil unrest. These
food riots
weakened
government legitimacy
and destabilized the country. This served as a stepping-stone for subsequent civil unrest in Egypt.
[50]
There were calls made via social networks such as
Twitter
to begin a "Jasmine Revolution" in China.
Chinese authorities
arrested activists,
[51]
increased the normal police presence, disabled some
cell phone
text messaging
services and
deleted Internet postings
about protests planned for 14:00 on 20 February in
Beijing
,
Shanghai
and 11 other cities.
[52]
[53]
On the day of the protests, the police turned out en masse to all of the potential protest locations in various cities around the country.
[54]
Small crowds, including a large number of foreign journalists, gathered at the planned site in
Beijing
and
Shanghai
but did not chant slogans or hold signs.
[55]
[56]
[57]
[58]
CPC General Secretary
and President
Hu Jintao
responded by calling top
Chinese Communist Party
leaders into a "study session" to root out and tackle social issues before they "become threats to stability".
[54]
In a speech at the
Central Party School
, Hu called out for tighter restrictions to the internet.
[59]
Chinese Premier
Wen Jiabao
promised to curb
inflation
and punish
corruption
in what was seen as an attempt to curb protests. He also promised to boost food supplies and to control surging property prices.
[60]
A heavy police presence was also reported in planned protest cities of Beijing and Shanghai.
[61]
He said that fighting inflation was an important economic priority in order to curb social unrest.
[62]
During an interview given to
Jeffrey Goldberg
of
The Atlantic
,
Hillary Clinton
responded to Goldberg's comment: "
Chinese government
seemed scared of the
Arab rising
": "Well, they are. They're worried, and they are trying to stop history, which is a
fool's errand
. They cannot do it. But they're going to hold it off as long as possible."
[63]
Tibetan government-in-exile
[
edit
]
In March 2011, the
14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso
announced that he would step down from his political office as the leader of the
Tibetan government-in-exile
, making way for the election of a
prime minister
. The move was read
[
by whom?
]
of splitting the political and religious authority of the Tibetan leadership-in-exile. He called the rule of
Tibetan Buddhist
spiritual leaders "outdated" and added: "I do not want to be like
Mubarak
."
[64]
An election took place on 20 March 2011 and the new prime minister of the Tibetan government-in-exile is
Lobsang Sangay
.
Iraqi Kurdistan
[
edit
]
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Protests broke out in
Iraqi Kurdistan
, an autonomous region of
Iraq
, on 21 February. They continued until martial law was declared in late April and the
Peshmerga
, supported by the regular
Iraqi Army
, was deployed to quell the unrest.
[65]
Iran
[
edit
]
On 9 February, various Iranian opposition groups requested permission from the
Ministry of Interior
to protest under the supervision of the
Iranian police
. Permission was refused.
[66]
Despite this setback, along with crackdowns on activists and members of opposition parties, opposition leaders such as
Mir Hossein Mousavi
and
Mehdi Karroubi
called for nationwide protest marches to begin on 14 February.
[67]
[68]
Rumours suggested that the protesters would include university students, lorry drivers, and gold merchants from across the country, who were protesting under the umbrella opposition known as the
Green movement
the re-emergence of which had been inspired by the recent events in Egypt and Tunisia. The
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
promised to forcefully confront protesters,
[67]
and opposition activists and aides to Mousavi and Karroubi were arrested in the days leading up to the demonstrations.
Estimates of the number of protesters ranged from 'thousands' to 'hundreds of thousands', depending on the source.
[69]
[70]
Reports from the demonstrations described clashes between protesters and security forces in
Tehran
. As part of the government strategy, security forces of approximately 10,000 personnel were deployed to prevent protesters from gathering at
Azadi Square
, where the marches that had originated in Enghelab, Azadi, and Vali-Asr streets were expected to converge. Police reportedly fired tear gas and used pepper spray and batons to disperse protesters.
[71]
[72]
Protesters responded by setting fires in garbage bins.
