Place for ice skating and sports
An
ice rink
(or
ice skating rink
) is a frozen body of water and/or an artificial sheet of ice where people can
ice skate
or play
winter sports
. Ice rinks are also used for exhibitions, contests and ice shows. The
growth and increasing popularity
of ice skating during the 1800s marked a rise in the deliberate construction of ice rinks in numerous areas of the world.
The word "rink" is a word of
Scottish
origin meaning, "course" used to describe the ice surface used in the sport of
curling
, but was kept in use once the winter team sport of
ice hockey
became established.
[1]
[2]
There are two types of ice rinks in prevalent use today:
natural ice rinks
, where
freezing
occurs from cold ambient temperatures, and
artificial ice rinks
(or mechanically frozen), where a
coolant
produces cold temperatures in the surface below the water, causing the water to freeze. There are also
synthetic ice rinks
where skating surfaces are made out of plastics.
Besides recreational ice skating, some of its uses include: ice hockey,
sledge hockey
(
a.k.a.
"Para ice hockey", or "sled hockey"),
spongee
(
a.k.a.
sponge hockey),
bandy
,
rink bandy
,
rinkball
,
ringette
,
broomball
(both indoor and outdoor versions),
Moscow broomball
,
speed skating
,
figure skating
,
ice stock sport
, curling, and
crokicurl
. However, Moscow broomball is typically played on a tarmac tennis court that has been flooded with water and allowed to freeze. The sports of broomball, curling, ice stock sport, spongee, Moscow broomball, and the game of crokicurl, do not use ice skates of any kind.
While technically not an ice rink,
ice tracks and trails
, such as those used in the sport of speed skating and recreational or pleasure skating are sometimes referred to as "ice rinks".
Etymology
[
edit
]
Rink
, a
Scottish
word meaning 'course', was used as the name of a place where
curling
was played. As curling is played on ice, the name has been retained for the construction of ice areas for other sports and uses.
[1]
History
[
edit
]
Great Britain
[
edit
]
London, England
[
edit
]
Interior of the
Glaciarium
in 1876
Early attempts in the construction of artificial ice rinks were first made in the 'rink mania' of 1841?44. The technology for the maintenance of natural ice did not exist, therefore these early rinks used a substitute consisting of a mixture of hog's
lard
and various salts. An item in the May 8, 1844 issue of
Eliakim Littell
's
Living Age
headed "The Glaciarium" reported that "This establishment, which has been removed to Grafton street East'
Tottenham Court Road
, was opened on Monday afternoon. The area of artificial ice is extremely convenient for such as may be desirous of engaging in the graceful and manly pastime of skating".
[3]
By 1844, these venues fell out of fashion as customers grew tired of the 'smelly' ice substitute. It wasn't until thirty years later that
refrigeration
technology developed to the point where natural ice could finally be feasibly used in the rink. The world's first mechanically frozen ice rink was the
Glaciarium
, opened by
John Gamgee
, a British veterinarian and inventor, in a tent in a small building just off the
Kings Road
in
Chelsea, London
, on 7 January 1876.
[4]
[5]
Gamgee had become fascinated by the refrigeration technology he encountered during a study trip to America to look at
Texas fever
in cattle. In March of that same year it moved to a permanent venue at 379 Kings Road, where a rink measuring 12.2 by 7.3 metres (40 by 24 ft) was established.
[5]
The rink was based on a concrete surface, with layers of earth, cow hair and timber planks. Atop these were laid oval
copper
pipes carrying a solution of
glycerine
with
ether
,
nitrogen peroxide
and
water
. The pipes were covered by water and the solution was pumped through, freezing the water into
ice
. Gamgee discovered the process while attempting to develop a method to freeze meat for import from
Australia
and
New Zealand
, and
patented
it as early as 1870.
[5]
Ice rink in
Amsterdam
c. 1900, from the
Amsterdam City Archives
Gamgee operated the rink on a membership-only basis and attempted to attract a wealthy clientele, experienced in open-air ice skating during winters in the
Alps
. He installed an
orchestra
gallery, which could also be used by spectators, and decorated the walls with views of the
Swiss Alps
.
[5]
The rink initially proved a success, and Gamgee opened two further rinks later in the year: at
Rusholme
in
Manchester
and the "Floating Glaciarium" at
Charing Cross
in London, this last significantly larger at 35.1 by 7.6 metres (115 by 25 ft). The Southport Glaciarium opened in 1879, using Gamgee's method.
