President of Uganda from 1971 to 1979
Idi Amin
|
---|
|
|
|
In office
25 January 1971 ? 11 April 1979
|
Vice President
| Mustafa Adrisi
|
---|
Preceded by
| Milton Obote
|
---|
Succeeded by
| Yusuf Lule
|
---|
|
|
Born
| Awon'go Idi Amin Dada
(
1928-05-30
)
30 May 1928
Nakasero Hill
,
Kampala
,
Uganda Protectorate
|
---|
Died
| 16 August 2003
(2003-08-16)
(aged 74)
Jeddah
, Saudi Arabia
|
---|
Resting place
| Ruwais Cemetery
|
---|
Spouses
| At least 6, including:
Malyamu
(
m.
1966;
div.
1974)
Kay
(
m.
1966;
div.
1974)
Nora
(
m.
1967;
div.
1974)
Madina
(
m.
1972, died)
|
---|
Children
| 43 (claimed)
[1]
|
---|
Relatives
| |
---|
Signature
| |
---|
|
Allegiance
| |
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Branch/service
| |
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Rank
| |
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Commands
| Commander-in-Chief of the Uganda Army
|
---|
Battles/wars
| |
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|
Idi Amin Dada Oumee
(
,
; 30 May 1928 – 16 August 2003) was a Ugandan military officer and politician who served as the third
president of Uganda
from 1971 to 1979. He ruled as a
military dictator
and is considered one of the most brutal
despots
in modern world history.
[2]
Amin was born to a
Kakwa
father and
Lugbara
mother. In 1946, he joined the
King's African Rifles
(KAR) of the
British Colonial Army
as a cook. He rose to the rank of lieutenant, taking part in British actions against Somali rebels and then the
Mau Mau Uprising
in
Kenya
. Uganda gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1962, and Amin remained in the
army
, rising to the position of major and being appointed commander of the Uganda Army in 1965. He became aware that Ugandan President
Milton Obote
was planning to arrest him for misappropriating army funds, so he launched the
1971 Ugandan coup d'etat
and declared himself president.
During his years in power, Amin shifted from being a pro-Western ruler enjoying considerable support from Israel to being backed by
Libya
's
Muammar Gaddafi
,
Zaire
's
Mobutu Sese Seko
, the
Soviet Union
, and
East Germany
.
[3]
[4]
[5]
In 1972, Amin
expelled Asians
, a majority of whom were
Indian-Ugandans
, leading India to sever diplomatic relations with his regime.
[6]
In 1975, Amin became the chairman of the
Organisation of African Unity
(OAU), a
Pan-Africanist
group designed to promote solidarity among African states.
[7]
Uganda was a member of the
United Nations Commission on Human Rights
from 1977 to 1979.
[8]
The United Kingdom broke diplomatic relations with Uganda in 1977, and Amin declared that he had defeated the British and added "
CBE
" to his title for "Conqueror of the British Empire".
[9]
As Amin's rule progressed into the late 1970s, there was increased unrest against his persecution of certain ethnic groups and political dissidents, along with Uganda's very poor international standing due to Amin's support for
PFLP-EO
and
RZ
hijackers in 1976, leading to Israel's
Operation Entebbe
. He then attempted to annex
Tanzania
's
Kagera Region
in 1978. The Tanzanian president
Julius Nyerere
ordered his troops to
invade Uganda
in response. Tanzanian Army and rebel forces successfully
captured Kampala
in 1979 and ousted Amin from power. Amin went into exile, first in Libya, then
Iraq
, and finally in
Saudi Arabia
, where he lived until his death in 2003.
[10]
Amin's rule was characterised by rampant
human rights abuses
, including
political repression
,
ethnic persecution
,
extrajudicial killings
, as well as
nepotism
, corruption, and gross economic mismanagement. International observers and human rights groups estimate that between 100,000
[11]
and 500,000 people were killed under his regime.
[9]
Early life
[
edit
]
Virtually all retellings of Amin's early life are contradictory, as he did not write an autobiography and never authorized a written account of his life.
[12]
[13]
British governmental records put Amin's birth year in 1925, however, no records were kept for native Africans at the time.
[12]
[9]
In a 1972 interview with
Judith Hare
, Amin gives his birth place in the village of
Koboko
and age as forty-six, which would put his birth year in 1926. In a book published in 1977 by
Little, Brown
and written by a British advisor in Uganda using the
pseudonym
David Gwyn, Amin was born in
Buganda
with his age is given as forty-eight, placing his birth year in 1928. The most comprehensive biography of Amin comes from his family based on oral tradition, which has some authority but its details ultimately cannot be confirmed, family tradition and Saudi authorities in Jeddah puts his birth date as 10
Dhu al-Hijja
1346 in the
Islamic calendar
.
[14]
[15]
Early childhood and family
[
edit
]
According to Amin's family, Ugandan oral tradition, and his Saudi death certificate, Idi Amin Dada Oumee was born on 30 May 1928 at ? 4:00 AM in his father's workplace, the Shimoni Police Barracks in
Nakasero Hill
,
Kampala
.
[12]
[16]
[17]
[18]
He was given the name Idi after his birth on the Muslim holiday of
Eid al-Adha
.
[16]
[12]
According to Fred Guweddeko, a researcher at
Makerere University
, Amin's birth name was Idi Awo-Ango Angoo.
[18]
There is disagreement on the meaning of the name "Dada", with some arguing that it meant "sister" or "effeminate" in
KiSwahili
, but most sources agree that "Dada" was a clan within the Kakwa tribe which was observed over thirteen generations.