[73]
Clashes were also reported in
Isfahan
.
[74]
Israel
[
edit
]
Israeli protests, July 2011
The 2011 Israeli housing protests (
Hebrew
: ???? ????? or ???? ????"? or ???? ???????) are a series of ongoing street demonstrations taking place throughout
Israel
from 14 July 2011 onwards, and they have included the largest demonstration ever seen in the country, which took place on September 3, 2011 and had 460,000 protesters throughout the country, including 300,000 protestors in Tel Aviv alone. The protests began after a
Facebook
protest group led hundreds of people to camp in tents in the center of
Tel Aviv
on
Rothschild Boulevard
. The movement soon gained momentum and began a public discourse in Israel regarding the
high cost of housing
and living expenses. The protests quickly spread to many other
cities in Israel
as thousands of Israeli protesters began camping in tents in the middle of central streets as a means of protest. The protesters object to the increase in housing prices in Israel, and especially in the country's major cities.
It has been suggested in the media and scholarly research that the protests have been inspired by the ongoing
Arab Spring
,
[75]
[76]
The Israeli protests have generally been
non-violent
.
[77]
Malaysia
[
edit
]
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On 9 June 2011, Malaysians protested in
Kuala Lumpur
against electoral fraud perpetrated by the ruling party
Barisan Nasional
. Barisan Nasional and its predecessor,
Parti Perikatan
(the
Alliance Party
), has been Malaysia's federal ruling force since
independence from the British in 1957
.
Maldives
[
edit
]
Early on 1 May 2011, protests began in the Maldives as thousands of protesters demonstrated in
Male
demanding that President
Mohamed Nasheed
step down. Police were sent in to break up the protests. Dozens were injured and many people were arrested during the demonstrations.
[78]
Protests continued the following day too.
[79]
The main causes for the protests were soaring
food prices
and rising unemployment. The main opposition party in the nation, the
DRP (Maldivian People's Party)
, said that "currency devaluation has increased the price of essentials".
[79]
Protests continued for a week but temporarily died down.
[80]
[81]
Protests again began late in the year and led to the resignation of the president in February 2012 which is debated amongst legal experts
[
who?
]
and in the diplomatic arena as a coup. A report by an independent team of international lawyers and human rights experts headed by Associate Professor of International Law at Copenhagen University Anders Henriksen is available.
[82]
Myanmar
[
edit
]
A protest campaign to "attempt to emulate the democratic revolution in Egypt that was sparked by a Facebook campaign" started in
Myanmar
on 13 February 2011, coordinating via a
Facebook
page titled "Just Do It Against Military Dictatorship".
[83]
Anti-government material was distributed in several places around the country, including
Mandalay
and
Taunggyi
. More than 1000 activists support the campaign.
[83]
An intense series of anti-government street protests had earlier taken place from
September to November 2007
.
North Korea
[
edit
]
The
South Korean military
dropped leaflets with information about the protests in Egypt and Libya into
North Korea
, in an attempt to induce political change in its northern neighbor, with whom it has technically been
at war
(the
Korean War
ended in an
armistice
without a
peace treaty
) since the 1950s.
[84]
North Korea threatened to take military action if South Korea continued to drop leaflets fomenting revolt, the
Korean Central News Agency
reported.
[85]
[86]
According to reports in the
South Korean media
, there have been small pockets of protests in North Korea.
[87]
North Korea responded internally by censoring all news of the Arab Spring, banning all public demonstrations, and stationing
Korean People's Army
tanks in
Kim Il-sung Square
,
Pyongyang
.
[88]
Vietnam
[
edit
]
Nguyen Dan Que
, a prominent critic of the Vietnamese government, was arrested on 26 February 2011 because security services said he was caught "red-handed keeping and distributing documents" that called for the overthrow of the government in a Middle East-style uprising.