[5]
The Fens, England
[
edit
]
In the marshlands of
The Fens
, skating was developed early as a pastime during winter where there were plenty of natural ice surfaces. This is the origin of the
Fen skating
and is said to be the birthplace of
bandy
. The
Great Britain Bandy Association
has its home in the area.
[6]
Germany
[
edit
]
In Germany, the first ice skating rink opened in 1882 in
Frankfurt
during a patent exhibition. It covered 520 m
2
(5,600 sq ft) and operated for two months; the refrigeration system was designed by Jahre Linde,
[7]
and was probably the first skating rink where
ammonia
was used as a refrigerant. Ten years later, a larger rink was permanently installed on the same site.
United States
[
edit
]
Early indoor ice rinks
[
edit
]
1894?1895:
North Avenue Ice Palace
skating rink in
Baltimore, Maryland
1901:
St. Nicholas Rink
,
New York City
Ice skating quickly became a favorite pastime and craze in several American cities around the mid 1800s spawning a construction period of several ice rinks.
[8]
Two early indoor ice rinks made of mechanically frozen ice in the United States opened in 1894, the
North Avenue Ice Palace
in
Baltimore, Maryland
, and the Ice Palace in
New York
.
The
St. Nicholas Rink
, (
a.k.a.
"St. Nicholas Arena"), was an indoor ice rink in
New York City
which existed from 1896 until its demolition in the 1980s. It was one of the earliest American indoor ice rinks made of mechanically frozen ice in North America and gave ice skaters the opportunity to enjoy an extended skating season.
[9]
The rink was used for pleasure skating,
ice hockey
, and
ice skating
, and was an important rink involved in the development of the sports of ice hockey and
boxing
in the
United States
.
Oldest indoor artificial ice rink in use
[
edit
]
2009:
Matthews Arena
(formerly Boston Arena) in
Boston, Massachusetts
The oldest indoor artificial ice rink still in use in the United States is
Boston, Massachusetts
's,
Matthews Arena
(formerly Boston Arena) which was built between 1909 and 1910. The rink is located on the campus of
Northeastern University
.
[10]
[11]
This American rink is the original home of the
National Hockey League
(NHL)
Boston Bruins
. The Bruins are the only remaining NHL team who are members of the NHL's
Original Six
with their original home arena still in existence.
Contemporary
[
edit
]
The
Guidant John Rose Minnesota Oval
is an outdoor ice rink in
Roseville, Minnesota
, that is large enough to allow ice skaters to play the sport of
bandy
. Its perimeter is used as an oval speed skating track. The facility was constructed between June and December 1993. It is the only regulation-sized
bandy field
in North America and serves as the home of
USA Bandy
and its national bandy teams. The $3.9 million renovation project planned for the Guidant John Rose Minnesota Oval was set to be completed before the opening of the rink's 29th season on November 18, 2022.
[12]
The oval measures at 400 meters long and 200 meters wide, which makes it the largest artificial outdoor refrigerated sheet of ice in North America.
[
citation needed
]
It is a world-class facility that is primarily used for ice sports such as ice skating, ice hockey, speed skating, and bandy. The oval hosts several national and international competitions throughout the year, including the USA Cup in bandy.
Canada
[
edit
]
Painting by
William Notman
of a skating carnival at the
Victoria Skating Rink
in
Montreal
The first building in
Canada
to be electrified was the
Victoria Skating Rink
[13]
which opened in 1862 in
Montreal
, Quebec, Canada. The rink was created using
natural ice
. At the start of the twentieth century it had been described as "one of the finest covered rinks in the world"
[14]
and was used during winter for pleasure skating, ice hockey, and skating sports. In summer months, the building was used for various other events.
Types
[
edit
]
Natural ice
[
edit
]
Children playing ice hockey on a backyard rink in Canada
Many ice rinks consist of, or are found on, open bodies of water such as lakes, ponds, canals, and sometimes rivers; these can be used only in the
winter
in climates where the surface freezes thickly enough to support human weight. Rinks can also be made in cold climates by enclosing a level area of ground, filling it with water, and letting it freeze. Snow may be packed to use as a containment material.
An example of this type of "rink", which is a body of water converted into a
skating trail
during winter, is the
Rideau Canal Skateway
in
Ottawa, Ontario
.