[13]
[12]
[16]
He was the third son of Amin Dada Nyabira Tomuresu (1889?1976), a
Kakwa
, and his second wife, Aisha Chumaru Aate (1904?1970), a
Lugbara
.
[18]
[12]
His father was
christened
as a
Roman Catholic
and born with the name Andreas Nyabira Tomuresu. According to British journalist
David Martin
, Nyabira spent most of his life in
South Sudan
.
[12]
He converted to
Islam
in 1910 after being conscripted as a
bugler
by the colonial British army under his uncle, the Kakwa tribal leader Sultan Ali Kenyi Dada as a six-year-old
child soldier
and was given the name Amin Dada.
[18]
[16]
[12]
He joined the
Protectorate Police Force
in Kampala's Nsambia Police Barracks in 1913, at age nine.
[12]
Nyabira was forcibly conscripted into the
British
King's African Rifles
(KAR) in 1914 where he fought in
World War I
during
East African campaign
in
Tanganyika
before being honorably discharged in 1921 and given a plot of land in
Arua
. The same year, he joined the Protectorate Police Force in the Nsambia Police Barracks prior to being transferred to the Shimoni Police Barracks in 1928, where Amin was born according to his family. He was transferred to the Kololo Police Barracks and retired from the police force in 1931 and worked at the Office of the Resident District Commissioner in Arua.
[12]
His mother, Aisha Aate, was born to a Kakwa mother and Lugbara father. By all accounts, Aate was a traditional healer, herbalist, and a midwife.
[18]
Ten years before Amin's birth, Aate joined the
Allah Water
(also known as Yakani) movement, which was an anti-colonial
alternative medicine
congregation centered around a "water of Yakan" that was infused with a psychedelic
daffodil
plant locally known as Kamiojo, described as the "LSD of Central Africa". The movement was repressed by British colonial authorities who had judged it as rebellion.
[19]
[20]
Despite being largely described as a cult, Amin's family claims that Aate was a priestess in the "Yakanye Order" which they explained as a "secret African society", of which Idi Amin was also a member of, that used "sacred water and other mystical powers" for warfare.
[12]
According to Amin's family, Aate had cured Irene Drusilla Namaganda, then Queen of Buganda and wife of
Daudi Cwa II of Buganda
, of her infertility. Aate's high-ranking role in the Allah Water movement allegedly gained the interest of the Bugandan royal family and her alleged connection to the family led to rumors of Amin's biological father being Daudi Chwa II.
[12]
[17]
These rumors were reportedly spread by Nyabira's childless senior wife, who was spiteful of Aate bearing two children.
[12]
According to Amin's family, Idi Amin was given the name Awon'go (
lit.
'
noise
'
) referring to rumors about his alleged paternity. Idi was reportedly chosen to take a 'paternity test' as an infant by tribal elders which involved abandoning him for four days in a forest near Mount Liru in Koboko where they returned to find Amin still alive. The elders attributed this apparent miracle to Nakan, a sacred seven-headed snake in Kakwa folk religion.
[12]
His parents divorced when he was four, and most accounts suggest that he moved with his mother's family in a rural farming town in north-western Uganda.
The divorce of his parents was reportedly due to the lasting rumors regarding Idi's paternity, which angered his mother.
[17]
Despite this, his family insists that he moved with his father per Muslim tradition in Tanganyika Parish, Arua, while his mother continued to practice healing in Buganda.
[12]
Boyhood and education
[
edit
]
Amin joined an Islamic school in
Bombo
in 1941. After a few years, he left school with only a fourth-grade English-language education and did odd jobs before being recruited to the army by a British colonial army officer.
[18]
King's African Rifles
[
edit
]
Amin joined the King's African Rifles (KAR) in 1946 as an assistant cook, while at the same time receiving military training until 1947.
[9]
[22]
In later life he falsely claimed to have served in the
Burma Campaign
of
World War II
.
[9]
[23]
[24]
He was transferred to Kenya for infantry service as a private in 1947, and served in the 21st KAR infantry battalion in
Gilgil
,
Kenya Colony
until 1949. That year, his unit was deployed to northern Kenya to fight against Somali rebels. In 1952, his brigade was deployed against the
Mau Mau rebels
in Kenya. He was promoted to corporal the same year, then to sergeant in 1953.
[18]
In 1959, Amin was made
Effendi
class 2 (Warrant Officer),
[25]
the highest rank possible for a black African in the colonial British military of that time. Amin returned to Uganda the same year and received a short-service commission as a lieutenant on 15 July 1961, becoming one of the first two Ugandans to become commissioned officers.
[25]
He was assigned to quell the cattle rustling between Uganda's
Karamojong
and Kenya's
Turkana
nomads.
[18]
According to researcher Holger Bernt Hansen, Amin's outlook, behaviour and strategies of communication were strongly influenced by his experiences in the colonial military. This included his direct and hands-on leadership style which would eventually contribute to his popularity among certain parts of Ugandan society.
Rise in the Uganda Army
[
edit
]
In 1962, following Uganda's independence from the United Kingdom, Amin was promoted to captain and then, in 1963, to major. He was appointed Deputy Commander of the Army in 1964 and, the following year, to Commander of the Army.
[18]
In 1970, he was promoted to commander of all the armed forces.