[89]
On 5 June, nearly a thousand people marched against China in
Hanoi
and
Ho Chi Minh City
over the
South China Sea dispute
. This is one of the largest and most prominent public protest that is not condoned by the government in history of communist Vietnam.
The Americas
[
edit
]
Starting with the
February protests
in
Wisconsin
a number of Arab Spring inspired movements have waxed and waned in both Americas, some being violent, others not. On 15 October, there were thousands of demonstrations throughout the two continents, some in countries such as
Canada
, which had not suffered such unrest before.
Bolivia
[
edit
]
On 10 February the
President of Bolivia
,
Evo Morales
, cancelled an appearance at a public event in
Oruro
due to fears over riots after protesters angry about rising
food prices
and Morales' style of government reportedly planted explosives there. Morales was said to be "on guard" in the wake of the Tunisian and Egyptian uprisings according to
United Press International
.
[90]
Protests against the president were also reported in several of the country's major cities.
[91]
On 29 September, thousands of people marched to protest
Morales
' attacks on indigenous people over highway construction.
[92]
He later apologized.
From the 28th April onwards,
indigenous peoples in Bolivia
protested against the construction of the
Villa Tunari ? San Ignacio de Moxos Highway
.
Brazil
[
edit
]
Brazil witnessed minor protests associated with the
Occupy Movement
during 2011 and 2012, but then endogenous social events and discourses led to massive and widespread protest during June 2013. While not directly sparked by the events in the Arab world, a new generation of Brazilians saw themselves in a similar situation as the Arab youth: alienated and marginalized from government and other public institutions, suffering increasingly high
costs of living
and inaccessible
social services
, and finding
fewer employment
and other social opportunities. Most significantly, the media exposure of popular protests taking over streets and overthrowing governments provided a new generation of Brazilians with the idea that popular uprisings can indeed be highly successful. The
2013 protests in Brazil
are ongoing public demonstrations in several Brazilian cities, initiated mainly by the
Movimento Passe Livre
(Free Fare Movement), a local entity that advocates for
free public transportation
. The demonstrations were initially organized to protest against increases in bus, train, and metro ticket prices in some Brazilian cities, but grew to include other issues such as the high corruption in the government and police brutality used against some demonstrators. By the end of June 2013, the movement had grown to become Brazil's largest since the 1980s movement against the military dictatorship and for direct elections, called
Diretas Ja
. It is notable that popular and working class organizations established during the 1980s - such as the ruling
Workers' Party (PT)
, the
Unified Workers Central (CUT)
, and the
Landless Rural Workers Movement (MST)
- did not play any role leading these protests, and in fact most street protesters do not find themselves represented by the Workers' Party government of
Dilma Rousseff
.
Ecuador
[
edit
]
Mexico
[
edit
]
Mass demonstrations have occurred against Mexican President
Felipe Calderon
, calling for an end to the
Mexican Drug War
, citing inspiration from the
Egyptian Revolution of 2011
.
[93]
In May 2012 students and other youth, supported by farmers and unionized workers began a protest against the
Institutional Revolutionary Party
, the former ruling party, and their presidential candidate,
Enrique Pena Nieto
. Their chief grievance is the claim that, in their coverage of the
2012 Mexican presidential election
, the national television duopoly
Televisa
and
TV Azteca
have been biased towards Pena Nieto,
[94]
who leads the polls with one month to go
[95]
When their protest was dismissed as paid for and ignored by the
Mexican mass media
, hundreds protested in front of Televisa's studios, and at least 46,000 people responded by taking their protest to
Mexico City
's main avenue.
[94]
The protest movement use the slogan
Yo Soy 132
- "I am 132", which echos the
Occupy movement
's slogan "
We are the 99%
". The protest movement has also been described as "the Mexican Spring" in local media.
[96]
[97]
United States
[
edit
]
Thousands gather outside of the Wisconsin Capitol building to protest Governor Walker's bill. The gathering is estimated at 70,000 to 100,000 people.