Artificial ice
[
edit
]
A typical mobile rink near the Spanish
Costa Brava
SM
Skating Rink at
Metro Manila's Megamall
located in
Ortigas
In any climate, an arena ice surface can be installed in a properly built space. This consists of a bed of sand or occasionally a slab of
concrete
, through (or on top of) which pipes run. The pipes carry a chilled fluid (usually either a salt brine or water with
antifreeze
, or in the case of smaller rinks,
refrigerant
) which can lower the temperature of the slab so that water placed atop will freeze. This method is known as 'artificial ice' to differentiate from ice rinks made by simply freezing water in a cold climate, indoors or outdoors, although both types are of frozen water. A more proper technical term is 'mechanically frozen' ice.
An example of this type of rink is the outdoor rink at
Rockefeller Center
in
New York
.
Construction
[
edit
]
Main components of a rink
Modern rinks have a specific procedure for preparing the surface. With the pipes cold, a thin layer of water is sprayed on the sand or concrete to seal and level it (or in the case of concrete, to keep it from being marked). This thin layer is painted white or pale blue for better contrast; markings necessary for hockey or curling are also placed, along with logos or other decorations. Another thin layer of water is sprayed on top of this. The ice is built up to a thickness of
19 to 38 mm (
3
⁄
4
to
1
+
1
⁄
2
in).
[15]
Synthetic
[
edit
]
Synthetic rinks are constructed from a solid polymer material designed for skating using normal metal-bladed ice skates. High density polyethelene (HDPE) and
ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene
(UHMW) are the only materials that offer reasonable skating characteristics, with UHMW synthetic rinks offering the most ice-like skating but also being the most expensive. A typical synthetic rink will consist of many panels of thin surface material assembled on top of a sturdy, level and smooth sub-floor (anything from concrete to wood or even dirt or grass) to create a large skating area.
Operation
[
edit
]
Periodically after the ice has been used, it is resurfaced using a machine called an
ice resurfacer
(sometimes colloquially referred to as a
Zamboni
? referring to a major manufacturer of such machinery). For curling, the surface is 'pebbled' by allowing loose drops of cold water to fall onto the ice and freeze into rounded peaks.
Between events, especially if the arena is being used without need for the ice surface, it is either covered with a heavily insulated floor or melted by allowing the fluid in the pipes below the ice to warm.
A highly specialized form of rink is used for
speed skating
; this is a large
oval
(or
ring
) much like an athletic track. Because of their limited use, speed skating ovals are far less common than hockey or curling rinks.
Those skilled at preparing arena ice are often in demand for major events where ice quality is critical. The popularity of the sport of hockey in
Canada
has led its icemakers to be particularly sought after. One such team of professionals was responsible for placing a
loonie
coin under center ice at the
2002 Winter Olympics
in
Salt Lake City, Utah
; as both Canadian teams (men's and women's) won their respective hockey gold medals, the coin was christened "lucky" and is now in the possession of the
Hockey Hall of Fame
[16]
after having been retrieved from beneath the ice.
Standard rink sizes
[
edit
]
Bandy
[
edit
]
In
bandy
, the size of the
playing field
is 90?110 m (300?360 ft) x 45?65 m (148?213 ft). For internationals, the size must not be smaller than 100 m × 60 m (330 ft × 200 ft). The variety
rink bandy
is played on
ice hockey rinks
.
Standard field measurements for a bandy rink.
Figure skating
[
edit
]
Ice rink at the
Acropolis Exhibition Center
in
France
in
2012
The size of figure skating rinks can be quite variable, but the
International Skating Union
prefers Olympic-sized rinks for figure skating competitions, particularly for major events. These are 60 by 30 m (197 by 98 ft). The ISU specifies that competition rinks must not be larger than this and not smaller than 56 by 26 m (184 by 85 ft).
[17]
Ice hockey
[
edit
]
Rink dimensions used by the
IIHF
and the
NHL
Although there is a great deal of variation in the dimensions of actual ice rinks, there are basically two rink sizes in use at the highest levels of
ice hockey
. Historically, earlier ice rinks were smaller than today.
Official
National Hockey League
rinks are 26 m × 61 m (85 ft × 200 ft). The dimensions originate from the size of the
Victoria Skating Rink
in
Montreal, Quebec
, Canada.
Official
Olympic
and
International
ice hockey rinks have dimensions of 30 m × 60 m (98.4 ft × 197 ft).