[27]
Amin was an athlete during his time in both the British and Uganda Army. At 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in) tall and powerfully built, he was the Ugandan light heavyweight boxing champion from 1951 to 1960, as well as a swimmer. Amin was also a formidable rugby forward,
[28]
[29]
although one officer said of him: "Idi Amin is a splendid type and a good (rugby) player, but virtually bone from the neck up, and needs things explained in words of one letter".
[29]
[30]
In the 1950s, he played for Nile RFC.
[31]
There is a frequently repeated urban myth that he was selected as a replacement by the
East Africa rugby union team
for their
1955 tour
match against the
British Lions
.
[29]
[31]
Amin, however, does not appear in the team photograph or on the official team list.
[32]
Following conversations with a colleague in the military, Amin became a fan of
Hayes F.C.
, an affection that remained for the rest of his life.
[33]
In 1965,
Prime Minister
Milton Obote
and Amin were implicated in a deal to smuggle ivory and gold into Uganda from the
Democratic Republic of the Congo
. The deal, as later alleged by General Nicholas Olenga, an associate of the former Congolese leader
Patrice Lumumba
, was part of an arrangement to help troops opposed to the Congolese government trade ivory and gold for arms supplies secretly smuggled to them by Amin. In 1966, the
Ugandan Parliament
demanded an investigation. Obote imposed a new constitution abolishing the ceremonial presidency held by
Kabaka
(King)
Mutesa II of Buganda
and declared himself executive president. He promoted Amin to colonel and army commander. Amin led
an attack
on the Kabaka's palace and forced Mutesa into exile to the United Kingdom, where he remained until his death in 1969.
[34]
[35]
Amin began recruiting members of Kakwa, Lugbara,
South Sudanese
, and other ethnic groups from the
West Nile
area bordering
South Sudan
. The South Sudanese had been residents in Uganda since the early 20th century, having come from South Sudan to serve the colonial army. Many African ethnic groups in northern Uganda inhabit both Uganda and South Sudan; allegations persist that Amin's army consisted mainly of South Sudanese soldiers.
[36]
Seizure of power
[
edit
]
Eventually a rift developed between Amin and Obote, exacerbated by the support Amin had built within the Uganda Army by recruiting from the
West Nile region
, his involvement in operations to support the
rebellion in southern Sudan
and an attempt on Obote's life in 1969. In October 1970, Obote took control of the armed forces, reducing Amin from his months-old post of commander of all the armed forces to that of the commander of the Uganda Army.
[27]
[37]
Having learned that Obote was planning to arrest him for misappropriating army funds, Amin seized power in a
military coup
with the assistance of
Israeli
government agents
[38]
[39]
[40]
on 25 January 1971, while Obote was attending that year's
Commonwealth summit
meeting in Singapore. Troops loyal to Amin sealed off
Entebbe International Airport
and took Kampala. Soldiers surrounded Obote's residence and blocked major roads. A broadcast on
Radio Uganda
accused Obote's government of corruption and preferential treatment of the
Lango region
. Cheering crowds were reported in the streets of Kampala after the radio broadcast.
[41]
Amin, who presented himself a soldier, not a politician, declared that the
military government
would remain only as a
caretaker regime
until new elections, which would be held when the situation was normalised. He promised to release all
political prisoners
.
[42]
Amin held a state funeral in April 1971 for Edward Mutesa, former king (
kabaka
) of Buganda and president who had died in exile.
[43]
Presidency
[
edit
]
Establishment of military rule
[
edit
]
On 2 February 1971, one week after the coup, Amin declared himself President of Uganda,
Commander-in-Chief
of the Armed Forces, Uganda Army
Chief of Staff
, and Chief of Air Staff. He suspended certain provisions of the
Ugandan constitution
, and soon instituted an Advisory Defence Council composed of military officers with himself as the chairman. Amin placed
military tribunals
above the system of
civil law
, appointed soldiers to top government posts and
government-owned corporations
, and informed the newly inducted civilian
cabinet ministers
that they would be subject to
military courtesy
.
[27]
[44]
Amin
ruled by decree
; over the course of his rule he issued approximately 30 decrees.
[45]
[46]
Amin renamed the presidential lodge in Kampala from Government House to "The Command Post". He disbanded the General Service Unit (GSU), an intelligence agency created by the previous government, and replaced it with the
State Research Bureau
(SRB). SRB headquarters at the Kampala suburb of
Nakasero
became the scene of
torture
and
capital punishment
over the next few years.
[47]
Other agencies used to persecute dissenters included the
military police
and the Public Safety Unit (PSU).
[47]
Obote took refuge in Tanzania, having been offered sanctuary there by the Tanzanian President
Julius Nyerere
. Obote was soon joined by 20,000 Ugandan refugees fleeing Amin. The exiles attempted but failed to regain Uganda in 1972, through a poorly organised
coup
attempt.
[48]
Persecution of ethnic and political groups
[
edit
]
Amin retaliated against the
attempted invasion by Ugandan exiles in 1972
, by purging the
Uganda Army
of Obote supporters, predominantly those from the
Acholi
and
Lango
ethnic groups.
[49]
In July 1971, Lango and Acholi soldiers had been massacred in the
Jinja
and
Mbarara
barracks
.
[50]
By early 1972, some 5,000 Acholi and Lango soldiers, and at least twice as many civilians, had disappeared.
[51]
The victims soon came to include members of other
ethnic groups
, religious leaders, journalists, artists, senior bureaucrats, judges, lawyers,
students
and intellectuals, criminal suspects, and foreign nationals. In this atmosphere of violence, many other people were killed for criminal motives or simply at will. Bodies were often dumped into the River Nile.