[98]
A series of demonstrations took place in the United States, starting on 14 February 2011 and continuing as of 12 March 2011
[update]
,
[99]
involving tens of thousands of
protestors
including
union
members, students, and other citizens. The protests main aims relate to
collective bargaining
legislation and took place mainly around the
Wisconsin State Capitol
, located in
Madison, Wisconsin
,
[100]
with smaller protests in the cities of
Milwaukee
and
Green Bay
, at various university campuses including the
University of Wisconsin?Madison
and the
University of Wisconsin?Milwaukee
, and spread to another US state capital,
Columbus, Ohio
.
[101]
The protests were considered to be inspired by the
2011 Egyptian revolution
by the chairman of the
United States House Committee on the Budget
,
Paul Ryan
and the
Late-2000s recession
.
[100]
Linguist
Noam Chomsky
said that the Wisconsin protests and the Egyptian revolution "are closely intertwined", and that both consist of "struggles for
labor rights
and
democracy
".
[102]
Mike Lux
, a political consultant, stated that some of the protestors in Wisconsin and Ohio carried Egyptian flags and that "the pictures we are seeing and the story playing out in Wisconsin is like Egypt in some really important ways. The new mass militancy ... is a mass movement spreading like wildfire, building in momentum day by day."
[103]
On September 17, 2011, protests called "
Occupy Wall Street
" sprung up around
New York City
's
financial district
Wall Street
. The protests responded to recent
government bailouts for financial institutions
and the growing
income inequality in America
during the
Great Recession
. This movement would come to be called the
"Occupy" movement
, which have sprung up in cities across the United States and in some countries around the world.
Oceania
[
edit
]
Fiji
[
edit
]
The New Zealand branch of human rights group
Amnesty International
reported that soldiers in the archipelago state of
Fiji
, under military rule since the
2006 Fijian coup d'etat
, were increasingly resorting to beatings, abuse, and even torture to enforce order, allegedly detaining and abusing opposition members, unionists, and youth activists for planning a protest against the
junta
in late February. Amnesty CEO Patrick Holmes said he believed the more violent tactics are intended to thwart a Middle East-inspired uprising against the junta in Fiji.
[104]
[105]
[106]
A Fiji pro-democracy group based in
Sydney
called for an international response to the alleged crackdown, comparing the situation in Fiji to the situation in Libya.
[107]
On 7 March,
The Australian
reported that a former government minister declared his intent to seek
asylum in Australia
, claiming Fiji soldiers had detained and tortured him.
[108]
The Fiji military has denied this, with a highly placed officer telling
Radio Australia
that soldiers only use "some minimal force" when making arrests and denying any knowledge of either planned protests or martial action in response on the part of the military or police.
[109]
One expert on
Fiji politics
told
Radio New Zealand
that he believed unrest within the
Republic of Fiji Military Forces
was a greater threat to Commodore
Frank Bainimarama
's rule than popular protests like those in Tunisia and Egypt, but said it was hard to know what the junta's thinking was.
[110]
New Zealand Foreign Minister
Murray McCully
said his government was seeking more information on the alleged beatings, echoing concerns expressed by the Australian government.
[111]
The
Fiji Human Rights Commission
said that while it hasn't received any recent complaints directly, it is monitoring the situation and trying to check up on published allegations.
[112]
Censorship and preemptive actions
[
edit
]
Ethiopia
[
edit
]
Following Ben Ali's flight from Tunisia, the
Ethiopian government
said there would be a cap on the prices of essential foods.
[113]
Journalist
Eskinder Nega
was warned after he wrote about the events in Egypt.
[114]
He was subsequently imprisoned for criticising
human rights abuses in Ethiopia
.
[115]
Equatorial Guinea
[
edit
]
The government of
Teodoro Obiang
, who has ruled the Equatorial Guinea for 32 years, censored news about the protests.
[114]
Eritrea
[
edit
]
The state-owned news agency censors news about the events.
Independent media
has been banned since 2001.