Para ice hockey
[
edit
]
Para ice hockey
player
Sledge hockey
(
a.k.a.
"Para ice hockey", or "sled hockey"), uses the same rink dimensions used by
ice hockey rinks
.
Ringette
[
edit
]
Typical layout of an
ice hockey
rink surface
Ringette
utilizes most of the standard ice hockey markings used by
Hockey Canada
, but the
ringette rink
uses additional free-pass dots in each of the attacking zones and centre zone areas as well as a larger goal crease area. Two additional free-play lines (1 in each attacking zone) are also required.
A ringette rink is an ice rink designed for ice hockey which has been modified to enable ringette to be played. Though some ice surfaces are designed strictly for ringette, these ice rinks with exclusive lines and markings for ringette are usually created only at venues hosting
major ringette competitions and events
. Most ringette rinks are found in
Canada
and
Finland
.
Playing area, size, lines and markings for the standard Canadian ringette rink are similar to the average
ice hockey rink
in Canada with certain modifications.
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
Early in its history, ringette was played mostly on rinks constructed for ice hockey,
broomball
,
figure skating
, and recreational skating, and was mostly played on outdoor rinks since few indoor ice rinks were available at the time.
[1]
Broomball
[
edit
]
Broomball
players
The organized format of
broomball
uses the rink dimensions defined by a
standard Canadian ice hockey rink
.
Spongee
[
edit
]
The sport of
spongee
,
a.k.a.
"sponge hockey", does not use ice skates. A skateless outdoor winter variant of ice hockey, spongee has its own rules codes and is played strictly within the Canadian city of
Winnipeg
as a cult sport. The sport generally uses the rink dimensions defined by a
standard Canadian ice hockey rink
.
Rinkball
[
edit
]
Rinkball
rinks today typically use the measurements of an
ice hockey rink
, though may be slightly larger due to the sport having originated in Europe where the
bandy field
influenced the size and development of smaller ice rinks.
Tracks and trails
[
edit
]
Tracks and trails are occasionally referred to as ice rinks in spite of their differences.
Ice skating tracks and ice skating trails are used for recreational exercise and sporting activities during the winter season including distance ice skating. Ice trails are created by natural bodies of water such as rivers, which freeze during winter, though some trails are created by removing snow to create skating lanes on large frozen lakes for ice skaters.
Ice trails are usually used for pleasure skating, though the sport and recreational activity of
Tour skating
can involve ice skaters passing over ice trails and open areas created by frozen lakes.
To date,
speed skating
and
ice cross downhill
are the only winter activities or sports whereby ice skaters use tracks and lanes designed to include bends rather than using a simple straightway. Some ice rinks are constructed in a manner allowing for a
speed skating rink
to be created around its outside perimeter.
Tracks
[
edit
]
Speed skating track
[
edit
]
Outdoor
speed skating
track in
Innsbruck
Speed skating tracks or "rinks" can either be created naturally or artificially and are made either outdoors or inside indoor facilities. Tracks may be created by having the lanes surround the exterior of an ice rink.
The sport requires the use of a special type of racing skate, the
speed skating ice skate
.
Dimensions of a standard
speed skating rink
In
speed skating
, for
short track
, the official
Olympic
rink size is 30 m × 60 m (98 ft × 197 ft), with an oval ice track of 111.12 m (364.6 ft) in circumference.
In
long track speed skating
the oval ice track is usually 400 m (1,300 ft) in circumference.
Ice skating marathon tracks
[
edit
]
An ice skating marathon is a long distance speed skating race which may be held on natural ice on canals and bodies of water such as lakes and rivers.
Marathon
is a discipline of
speed skating
, which is founded in the
Netherlands
.
The races concern speed skating by at least five skaters who start all together on an ice rink with a minimum length of 333.33 meters or on a track:
- Minimum distance longer than 6.4 kilometers and up to 200 kilometers for skaters who have reached the age of 17 prior to the skating season on July 1.
- Minimum distance longer than 4 kilometers and up to 20 kilometers for skaters who have reached the age of or the age of 13, but have not yet reached the age of 17 before July 1 preceding the skating season.
- Minimum distance of 2 kilometers and up to 10 kilometers for skaters who have not yet reached the age of 13 before July 1 preceding the skating season.
Dutch skating tracks
[
edit
]
Elfstedentocht
, 1954
The Netherlands is home of
Elfstedentocht
, a 200 km distance skating race of which the tracks leads through the 11 different cities in
Friesland
which is a northern province of the Netherlands.