[52]
The killings, motivated by ethnic, political, and financial factors, continued throughout Amin's eight years in control.
[51]
The exact number of people killed is unknown. The
International Commission of Jurists
estimated the death toll at no fewer than 80,000 and more likely around 300,000. An estimate compiled by exile organisations with the help of
Amnesty International
puts the number killed at 500,000.
[9]
In his book
State of Blood: The Inside Story of Idi Amin
,
Henry Kyemba
(who was a Ugandan minister for 3 years in Idi Amin's cabinet) states that "Amin's bizarre behaviour derives partly from his tribal background. Like many other warrior societies, the Kakwa, Amin's tribe, are known to have practised blood rituals on slain enemies. These involve cutting a piece of flesh from the body to subdue the dead man's spirit or tasting the victim's blood to render the spirit harmless. Such rituals still exist among the Kakwa. Amin's practices do not stop at tasting blood: on several occasions he has boasted to me and others that he has eaten human flesh". (Kyemba 109?10)
[53]
Among the most prominent people killed were
Benedicto Kiwanuka
, a former prime minister and
chief justice
;
Janani Luwum
, the
Anglican
archbishop
; Joseph Mubiru, the former governor of
the central bank of Uganda
; Frank Kalimuzo, the vice-chancellor of
Makerere University
; Byron Kawadwa, a prominent playwright; and two of Amin's own cabinet ministers,
Erinayo Wilson Oryema
and
Charles Oboth Ofumbi
.
[54]
Amin recruited his followers from his own ethnic group, the Kakwas, along with South Sudanese, and Nubians. By 1977, these three groups formed 60 per cent of the 22 top generals and 75 per cent of the cabinet. Similarly, Muslims formed 80 per cent and 87.5 per cent of these groups even though they were only 5 per cent of the population. This helps explain why Amin survived eight attempted coups.
[55]
The Uganda Army grew from 10,000 to 25,000 by 1978. Amin's military was largely a mercenary force. Half the soldiers were South Sudanese and 26 per cent Congolese, with only 24 per cent being Ugandan, mostly Muslim and Kakwa.
[56]
We are determined to make the ordinary Ugandan master of his own destiny and, above all, to see that he enjoys the wealth of his country. Our deliberate policy is to transfer the economic control of Uganda into the hands of Ugandans, for the first time in our country's history.
?
Idi Amin on the persecution of minorities
[57]
In August 1972, Amin declared what he called an "economic war", a set of policies that included the expropriation of properties owned by Asians and Europeans. Uganda's 80,000 Asians were mostly from the
Indian subcontinent
and born in the country, their ancestors having come to Uganda in search of prosperity when India was still a British colony.
[58]
Many owned businesses, including large-scale enterprises, which formed the backbone of the Ugandan economy.
[59]
[60]
[61]
On 4 August 1972, Amin issued a decree
ordering the expulsion
of the 50,000 Asians who were British passport holders. This was later amended to include all 60,000 Asians who were not Ugandan citizens. Around 30,000 Ugandan Asians emigrated to the UK. Others went to Commonwealth countries such as
Australia
,
South Africa
,
Canada
, and
Fiji
, or to
India
,
Kenya
,
Pakistan
,
Sweden
,
Tanzania
, and the
United States
.
[59]
[60]
[61]
Amin expropriated businesses and properties belonging to the Asians and the Europeans and handed them over to his supporters. Without the experienced owners and proprietors, businesses were mismanaged and many industries collapsed from lack of operational expertise and maintenance. This proved disastrous for the already declining Ugandan economy.
[44]
At the time, Asians accounted for 90% of the country's tax revenue; with their removal, Amin's administration lost a large chunk of government revenue. The economy all but collapsed.
[62]
Idi Amin murdered an estimated 500 Yemeni Hadrami Arab merchants.
[63]
[64]
In 1975,
Emmanuel Blayo Wakhweya
, Idi Amin's finance minister and longest-serving cabinet member at the time, defected to
London
.
[65]
This prominent defection helped
Henry Kyemba
, Amin's health minister and a former official of the first Obote regime,
to defect
in 1977 and resettle in the UK. Kyemba wrote and published
A State of Blood
, the first insider expose of Amin's rule.
[66]
On 25 June 1976, the Defence Council declared Amin
president for life
.
[67]
International relations
[
edit
]
Initially, Amin was supported by Western powers such as
Israel
,
West Germany
, and, in particular, the United Kingdom. During the late 1960s, Obote's
move to the left
, which included his
Common Man's Charter
and the
nationalisation
of 80 British companies, had made the West worried that he would pose a threat to Western capitalist interests in Africa and make Uganda an ally of the
Soviet Union
. Amin, who had served with the King's African Rifles and taken part in Britain's suppression of the
Mau Mau uprising
prior to Ugandan independence, was known by the British as "intensely loyal to Britain". This made him an obvious choice as Obote's successor. Although some have claimed that Amin was being groomed for power as early as 1966, the plotting by the British and other Western powers began in earnest in 1969, after Obote had begun his nationalisation programme.
[68]
Throughout the first year of his presidency, Amin received key military and financial support from the United Kingdom and Israel. In July 1971 he visited both countries and asked for advanced military equipment, but the states refused to provide hardware unless the Ugandan government paid for it. Amin decided to seek foreign support elsewhere and in February 1972 he visited
Libya
. Amin denounced
Zionism
, and in return Libyan leader
Muammar Gaddafi
pledged Uganda an immediate $25 million loan to be followed by more lending from the Libyan?Ugandan Development Bank. Over the following months Amin successively removed Israeli military advisers from his government, expelled all other Israeli technicians, and finally broke diplomatic relations.