[114]
Kazakhstan
[
edit
]
On 31 January 2011,
Kazakhstan
's President
Nursultan Nazarbayev
decided to scrap a
referendum
which would have handed him a third decade in power by skipping elections due in 2012 and 2017. Nazarbayev supported the Constitutional Council's ruling that such a referendum would be unconstitutional and called an
early election
to be held on 3 April 2011.
[116]
He also planned to offer the citizens of Kazakhstan discounted shares in some key national companies as part of a series of "People's
IPOs
" saying that "This is an event of paramount importance to the state...The whole world is earning money on stock markets and citizens of Kazakhstan should also learn how to do this." However, some critics suggested this was "window dressing", saying Nazarbayev merely was trying to deflect claims that too much wealth was controlled by a "corrupt, ruling elite."
[117]
News media in
South Africa
have warned of a possible "Egypt effect" in Russia and the
former Soviet Union
.
[113]
Nigeria
[
edit
]
The
media in Nigeria
speculated that similar events could take place there as the
Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta
in the south or
Boko Haram
in the north could exploit the "distortions within the Nigerian system, and the anger of an aggrieved segment of the populace."
[118]
In the first week of February Boko Haram also threatened the Nigerian government that it would carry out a "full scale war."
[119]
Turkmenistan
[
edit
]
At least one well-regarded political analyst (published by
Foreign Policy
and
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
) said that conditions in the Central Asian republic of
Turkmenistan
were similar enough to those in countries currently experiencing protests and revolts that the autocratic government of President
Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov
appears worried by the precedent of revolutions in North Africa and major
political concessions
in several
Western Asian
states. Berdimuhamedov's regime has censored all news of the protests and governmental changes. There have also been some credible reports of Turkmenistani authorities attempting to keep tabs on all citizens both inside and outside the country, with Turkmenistanis whom the government judges to have spent too much time abroad allegedly warned they could be barred either from returning to their home country, or from leaving again once they do return.
[120]
Uzbekistan
[
edit
]
The
Uzbekistani
government embraced a set of parliamentary reforms in late March that will grant the
Legislative Chamber
of the
Supreme Assembly
, a democratically elected body, a stronger ability to check the power of the
prime minister
by allowing it to call a
motion of no confidence
, as well as empowering both houses of the Supreme Assembly to "demand information" from the executive branch, according to one Uzbekistani senator involved with the reform initiative. At least one prominent political analyst at an Interior Ministry-affiliated university in
Tashkent
said the reforms were inspired by recent revolutionary events in the Middle East and
Kyrgyzstan
, asserting that democratization and government accountability and not violence are the means to forestalling popular upheaval.
[121]
Political fallout
[
edit
]
France
[
edit
]
On 28 February 2011 French Foreign Minister
Michele Alliot-Marie
resigned after a month of pressure following allegations she offered French military assistance to ousted Tunisian President
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
and that she vacationed in Tunisia during the unrest.
[122]
Israel
[
edit
]
As the protests in Egypt began,
Israel Defense Forces
Intelligence Chief
Aviv Kochavi
stated the Egyptian government was not in danger of collapsing.
[123]
United Kingdom
[
edit
]
The
London School of Economics
' Howard Davies resigned over the institution's monetary support from Libya.
[124]
[125]
United States
[
edit
]
President
Barack Obama
, Defense Secretary
Robert Gates
, CIA Director
Leon Panetta
, Secretary of State
Hillary Clinton
, and other high-ranking officials and government agencies were caught by surprise over the uprisings, accused of presiding over a massive intelligence failure and being caught "flat footed."
[126]
[127]
[128]
Panetta, Deputy Secretary of State
Jim Steinberg
,
[129]
Director of Intelligence
James Clapper
,
[130]
and FBI Director
Robert Mueller
appeared before the 112th Congress's first
House Permanent Select Committee of Intelligence
hearing to testify about Egypt.
See also
[
edit
]
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