Skate tracks on natural ice are maintained by the towns and communities, who take care of the safety of the tracks.
Ice cross downhill tracks
[
edit
]
Ice cross downhill
track in
Edmonton, Canada
, 2015
Ice cross downhill
, (formerly known as "Red Bull Crashed Ice" or "
Crashed Ice
"), is a
winter
extreme
sporting event involving direct competitive downhill
skating
. Skaters race down a walled track which features sharp turns and high vertical drops.
Trails
[
edit
]
Rideau Canal Skateway
[
edit
]
A portion of the
Rideau Canal
in
Ottawa, Ontario
, Canada, the world's largest naturally frozen "ice rink" or skating trail
An example of an ice skating trail, or "rink", is the
Rideau Canal Skateway
in
Ottawa, Ontario
, Canada, estimated at 165,600 m
2
(1,782,000 sq ft) and 7.8 km (4.8 mi) long, which is equivalent to 90 Olympic-size skating rinks.
[22]
The rink is prepared by lowering the canal's water level and letting the canal water freeze. The rink is then resurfaced nightly by cleaning the ice of snow and flooding it with water from below the ice. The rink is recognized as the "world's largest naturally frozen ice rink" by the Guinness Book of World Records because "its entire length receives daily maintenance such as sweeping, ice thickness checks and there are toilet and recreational facilities along its entire length".
[22]
Longest trail
[
edit
]
The longest ice skating trail is in
Invermere, British Columbia
, Canada, on
Lake Windermere Whiteway
. The naturally frozen trail measures 29.98 km (18.63 mi).
[23]
Combined
[
edit
]
Outdoor ice skating activities and competitions involving a goal of distance travel for recreation, exercise, competition and adventure, can involve frozen lakes, rivers, and canals.
Tour skating
[
edit
]
Skaters in a marathon race on
Weissensee (Carinthia)
, using
nordic skates
The sport and recreational activity,
Tour skating
(
a.k.a.
"Nordic skating" in North America), is strictly an outdoor activity for ice skaters. Nordic skating originated during the 1900s in Sweden.
Ice skaters traverse naturally frozen bodies of water, which sometimes, but not always, includes interconnected ice trails as well as frozen ponds, lakes, and even marsh areas. Tour skaters use a special ice skate with long blades.
Elfstedentocht (Eleven cities tour)
[
edit
]
The leading group during the 1985
Elfstedentocht
, racing towards the finish, February 21, 1985
The
Elfstedentocht (Eleven Cities Tour)
is a long-distance
tour skating
event on natural ice, almost 200 kilometres (120 mi) long, which is held both as a
speed skating
competition (with 300 contestants) and a leisure tour (with 16,000 skaters).
[24]
It is the biggest ice-skating tour in the world and held in the province of
Friesland
in the north of the
Netherlands
.
[25]
The event leads past all eleven historical cities of the province and is held at most once a year, only when the natural ice along the entire course is at least 15 centimetres (6 in) thick.
[26]
It is sometimes held on consecutive years, while at other times, gaps between the touring years have exceeded 20 years. When the ice is suitable, the tour is announced and starts within 48 hours. The last Elfstedentocht was held in 1997.
Laneways
[
edit
]
The sports of
curling
and
Ice stock sport
are played on either ice rinks or simple ice surfaces with lanes marked out for play.
Curling
[
edit
]
Example of a
curling sheet
.
Curling sheet details. The 12-foot circle covers the backline.
The sport of
curling
uses an ice rink known as a "curling rink" or
curling sheet
. Curling does not involve ice skating. Curling uses lanes.
The curling sheet is a carefully prepared rectangular area of ice created to be as flat and level as possible. The ice surface dimensions are 146 to 150 feet (45 to 46 m) in length by 14.5 to 16.5 feet (4.4 to 5.0 m) in width. A curling sheet includes areas marked off in a manner specific to the sport, including the
house
, the
button
,
hog lines
,
hacks
, and shorter borders along the ends of the sheet called the backboards.
The dimensions of an official curling sheet is defined by the
World Curling Federation
Rules of Curling.
[27]
At major events, ice preparation and maintenance is extremely important. Curling clubs usually have an ice maker whose main job is to care for the ice.
A curling sheet, with dimensions in feet (1' = 1 ft = 0.3 m).