Gaddafi also mediated a resolution to long-standing Ugandan?Sudanese tensions, with Amin agreeing to stop backing
Anyanya
rebels in southern Sudan and instead recruit the former guerilla fighters into his army.
Following the expulsion of Ugandan Asians in 1972, most of whom were of Indian descent, India severed
diplomatic relations
with Uganda. The same year, as part of his "economic war", Amin broke diplomatic ties with the United Kingdom and nationalised all British-owned businesses.
[71]
The United Kingdom and Israel ceased all trade with Uganda, but this commercial gap was quickly filled by Libya, the United States, and the Soviet Union.
The Soviet Union under
Leonid Brezhnev
grew increasingly interested in Uganda as a strategic counterbalance to perceived
Chinese
influence in Tanzania and
Western influence
in Kenya. It dispatched a military mission to Uganda in November 1973. While it could not supply the financial level available from the Western powers, the Soviet Union opted to provide Amin with military hardware in exchange for his support.
The Soviet Union quickly became Amin's largest arms supplier, sending Uganda tanks, jets, artillery, missiles, and small arms. By 1975, it was estimated that the Soviets had provided Amin's government with $12 million in economic assistance and $48 million in arms. Amin also sent several thousand Ugandans to
Eastern Bloc
countries for military, intelligence, and technical training, especially
Czechoslovakia
.
East Germany
was involved in the General Service Unit and the State Research Bureau, the two agencies that were most notorious for terror. Later during the Ugandan invasion of Tanzania in 1979, East Germany attempted to remove evidence of its involvement with these agencies.
[5]
In December 1973 Amin launched a sarcastic 'Save Britain Fund' during the
1973?1975 recession
to "save and assist our former colonial masters from economic catastrophe", while offering emergency food supplies and urging Ugandans to donate.
[74]
[76]
In June 1976, Amin allowed an
Air France
airliner from
Tel Aviv
to
Paris
hijacked by two members of the
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine ? External Operations
(PFLP-EO) and two members of the German
Revolutionare Zellen
to land at Entebbe Airport. The hijackers were joined there by three more. Soon after, 156 non-Jewish hostages who did not hold Israeli passports were released and flown to safety, while 83 Jews and Israeli citizens, as well as 20 others who refused to abandon them (among whom were the captain and crew of the hijacked Air France jet), continued to be held hostage.
[77]
In the subsequent Israeli rescue operation, codenamed Operation Thunderbolt (popularly known as
Operation Entebbe
), on the night of 3?4 July 1976, a group of Israeli commandos flew in from Israel and seized control of Entebbe Airport, freeing nearly all the hostages. Three hostages died during the operation and 10 were wounded; 7 hijackers, about 45 Ugandan soldiers, and 1 Israeli soldier,
Yoni Netanyahu
(the commander of the unit), were killed. A fourth hostage, 75-year-old
Dora Bloch
, an elderly Jewish Englishwoman who had been taken to
Mulago Hospital
in Kampala before the rescue operation, was subsequently murdered in reprisal. The incident further soured Uganda's international relations, leading the United Kingdom to close its
High Commission
in Uganda.
[77]
In retaliation for Kenya's assistance in the raid, Amin also ordered the killing of hundreds of Kenyans living in Uganda.
[78]
Uganda under Amin embarked on a large military build-up, which raised concerns in Kenya. Early in June 1975, Kenyan officials impounded a large convoy of Soviet-made arms
en route
to Uganda at the port of
Mombasa
. Tension between Uganda and Kenya reached its climax in February 1976, when Amin announced that he would investigate the possibility that parts of southern Sudan and western and central Kenya, up to within 32 kilometres (20 mi) of
Nairobi
, were historically a part of colonial Uganda. The
Kenyan Government
responded with a stern statement that Kenya would not part with "a single inch of territory". Amin backed down after the Kenyan army deployed troops and
armoured personnel carriers
along the Kenya?Uganda border.
[79]
Amin's relations with
Rwanda
were tense, and during his tenure he repeatedly jeopardized its economy by denying its commercial vehicles transit to Mombasa and made multiple threats to bomb
Kigali
.
War with Tanzania and deposition
[
edit
]
In January 1977 Amin appointed General
Mustafa Adrisi
Vice President of Uganda.
[81]
[82]
That year, a split in the Uganda Army developed between supporters of Amin and soldiers loyal to Adrisi, who held significant power in the government and wanted to purge foreigners, particularly Sudanese, from the military.
The growing dissatisfaction in the Uganda Army was reflected by frequent coup attempts;
Amin was even wounded during one of them, namely
Operation Mafuta Mingi
in June 1977.
[86]
By 1978, the number of Amin's supporters and close associates had shrunk significantly, and he faced increasing dissent from the populace within Uganda as the economy and infrastructure collapsed as a result of the years of neglect and abuse. After the killings of Bishop Luwum and ministers Oryema and Oboth Ofumbi in 1977, several of Amin's ministers defected or fled into exile.
[87]
In early 1978, Adrisi was severely injured in a car accident and flown to Cairo for treatment. While he was there, Amin stripped him of his positions as Minister of Defence and Minister of Home Affairs and denounced him for retiring senior prison officials without his knowledge. Amin then proceeded to purge several high-ranking officials from his government
and took personal control of several ministerial portfolios. The shakeup caused political unrest and especially angered Adrisi's followers, who believed that the car accident was a failed assassination attempt.
[89]
In November 1978, troops loyal to Adrisi mutinied. Amin sent troops against the mutineers, some of whom had fled across the Tanzanian border.
[44]
Fighting consequently broke out along that border, and the Uganda Army
invaded Tanzanian territory
under unclear circumstances.
According to several experts and politicians, Amin directly ordered the invasion in an attempt to distract the Ugandan military and public from the crisis at home.
[92]
Other accounts suggest, however, that Amin had lost control of parts of the Uganda Army, so Amin's sanction for the invasion was a
post-facto
action to save face regarding troops who had acted without his orders.
[94]
In any case, Amin accused Tanzanian President
Julius Nyerere
of initiating the war against Uganda after the hostilities had erupted, and proclaimed the
annexation
of a section of
Kagera
when the Ugandan invasion initially proved to be successful.
[44]
[48]
However, as Tanzania began to prepare a counter-offensive, Amin reportedly realised his precarious situation, and attempted to defuse the conflict without losing face.
The Ugandan President publicly suggested that he and Nyerere participate in a boxing match which, in lieu of military action, would determine the outcome of the conflict.
[a]
Nyerere ignored the message.
In January 1979, Nyerere mobilised the
Tanzania People's Defence Force
and counterattacked, joined by several groups of Ugandan exiles who had united as the
Uganda National Liberation Army
(UNLA). Amin's army retreated steadily, despite military help from Libya's Muammar Gaddafi
[22]
and the
Palestine Liberation Organisation
(PLO).
The President reportedly made several trips abroad to other countries such as Saudi Arabia and Iraq during the war, attempting to enlist more
foreign support
.
[100]
[101]
He made few public appearances in the final months of his rule, but spoke frequently on radio and television.
[102]
Following a major defeat in the
Battle of Lukaya
, parts of the Uganda Army command reportedly urged Amin to step down. He angrily refused and declared: "If you don't want to fight, I'll do it myself." He consequently fired chief of staff
Yusuf Gowon
.
[103]
However, Amin was forced to flee the Ugandan capital by helicopter on 11 April 1979, when
Kampala was captured
.
[22]
After a short-lived attempt to rally some remnants of the Uganda Army in eastern Uganda
[106]
which reportedly included Amin proclaiming the city of
Jinja
his country's new capital,
[107]
he fled into exile.
[22]
By the time of his removal from power, Amin had become deeply unpopular in Uganda. The symbols of his rule, his pictures, and buildings associated with him were subject to vandalism during and after the war.
Exile
[
edit
]
Amin first escaped to Libya, where he stayed until 1980, and ultimately settled in
Saudi Arabia
, where the
Saudi royal family
allowed him
sanctuary
and paid him a generous subsidy in return for staying out of politics.
[22]
Amin lived for a number of years on the top two floors of the
Novotel
Hotel on Palestine Road in Jeddah.
Brian Barron
, who covered the Uganda?Tanzania War for the BBC as chief Africa correspondent, together with cameraman
Mohamed Amin
(no relation) of Visnews in
Nairobi
, located Amin on June 4th, 1980, and secured the first interview with him since his deposition.
[109]
[110]
While in exile, Amin funded remnants of his army that fought in the
Ugandan Bush War
.
Though he continued to be a controversial figure, some of Amin's former followers as well as several rebel groups continued to fight in his name for decades
and occasionally advocated for his amnesty
[113]
and even his restoration to Ugandan Presidency.
During interviews he gave during his exile in Saudi Arabia, Amin held that Uganda needed him and never expressed
remorse
for the brutal nature of his regime.
[115]
In January 1989, Amin left his exile without authorization by the Saudi Arabian government and flew alongside one of his sons to
Zaire
. There, he intended to mobilize a rebel force to reconquer Uganda
[116]
[117]
which was engulfed in
another civil war
at the time.
The rest of his family stayed in Jeddah.
[117]
Despite using a false Zairean passport, Amin was easily recognized upon arriving with
Air Zaire
at
N'djili Airport
and promptly arrested by Zairean security forces. The Zairean government reacted unfavourably to Amin's arrival and attempted to expel him from the country.
[119]
At first, Saudi Arabia refused to allow him to return,
[116]
[117]
as its government was deeply offended that he had "abused their hospitality" by leaving without permission, and doing so for political reasons.
[120]
The Zairean government wanted neither to extradite Amin to Uganda where the ex-president faced murder charges nor keep him in Zaire, thereby straining international relations. As a result, Amin was initially expelled to
Senegal
from where he was supposed to be sent to Saudi Arabia, but the Senegalese government sent him back to Zaire when Saudi Arabia continued to refuse Amin a visa.
[117]
[120]
Following appeals by Moroccan King
Hassan II
, the Saudi Arabian government finally relented and allowed Amin to return.
[116]
[120]
In return, Amin had to promise to never again participate in any political or military activities, nor give interviews. He consequently spent the remainder of his life in Saudi Arabia.
[116]
In the final years of his life, Amin reportedly ate a
fruitarian
diet.
[121]
His daily consumption of oranges earned him the nickname "Dr Jaffa" among Saudi Arabians.