CL:
Centreline •
HOL:
Hogline •
TL:
Teeline •
BL:
Backline •
HA:
Hackline with Hacks •
FGZ:
Free Guard Zone
Ice stock sport
[
edit
]
| This section needs to be
updated
. The reason given is: needs illustration of official surface and markings.
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
(
June 2023
)
|
Game in progress
Ice stock sport
(sometimes spelt "Icestocksport" or "Bavarian curling") is a winter sport comparable to curling. It's called
Eisstockschießen
in German. Although the sport is typically played on ice, summer competitions are performed on asphalt.
Other
[
edit
]
Crokicurl
[
edit
]
Crokicurl
playing area
Crokicurl
[28]
[29]
is a Canadian
winter sport
and is a large scale hybrid of
curling
and the board game
Crokinole
. It is played outdoors by teams consisting of two players who take turns trying to score points on a quadrant shaped area with the playing area marked off on a sheet of ice.
[30]
[31]
[32]
[33]
[34]
The quadrant includes posts, starting line, wooden edge side-rail, and a 20-point "button". Depending on the area involved, players can score 5, 10, or 15 points.
Outdoor ice
[
edit
]
Ice hockey
has been a popular outdoor winter pastime in Canada for over a century
Outdoor ice rinks and frozen ponds, rivers, and canals, serve several purposes, allowing for physical activities during the winter season such as recreational ice skating and
figure skating
, and also function as an affordable place for players to engage in team winter sports such as
ice hockey
,
bandy
,
rinkball
,
ringette
,
broomball
, and
spongee
, as a pastime.
These areas and facilities also help individuals, youth sporting organizations, and families, offset the expensive cost of indoor ice-time. They are also used as a part of outdoor
winter festivals
and to host
pond hockey
tournaments and the like.
Decline
[
edit
]
Rinks
[
edit
]
The length of outdoor ice skating season began to experience a noticeable decline in North America in the early part of the 21st century.
[35]
[36]
[37]
One of the correlated factors involved has been attributed to
climate change
.
[35]
[38]
One of the consequences involved includes reducing access to outdoor facilities needed by youth who require opportunities to participate in ice-based sports at length and with low-cost, a problematic development considering winter sports become increasingly expensive over time resulting in economic exclusion.
RinkWatch
RinkWatch
[1]
is a citizen science program in
Canada
run by researchers at
Wilfrid Laurier University
in
Waterloo, Ontario
. Beginning in 2013 the program started collecting data on outdoor rinks and frozen ponds across North America.
[35]
The objective is to better understand how climate change may be impacting the outdoor skating season.
Tracks and trails
[
edit
]
Elfstedentocht
, the world's biggest ice-skating tour involving
tour skating
and
speed skating
, has been declared to be in danger of "extinction" due to
climate change
.
[39]
[40]
[24]
The last Elfstedentocht was held in 1997.
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
c
Redmond, Gerald (1982).
The sporting Scots of nineteenth-century Canada
. Toronto, Ontario: Associated University Presses Inc. p. 271.
ISBN
0-8386-3069-3
.
- ^
"Why is it called an ice rink and could outdoor skating become extinct?"
.
skatehelper.com
. 9 March 2020
. Retrieved
24 April
2022
.
- ^
Littell's Living Age, Volume 1, No. 4, p. 201
- ^
"The Manchester Real Ice Skating rink Company"
. Rusholme and Victoria Park Archive.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
Martin C. Harris (2005).
Homes of British Ice Hockey
. History Press Limited.
ISBN
9780752425818
.
- ^
"Members - Federation of International Bandy"
.
Worldbandy.com
. Archived from
the original
on 14 December 2018
. Retrieved
19 March
2018
.
- ^
Linde AG: "75 Jahre Linde", 1954, S. 52
- ^
"EXPLORE THE HISTORY OF NYC ICE SKATING AT THE MUSEUM OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK"
.
untappedcities.com
. untapped new york. 19 December 2017
. Retrieved
27 May
2022
.
- ^
Kirsch, George B.; Harris, Othello; Nolte, Claire Elaine (2000).
Encyclopedia of Ethnicity and Sports in the United States
. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp.
215
.
ISBN
0-313-29911-0
.
- ^
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External links
[
edit
]
Look up
ice rink
in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Ice rinks
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Major phases
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Formations
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Phenomena
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Ice-related
activities
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Constructions
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Work
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Other uses
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Ice ages
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