[122]
[123]
Illness and death
[
edit
]
On 19 July 2003, Amin's fourth wife, Nalongo Madina, reported that he was in a
coma
and near death at the
King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre
in
Jeddah
, Saudi Arabia, from
kidney failure
. She pleaded with the Ugandan president,
Yoweri Museveni
, to allow him to return to Uganda for the remainder of his life. Museveni replied that Amin would have to "answer for his sins the moment he was brought back".
[124]
Amin's family eventually decided to disconnect
life support
and Amin consequently died at the hospital in Jeddah on 16 August 2003. He was buried in Ruwais Cemetery in Jeddah in a simple grave, without any fanfare.
[125]
After Amin's death,
David Owen
revealed that during his term as the British Foreign Secretary (1977 to 1979), he had proposed having Amin
assassinated
. He has defended this, arguing: "I'm not ashamed of considering it, because his regime goes down in the scale of
Pol Pot
as one of the worst of all African regimes".
[126]
Family and associates
[
edit
]
Idi Amin married at least six women, three of whom he
divorced
. He married his first and second wives, Malyamu and Kay, in 1966. In 1967, he married Nora, and then married Nalongo Madina in 1972. On 26 March 1974, he announced on Radio Uganda that he had divorced Malyamu, Nora, and Kay.
[127]
[128]
Malyamu was arrested in
Tororo
on the Kenyan border in April 1974 and accused of attempting to smuggle a bolt of fabric into Kenya.
[127]
[129]
In 1974, Kay Amin died under mysterious circumstances, with her body found dismembered.
[130]
Nora fled to
Zaire
in 1979; her current whereabouts are unknown.
[129]
In July 1975, Amin staged a £2 million wedding to 19-year-old
Sarah Kyolaba
, a
go-go dancer
with the
Revolutionary Suicide Mechanised Regiment Band
, nicknamed "Suicide Sarah".
[131]
The wedding was held during the
Organisation of African Unity
(OAU) summit meeting in Kampala, and the chairman of the
Palestine Liberation Organisation
,
Yasser Arafat
, served as Amin's
best man
.
[132]
Before she met Amin, Sarah was living with a boyfriend, Jesse Gitta; he vanished and it is not clear if he was
beheaded
, or detained after fleeing to
Kenya
.
[131]
The couple had four children and enjoyed
rally race driving
Amin's
Citroen SM
, with Sarah as navigator.
[131]
Sarah was a
hairdresser
in
Tottenham
when she died in 2015.
[132]
By 1993, Amin was living with the last nine of his children and one wife, Mama a Chumaru, the mother of the youngest four of his children. His last known child, daughter Iman, was born in 1992.
[133]
According to
The Monitor
, Amin married again a few months before his death in 2003,
[129]
and converted to
Islam
during his exile.
[134]
Amin fathered as many as 60 children.
[b]
Until 2003, Taban Amin (born 1955),
[137]
Idi Amin's eldest son, was the leader of
West Nile Bank Front
(WNBF), a rebel group opposed to the government of Yoweri Museveni. In 2005, he was offered
amnesty
by Museveni, and in 2006, he was appointed Deputy Director General of the
Internal Security Organisation
.
[138]
Another of Amin's sons, Haji Ali Amin, ran for election as Chairman (i.e. mayor) of
Njeru
Town Council in 2002 but was not elected.
[139]
Sarah Kyolaba's third child, Faisal Wangita (born in 1983 in Uganda; according to himself born in 1981 in Saudi Arabia) was involved in a brutal gang murder in
Camden
, North London, in 2006. In connection with this, he was sentenced to 5 years detention in 2007, for conspiracy to wound, conspiracy to possess offensive weapons and violent disorder. He had been convicted for possession of offensive weapons, theft and fraud in the years before.
[140]
In early 2007, the award-winning film
The Last King of Scotland
prompted one of his sons, Jaffar Amin (born in 1967),
[141]
to speak out in his father's defence. Jaffar Amin said he was writing a book to rehabilitate his father's reputation.
[142]
Jaffar is the tenth of Amin's 40 official children by seven official wives.
[141]
Among Amin's closest associates was the Briton
Bob Astles
.
[143]
Isaac Maliyamungu
was an instrumental affiliate and one of the more feared officers in Amin's army.
[87]
Character
[
edit
]
Nicknames
[
edit
]
Over the course of his career, Amin gained numerous nicknames, many of them derogatory:
- "Big Daddy":
[144]
[145]
affectionate nickname
- kijambiya
("the
machete
"):
attributed to Ugandan security forces often murdering their victims with machetes
- "Butcher of Uganda"
[144]
- "Butcher of Africa"
- "Butcher of Kampala"
[120]
- "Black Hitler"
[120]
- "Dada": It is disputed whether this was part of Amin's family name or a nickname. Some observers have claimed that it originated as a nickname for Amin's "cowardly" behavior, as it can be translated as "sister", though this has been strongly disputed by others.
Amin's family has stated that "Dada" was simply an alternative name for the
Lugbara people
which is occasionally used as a personal name. Researcher Mark Leopold judged this to be more likely than the nickname theory.
- "Dr. Jaffa":
[122]
he earned this nickname in exile in Saudi Arabia due to his daily consumption of oranges, especially after allegedly transitioning to
fruitarianism
.
[121]
[123]
Erratic behaviour, self-bestowed titles and media portrayal
[
edit
]
As the years progressed, Amin's behaviour became more erratic, unpredictable, and strident. After the United Kingdom broke off all diplomatic relations with his regime in 1977, Amin declared that he had defeated the British, and he conferred on himself the decoration of CBE (Conqueror of the British Empire). His full self-bestowed title ultimately became: "His Excellency, President for Life, Field Marshal Al Hadji Doctor Idi Amin Dada, VC,
DSO
,
MC
, CBE, Lord of All the Beasts of the Earth and Fishes of the Seas and Conqueror of the British Empire in Africa in General and Uganda in Particular", in addition to his officially stated claim of being the
uncrowned
king of Scotland
.
[153]
He never received the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) or the Military Cross (MC). He conferred a
doctorate of law
on himself from Makerere University as well as the Victorious Cross (VC), a medal made to emulate the British
Victoria Cross
.
[7]
[154]
Amin became the subject of rumours, including a widespread belief that he was a
cannibal
.
[155]
Amin reportedly also boasted that he kept the severed heads of political enemies in his freezer, although he said that human flesh was generally "too salty" for his taste.
[156]
During Amin's time in power, popular media outside of Uganda often portrayed him as an essentially comic and eccentric figure.
Julius Harris
emphasized Amin's allegedly clownish side in
Victory at Entebbe
, while
Yaphet Kotto
drew more praise for projecting Amin's sinister nature in
Raid on Entebbe
. In a 1977 assessment typical of the time, a
Time
magazine article described him as a "killer and clown, big-hearted buffoon and strutting
martinet
".
[157]
The comedy-variety series
Saturday Night Live
aired four Amin sketches between 1976 and 1979, including one in which he was an ill-behaved houseguest in exile, and another in which he was a spokesman against
venereal disease
.
[158]
In 1979, radio host
Don Imus
made multiple on-air telephone calls in an attempt to talk to Amin, and later hosted a phony interview with him that was deemed "very dirty."
[159]
In a
Benny Hill Show
episode transmitted in January 1977, Hill portrayed Amin sitting behind a desk that featured a placard reading "ME TARZAN, U GANDA".
[160]
The foreign media were often criticised by Ugandan exiles and defectors for emphasising Amin's self-aggrandizing eccentricities and taste for excess while downplaying or excusing his murderous behaviour.
[161]
Other commentators even suggested that Amin had deliberately cultivated his eccentric reputation in the foreign media as an easily parodied buffoon in order to defuse international concern over his administration of Uganda.
[162]
Ugandan soldier and rebel
Patrick Kimumwe
argued that Amin's "clowning conceal[ed] a ruthless extinction of human rights" in Uganda.
Journalists
Tony Avirgan and Martha Honey
wrote, "facile explanations of Amin's regime, as either a one-man show or a lawless and ruthless band of killers, do not get at the heart of the power structure."
Legacy
[
edit
]
Gender historian Alicia Decker wrote that the "deeply embedded culture of
militarism
in
Uganda
is undoubtedly Amin's most enduring legacy."
In the immediate aftermath of his deposition,
war correspondent
Al J Venter
stated that Ugandans still spoke about Amin "with a certain amount of awe, now laced with venom".
His reputation in Uganda has been viewed over the decades following his rule in more complex ways than in the international community. Some Ugandans have praised him as a "patriot" and supported his decision to expel Asians from the country.
At the time of his death, he was particularly well-regarded in north-western Uganda.
[167]
One of Amin's sons, Jaffar Remo, criticised the negative public perception of his father and called for a commission to investigate the veracity of the abuses committed under his rule.
[168]
In popular culture
[
edit
]
During the 1970s, while Amin was at the height of his infamy, British comic actor
John Bird
starred on the album
The Collected Broadcasts of Idi Amin
, with lyrics based on
Alan Coren
's anti-Amin
Punch
columns.
[169]
[170]
In 1975 the satirical single "Amazin' Man", from the album, was released on the
Transatlantic
label.
[171]
[172]
The record stayed for 12 weeks in the
Australian Singles Chart
, peaking at number 26.
[173]
A 1974 documentary film
General Idi Amin Dada: A Self Portrait
by director
Barbet Schroeder
was made with the support and participation of Idi Amin.
Rise and Fall of Idi Amin
(1981) is a Kenyan film that details the history of Idi Amin's reign. This film popularized many rumors about Amin's brutality, such as his alleged mutilation of one of his wives. Amin is played by
Joseph Olita
, who reprised this role in
Mississippi Masala
(1991), a film about romance between African and Asian-Americans following Amin's
1972 expulsion of Asians from Uganda
.
Amin is the subject of English journalist
Giles Foden's
book
The Last King of Scotland
(1998), which focuses on Idi Amin's Uganda through the eyes of a young Scottish physician. In 2006, it was
adapted into a movie
, where Amin is portrayed by
Forest Whitaker
. Whitaker won the best leading actor award for this role at the
Academy Awards
, the
Golden Globes
, the
Screen Actor's Guild Award
, and the
BAFTAs
.
[174]
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
Amin also proposed that
Muhammad Ali
could act as referee.
Researcher Alicia C. Decker reasoned that the suggestion of a boxing match was supposed to "bolster [Amin's] masculinity" and thereby showcase that he remained a strong leader in the face of mounting opposition to his regime. Accordingly, the proposal was mostly directed toward a Ugandan audience, and part of Amin's "performative" ruling style.
- ^
A report in
The Monitor
says he was survived by 45 children,
[129]
while another in the BBC gives the figure of 54.
[135]
Some members of his family estimated that he had near 60 children.
[136]
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[
edit
]
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External links
[
edit
]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
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.
Wikiquote has quotations related to
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